This document defines common units of digital storage, including bits, bytes, words, and double words. It explains that a bit is the smallest unit that can store 1 or 0, while a byte contains 8 bits. A word contains 16 bits, which is equivalent to 2 bytes. Finally, a double word is 32 bits long, consisting of 2 words or 4 bytes. These basic units are used to measure digital storage capacity in computers.
The document discusses the motherboard, which connects and controls the main components inside a computer. It provides basic information about motherboards, including their components and functions. The history section notes that early computers housed the CPU, memory, and peripherals on separate boards, while modern motherboards integrate many functions onto a single circuit board, supporting audio, video, storage, and networking.
Computer viruses are harmful programs that spread like biological viruses. The first computer virus, called BRAIN, infected boot sectors of floppy disks in 1986. Viruses spread by attaching to other files when they are exchanged or downloaded. They can slow down or crash systems by erasing files or formatting disks. Antivirus software and regular updates help prevent viruses, along with avoiding unknown file attachments or downloads.
Computers store data and operating instructions on hard disks. Formatting removes all data from these disks, which is often necessary due to virus infections or a full disk. The document provides step-by-step instructions to reformat a hard disk using a Windows XP CD, including backing up data, booting from the CD, deleting disk partitions, installing Windows to the unallocated space, and restoring backed-up data after completion.
The BIOS is the basic input/output system that is built into a computer. It determines what the computer can do without an operating system and is the first software run when a computer is powered on. When turned on, the BIOS initializes hardware components, performs self-tests, and determines which devices can be used to boot the operating system. Modern BIOS also include user interfaces to configure hardware settings and select boot devices.
The document discusses the motherboard BIOS and CMOS. It describes how the BIOS is used to control and troubleshoot hardware before an operating system loads. It contains information on BIOS chips, updating the BIOS, using the BIOS setup utility to modify settings stored in CMOS, and troubleshooting hardware issues using BIOS beep codes.
The document discusses the central processing unit (CPU) or microprocessor, which is the component of a computer that executes programs and processes data. It contains several processing cores that allow it to perform multiple tasks simultaneously. Modern microprocessors can contain billions of transistors and operate at gigahertz speeds, allowing them to perform vast numbers of calculations in seconds. They execute instructions in a sequential fashion using a system of registers, memory, and an arithmetic logic unit.
The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is low-level software that controls hardware and provides an interface between the operating system and hardware. It consists of device drivers stored in read-only memory on the motherboard and some expansion cards. The BIOS performs essential startup tasks like power-on self-tests and loading the operating system bootloader from disk. It provides an abstraction layer so operating systems and applications do not need device-specific knowledge.
The motherboard is the main circuit board in a computer that holds the central processing unit (CPU) and main components. It allows these components to communicate and work together. Motherboards come in different form factors depending on size and shape to fit cases and components. The most common form factors are ATX, MicroATX, and BTX. The motherboard contains important components like the CPU socket, memory slots, expansion slots, chipset, and connectors for ports, power supply, and drives. It acts as the central hub connecting all the computer's components.
The document introduces the Microsoft Windows Command Prompt, which is an entry point for typing computer commands without using the graphical interface. The Command Prompt window allows users to perform tasks on their computer through command line commands. It is located by clicking the Start icon, searching for "command prompt" or "cmd", and can be run as an administrator by right clicking the application and selecting "Run as administrator".
The document provides an overview of operating systems, focusing on Microsoft Windows 10, its history, features, and requirements. It discusses the evolution of operating systems and Microsoft's role in the market since its founding. Windows 10, released in 2015, includes new features and security enhancements, addressing previous version shortcomings and emphasizing user interface improvements.
This document discusses viruses, worms, and other types of malware. It defines viruses and worms as replicating programs that can attach themselves to other programs or files to spread. Viruses can remain dormant until certain conditions are met before activating. The document outlines the life stages of viruses from design, replication, activation, detection, and incorporation into antivirus defenses. It discusses various types of viruses like encryption viruses, polymorphic viruses, and macro viruses. Motivations for creating viruses and common infection methods are explained. Finally, some famous viruses are described like Mydoom, Melissa, ILOVEU, Bubble Boy, and Blaster to illustrate how different viruses function and spread.
Il documento fornisce un'introduzione all'informatica, descrivendo i concetti di base della tecnologia dell'informazione e le differenze tra hardware e software. Viene trattata la funzione dei computer e delle loro componenti, come CPU e RAM, oltre a spiegare il ruolo dei sistemi operativi e del software applicativo. Infine, si analizzano le tipologie di computer e le caratteristiche pi湛 comuni dei dispositivi.
This document discusses the components and structure of a hard disk drive. It begins by defining a hard disk drive as a data storage device that uses rapidly rotating disks coated with magnetic material to store and retrieve data in a random access manner. The key components of a hard disk drive are then outlined, including disk platters, stepper motors, spindle motors, read/write heads, and arms. The document also explains the disk structure of tracks, sectors, and cylinders. It concludes by noting how hard disks have revolutionized data storage and the digital age.
This document provides an introduction to information technology concepts. It defines IT as using technologies like computing, electronics, and telecommunications to process and distribute digital information. It also discusses computer literacy and the basic components of a computer system, including hardware like the CPU, memory, input/output devices, and storage. The document also covers software types like operating systems and applications. It provides examples of common system software tasks and operating systems for different device types.
This document provides an overview of keyboard shortcuts that serve as alternative methods to perform tasks typically done with a mouse. It details specific key combinations for various functions, including text manipulation and general applications, and highlights the use of function keys. Additionally, it includes instructions on how to properly use these shortcuts and offers additional resources for further assistance.
This document outlines the steps to configure a server and client computer on a network. It describes installing roles like Active Directory, DNS, DHCP, file services, and remote desktop on the server. It also covers configuring the client to join the domain, enable folder redirection via group policy, map a network drive, and test the connection between server and client using ping and remote desktop. The overall goal is to set up a basic client-server network environment.
The document discusses expansion slots in computers. It lists the group members and then covers standards for expansion slots including PCI, PCI Express, and AGP. It describes the construction of expansion slots and cards including sound cards, network cards, video cards, and cards that take up multiple slots. Finally, it mentions external expansion buses like USB, Express Card, and PC Card that are commonly used for laptops.
The document provides a comprehensive guide on computer assembly, detailing steps for installing various components such as the power supply, motherboard, internal and external drives, and adapter cards. It emphasizes the importance of safety precautions like using ESD measures and offers specific instructions on handling sensitive components like CPUs and RAM. Additionally, the document includes guidance on connecting internal and external cables and performing the initial boot and BIOS configuration after assembly.
The document discusses the Command Prompt interface in Windows. It provides information on how to locate and open the Command Prompt window. Several basic commands used in Command Prompt are described, including CD to change directories, DIR to view the current directory contents, MKDIR to create new folders, and DEL to delete folders. The document also demonstrates using commands to rename folders, copy output to the clipboard, manage wireless networks, view installed programs, and change the Command Prompt window and text colors.
This document discusses different types of printers and how to install local and network printers. It covers inkjet, laser, thermal, and impact printers. For local USB or wireless printers, Windows will usually detect them automatically, but older models may require manual installation. For network printers, you can either share a printer connected to one computer or connect the printer directly to the network as a standalone device. The installation process involves adding the printer in Devices and Printers and selecting whether it's a local, shared, or network printer.
The motherboard is the main circuit board in a computer that holds crucial components like the CPU and memory. It provides connections and interfaces between these components and peripherals like graphics cards, network cards, and storage drives. Key components of the motherboard include the chipset, which controls data transfer and component interfaces, as well as expansion slots, memory slots, input/output ports, and connectors for components. The motherboard establishes the architecture of the system and allows for upgrading and expansion of capabilities.
Installation of Windows & Linux operating systemSathishnkl561998
油
The document outlines the installation procedures for various operating systems, specifically Microsoft Windows and Linux. It includes detailed steps for preparing a pendrive and using tools like diskpart for Windows or Rufus for Linux. Additionally, it addresses activation methods for Windows after installation and confirms that no activation is required for Linux OS.
- The document provides an overview of basic Windows concepts, including the desktop, icons, buttons, shortcuts, taskbar, start button, system tray, recycle bin, internet explorer, and customization options.
- It explains what the desktop is, common icons like documents and computer, and elements like the taskbar, start button, and system tray.
- Shortcuts, the recycle bin, internet explorer, and customization features are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of the key elements of the Windows 7 desktop and how to navigate, organize, and work with files and folders. It explains the desktop background, icons, taskbar, start button, windows explorer, and notifications area. It also demonstrates how to create and move files and folders, find recent files, copy and paste content, enlarge screen elements, customize the desktop, and burn a CD. The document is intended to accompany a class on Windows 7 basics.
How to create windows 10 bootable usb drive from iso using Command PromptViney Dhiman
油
This document provides a step-by-step guide on creating a bootable Windows 10 USB drive from an ISO file, targeting users with Windows 7 and 8.1. It outlines requirements, including the USB drive size, and emphasizes the importance of backing up data and using command prompt with administrative rights. The tutorial includes specific commands for partitioning and formatting the drive, as well as extracting files from the ISO image to complete the creation of the bootable drive.
The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is low-level software that controls hardware and provides an interface between the operating system and hardware. It consists of device drivers stored in read-only memory on the motherboard and some expansion cards. The BIOS performs essential startup tasks like power-on self-tests and loading the operating system bootloader from disk. It provides an abstraction layer so operating systems and applications do not need device-specific knowledge.
The motherboard is the main circuit board in a computer that holds the central processing unit (CPU) and main components. It allows these components to communicate and work together. Motherboards come in different form factors depending on size and shape to fit cases and components. The most common form factors are ATX, MicroATX, and BTX. The motherboard contains important components like the CPU socket, memory slots, expansion slots, chipset, and connectors for ports, power supply, and drives. It acts as the central hub connecting all the computer's components.
The document introduces the Microsoft Windows Command Prompt, which is an entry point for typing computer commands without using the graphical interface. The Command Prompt window allows users to perform tasks on their computer through command line commands. It is located by clicking the Start icon, searching for "command prompt" or "cmd", and can be run as an administrator by right clicking the application and selecting "Run as administrator".
The document provides an overview of operating systems, focusing on Microsoft Windows 10, its history, features, and requirements. It discusses the evolution of operating systems and Microsoft's role in the market since its founding. Windows 10, released in 2015, includes new features and security enhancements, addressing previous version shortcomings and emphasizing user interface improvements.
This document discusses viruses, worms, and other types of malware. It defines viruses and worms as replicating programs that can attach themselves to other programs or files to spread. Viruses can remain dormant until certain conditions are met before activating. The document outlines the life stages of viruses from design, replication, activation, detection, and incorporation into antivirus defenses. It discusses various types of viruses like encryption viruses, polymorphic viruses, and macro viruses. Motivations for creating viruses and common infection methods are explained. Finally, some famous viruses are described like Mydoom, Melissa, ILOVEU, Bubble Boy, and Blaster to illustrate how different viruses function and spread.
Il documento fornisce un'introduzione all'informatica, descrivendo i concetti di base della tecnologia dell'informazione e le differenze tra hardware e software. Viene trattata la funzione dei computer e delle loro componenti, come CPU e RAM, oltre a spiegare il ruolo dei sistemi operativi e del software applicativo. Infine, si analizzano le tipologie di computer e le caratteristiche pi湛 comuni dei dispositivi.
This document discusses the components and structure of a hard disk drive. It begins by defining a hard disk drive as a data storage device that uses rapidly rotating disks coated with magnetic material to store and retrieve data in a random access manner. The key components of a hard disk drive are then outlined, including disk platters, stepper motors, spindle motors, read/write heads, and arms. The document also explains the disk structure of tracks, sectors, and cylinders. It concludes by noting how hard disks have revolutionized data storage and the digital age.
This document provides an introduction to information technology concepts. It defines IT as using technologies like computing, electronics, and telecommunications to process and distribute digital information. It also discusses computer literacy and the basic components of a computer system, including hardware like the CPU, memory, input/output devices, and storage. The document also covers software types like operating systems and applications. It provides examples of common system software tasks and operating systems for different device types.
This document provides an overview of keyboard shortcuts that serve as alternative methods to perform tasks typically done with a mouse. It details specific key combinations for various functions, including text manipulation and general applications, and highlights the use of function keys. Additionally, it includes instructions on how to properly use these shortcuts and offers additional resources for further assistance.
This document outlines the steps to configure a server and client computer on a network. It describes installing roles like Active Directory, DNS, DHCP, file services, and remote desktop on the server. It also covers configuring the client to join the domain, enable folder redirection via group policy, map a network drive, and test the connection between server and client using ping and remote desktop. The overall goal is to set up a basic client-server network environment.
The document discusses expansion slots in computers. It lists the group members and then covers standards for expansion slots including PCI, PCI Express, and AGP. It describes the construction of expansion slots and cards including sound cards, network cards, video cards, and cards that take up multiple slots. Finally, it mentions external expansion buses like USB, Express Card, and PC Card that are commonly used for laptops.
The document provides a comprehensive guide on computer assembly, detailing steps for installing various components such as the power supply, motherboard, internal and external drives, and adapter cards. It emphasizes the importance of safety precautions like using ESD measures and offers specific instructions on handling sensitive components like CPUs and RAM. Additionally, the document includes guidance on connecting internal and external cables and performing the initial boot and BIOS configuration after assembly.
The document discusses the Command Prompt interface in Windows. It provides information on how to locate and open the Command Prompt window. Several basic commands used in Command Prompt are described, including CD to change directories, DIR to view the current directory contents, MKDIR to create new folders, and DEL to delete folders. The document also demonstrates using commands to rename folders, copy output to the clipboard, manage wireless networks, view installed programs, and change the Command Prompt window and text colors.
This document discusses different types of printers and how to install local and network printers. It covers inkjet, laser, thermal, and impact printers. For local USB or wireless printers, Windows will usually detect them automatically, but older models may require manual installation. For network printers, you can either share a printer connected to one computer or connect the printer directly to the network as a standalone device. The installation process involves adding the printer in Devices and Printers and selecting whether it's a local, shared, or network printer.
The motherboard is the main circuit board in a computer that holds crucial components like the CPU and memory. It provides connections and interfaces between these components and peripherals like graphics cards, network cards, and storage drives. Key components of the motherboard include the chipset, which controls data transfer and component interfaces, as well as expansion slots, memory slots, input/output ports, and connectors for components. The motherboard establishes the architecture of the system and allows for upgrading and expansion of capabilities.
Installation of Windows & Linux operating systemSathishnkl561998
油
The document outlines the installation procedures for various operating systems, specifically Microsoft Windows and Linux. It includes detailed steps for preparing a pendrive and using tools like diskpart for Windows or Rufus for Linux. Additionally, it addresses activation methods for Windows after installation and confirms that no activation is required for Linux OS.
- The document provides an overview of basic Windows concepts, including the desktop, icons, buttons, shortcuts, taskbar, start button, system tray, recycle bin, internet explorer, and customization options.
- It explains what the desktop is, common icons like documents and computer, and elements like the taskbar, start button, and system tray.
- Shortcuts, the recycle bin, internet explorer, and customization features are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of the key elements of the Windows 7 desktop and how to navigate, organize, and work with files and folders. It explains the desktop background, icons, taskbar, start button, windows explorer, and notifications area. It also demonstrates how to create and move files and folders, find recent files, copy and paste content, enlarge screen elements, customize the desktop, and burn a CD. The document is intended to accompany a class on Windows 7 basics.
How to create windows 10 bootable usb drive from iso using Command PromptViney Dhiman
油
This document provides a step-by-step guide on creating a bootable Windows 10 USB drive from an ISO file, targeting users with Windows 7 and 8.1. It outlines requirements, including the USB drive size, and emphasizes the importance of backing up data and using command prompt with administrative rights. The tutorial includes specific commands for partitioning and formatting the drive, as well as extracting files from the ISO image to complete the creation of the bootable drive.
http://www.slideshare.net/AhmetGrel1/linuxa-giris-ve-kurulum
Bu d旦k端man linkte ki bir 旦nceki d旦k端man脹n devam脹d脹r.Bu sunumda Temel Linux Kullan脹m脹 ve Komutlar脹n脹 anlatmaya 巽al脹t脹m.inize yaramas脹 dileiyle iyi 巽al脹malar.Soru,g旦r端 ve 旦nerileriniz i巽in ahmetgurel.yazilim@gmail.com a mail atabilirsiniz.
Web uygulamalar脹 da脹t脹m kolayl脹脹 nedeniyle masa端st端 uygulamalara 端st端nl端k salam脹 ve geni uygulama alan脹 bulmutur. Bunun yan脹 s脹ra internete a巽脹k olan uygulamalar脹n 旦nemli bir k脹sm脹 da web uygulamas脹 eklindedir. Web uygulamas脹 olmayan masa端st端 uygulamalar ve mobil uygulamalar dahi web uygulama mimarisinin 旦nemli bir k脹sm脹 olan HTTP protokol端n端 kullanmaktad脹r.
Bunlar脹n yan脹 s脹ra web uygulamalar脹 巽ok katmanl脹 mimariye sahip olup, bu durum nispeten web uygulama altyap脹lar脹n脹n s脹radan masa端st端 uygulamalara nazaran karma脹k olmalar脹na neden olmaktad脹r.
T端m bu nedenlerden dolay脹 web uygulamalar脹 sald脹rganlar脹n g旦zde hedeflerinden birisidir.
Web uygulama denetimi eitiminde kat脹l脹mc脹lara web uygulamalar脹nda ortaya 巽脹kabilecek a巽脹kl脹klar脹n neler olduu, bu a巽脹kl脹klar脹 nas脹l tespit edebilecekleri ve a巽脹kl脹klar脹n ortadan kald脹r脹lma y旦ntemleri aktar脹lmaktad脹r.
Web uygulama denetimi eitimi, mobil uygulama denetimi yapacak kat脹l脹mc脹lara da gerekli temel web teknolojileri bilgilerini aktarmay脹 hedeflemektedir.
Her y旦n端yle linux sistem ve network g端venliiAhmet Han
油
Linux, sistem ve network g端venlii 端zerine yazm脹 olduum 巽al脹malar脹n baz脹lar脹n脹 bu e-book'ta toplad脹m. e-book ile ilgili geri d旦n端lerinizi yapabilirsiniz.
Linux'a Giris ve VirtualBox a Ubuntu KurulumuAhmet G端rel
油
Bu d旦k端man Linux nedir neden tercih edilir gibi sorulara cevap arayanlara k脹sa bir bilgilendirmeden sonra Sanal makinaya Linux Ubuntu da脹t脹m脹n脹n kurulumunu g旦stererek genel linux terminal ve komutlar脹n脹n anlat脹m脹yla son bulmaktad脹r.L聴nux ve 旦zg端r yaz脹l脹m fark脹ndal脹脹n脹 art脹rmak i巽in giri seviyesinde bir d旦kumand脹r.聴inize yaramas脹 dileiyle iyi 巽al脹malar.Soru,g旦r端 ve 旦nerileriniz i巽in ahmet@gurelahmet.com a mail atabilirsiniz.
2. Bilgi 聴lem Kavram脹 VER聴 聴LEM B聴LG聴
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
B聴LG聴SAYAR:Kendisine girdi olarak verilen verileri, program ad脹 verilen bir dizi komuta
g旦re iledikten sonra, bilgi olarak veren elektronik ayg脹tlard脹r.
Bilgisayarlar脹n dier bir ismi hesaplay脹c脹 anlam脹na gelen Computer kelimesidir.
Bu tan脹m i巽erisinde ge巽en kavramlar脹 incelemek gerekirse, 端巽 kavram脹 ele almak
gerekecektir. Bunlar;
VER聴: Bilgisayara ilenmesi i巽in verilen her t端rl端 sembold端r. Bu alfabenin harfleri olabilecei gibi
kullanm脹 olduumuz sayma say脹larda olabilir. Bir 旦rnek vermek gerekirse 旦rencilerin isimleri , sicil
, kimlik bilgileri, not bilgileri bilgisayar i巽in birer veridir.
聴LEM: Bilgisayara aktar脹lan verilerin , nas脹l ileneceine karar veren bilgisayar program脹 taraf脹ndan
ilenmesidir. Buna bir 旦rnek vermek gerekirse, 旦renci notlar脹n脹n hesaplanarak okuldan mezun
olanlar脹n bulunmas脹, k脹z veya erkek 旦rencilerin say脹lar脹n脹n bulunmas脹 gibi.
IKTI: Verilerin ilenmesinden sonra oluan 端retilen bilgilerdir. Okulu bitirmeye hak kazanan
旦rencilerin listesinin yaz脹c脹dan al脹nmas脹 旦rnek olarak verilebilir. Bu bilgeler bir ema 端zerinde
incelenirse.
3. PROGRAM : Bilgisayara verilen verilerin nas脹l ilenmesi gerektiini bilgisayara
bildiren komutlar dizisidir. Bilgisayar脹 programlar olmadan kullanabilmemiz
m端mk端n deildir.
B聴LG聴SAYAR VE 聴NSAN
聴LEM HIZI : Normal zeka d端zeyine sahip insanlar herhangi 端巽 basamakl脹 iki
say脹n脹n 巽arp脹m脹n脹 yakla脹k 30 saniye i巽inde yaparlar. B旦yle bir ilem 50 defa tekrarlan脹rsa
1500 saniye olacakt脹r. Ayn脹 ilem bilgisayarda yakla脹k olarak 0.01 saniye s端rer. Yani
bilgisayarlar insanlardan kat kat daha h脹zl脹 ilem yapabilmektedirler.
HATA OLASILII: 聴nsanlar bu say脹lar脹 巽arparken hata yapma olas脹l脹klar脹 y端ksektir.
Bilgisayarlar i巽in program doru olduu m端ddet巽e hata olas脹l脹脹 yoktur. Bilgisayar
program脹n脹z doru olduu s端rece hata olas脹l脹脹 y端zde s脹f脹rd脹r.
UNUTKANLIK: Bundan birka巽 y脹l 旦nce tan脹t脹脹n脹z herkesin ismini haf脹zan脹zda saklayabil
misiniz? 聴lkokul daki notlar脹n脹z脹 hat脹rl脹yor musunuz. Ancak bilgisayarlar manyetik
ortamda saklad脹klar脹 her bilgiyi y脹llar ge巽se de unutmazlar.
YORULMA : Ayn脹 ii basit olan bir ii insan belli bir s端re yapabilir, sonra yorulur. Ancak
bilgisayarlar yorulmaz.
GEL聴ME: Bilgisayarlar ne derecede yetenekli makineler olsalar da nihayetinde onlar脹
bulan, gelitiren ve kullanan insanlard脹r. Bilgisayar herhangi bir sorunu kendi ba脹na
巽旦zemez . Prizden fiini 巽ektiinizde yada yararlanmas脹n脹 bilmediinizde sadece
elektronik bir y脹脹nd脹r. Bilgisayarlar kendilerini programlayan yani yapaca脹 ilemleri
tek, tek komutlar halinde kendisine ileten insanlar olmad脹k巽a hi巽 bir ie yaramazlar.
4. Bilgi ve iletiim Teknolojisi r端nlerinin
Tan脹t脹m脹
Bilgi ve iletiim teknolojisinin geliimi ile toplum hayat脹n da
eitim, bilim, k端lt端r, sanat etkinlikleri, finansman, ticaret vb.
alanlarda 旦nemli kolayl脹klar salamaktad脹r
Bilgi ve iletiim teknolojisi iki grupta incelenir.
A )Bilgisayar Teknolojileri
1. Donan脹m 端r端nleri
2. Yaz脹l脹m 端r端nleri
B) 聴letiim Teknolojileri
5. Bilgisayar Teknolojileri
Bilgisayar Nedir?
Bilgisayar 巽ok h脹zl脹 ilem yapma 旦zellii olan, kitaplar dolusu bilgiyi 巽ok k端巽端k
alanlarda saklayabilen, saklad脹脹 bilgilere 巽ok h脹zl脹 ulaabilen bir makinedir.
Bilgisayar脹 nerelerde kullan脹yoruz?
7. Bilgisayar 聴le 聴lgili Temel Kavramlar
Donan脹m ve Yaz脹l脹m Nedir?
Bilgisayarlar, donan脹m ve yaz脹l脹m olmak 端zere iki temel k脹s脹mdan
oluur.
Donan脹m: Kasa, ekran, klavye, fare ve bunlar脹n i巽inde bulunan
par巽alar脹n oluturduu k脹s脹md脹r.
Yaz脹l脹m: Bilgisayar脹n istenilen ama巽lar dorultusunda
kullan脹lmas脹n脹 salayan komutlar topluluudur.
8. B聴LG聴SAYAR
DONANIM (Hardware) YAZILIM (Software)
1- Giri Birimleri 1- Sistem Yaz脹l脹mlar脹
(Windows, MSDos)
2- Ana Bellek
2- Hizmet Yaz脹l脹mlar脹
3- 脹k脹 Birimleri 3- Uygulama Yaz脹l脹mlar脹 (Word, Excel
)
4- Yan Bellek
5- evre Birimler
9. Bilgisayar eitleri:
1) Ana Bilgisayar: zel bir merkezde bulunan h脹zl脹 ve geni
kapasiteli bilgisayarlard脹r. Bu bilgisayarlar kendilerine bal脹 olan
y端zlerce hatta binlerce istemci bilgisayara hizmet sunar. Birden
fazla ilemci(CPU) bulunabilir.
2) Mini Bilgisayar: Mini bilgisayarda birden fazla ilemci(CPU)
bulunabilir. Hizmet sunduu istemci say脹s脹 ana bilgisayardan daha
azd脹r.
3) A(network) Bilgisayar脹: Bu bilgisayarlar脹n bellek ve ilemci
h脹zlar脹 s脹n脹rl脹d脹r. zellikle aa balanmak 端zere yap脹lm脹lard脹r.
10. Bilgisayar eitleri:
4. Kiisel Bilgisayar ( PC ): Masa
端zerine s脹abilen, tek kullan脹c脹l脹
kiisel bilgisayarlard脹r. 1970 li
y脹llardan sonra kullan脹m脹
yayg脹nlam脹t脹r.
5. Diz端st端 Bilgisayarlar : Bu bilgisayarlar
kiisel bilgisayarlarlar gibidir fakat
ta脹nabilir. G端n端m端zde genellikle 2-4
kg. a脹rl脹脹nda ve arj edilebilen pilleri
sayesinde birka巽 saate kadar elektrik
balant脹s脹 olmadan da
巽al脹abilmektedirler.
11. Bilgisayarlar Aras脹ndaki Farkl脹l脹klar
1. Kapasite: Bilgisayar 巽eitleri ile dorudan ilikilidir. Ana bilgisayar
ve s端per bilgisayarlar kapsite bak脹m脹ndan en 端st seviyedir.
2. H脹z: Bilgisayarlar脹n h脹z脹 ilemcilerin h脹zlar脹 ile 旦l巽端ld端端nden
saniyedeki titreim say脹s脹 ile ifade edilir. Bu birimde Hertz (Hz)
dir. G端n端m端zde bilgisayarlar 4 GHz civar脹ndad脹r.
3. Maliyet: B端y端kl端lerine ve h脹zlar脹na g旦re aralar脹nda b端y端k
farkl脹klar vard脹r. En pahal脹 olanlar ana bilgisayar ve s端per
bilgisayarlard脹r.
12. Bilgi Teknolojisi ve Toplum
1. Bilgi toplumu Kavram脹:
Ekonomisi bilgiye dayal脹 olan toplumlar bilgi toplumudur. Bilgi toplumuna
gelinmesinde;
a) Bilgisayar; bilginin yayg脹n olarak depolanmas脹n脹 ve iletilmesini,
b) 聴nternet; bilgiye ula脹lmas脹n脹, bilginin iletilmesini ve ayla脹lmas脹n脹, al脹p sat脹lmas脹n脹
kolaylat脹rm脹t脹r.
c) Bilgi; 端retilen, al脹n脹p sat脹lan, kullan脹lan, t端ketilen en 旦nemli deer haline gelmitir.
Bilgi toplumunda en 旦nemli ey bilgidir.
Ulusal bilgi altyap脹s脹 o 端lkenin bilgi otoyollar脹ndan olumaktad脹r.
2. Bilgi Otoyolu : Bir 端lkenin 端niversitelerine, k端t端phanelerine, arat脹rma
laboratuarlar脹na, i yerlerine, hastanelerine ve evlerine her hangi tip
kablolarla, uydu veya yay脹n yoluyla, veri, ses ve g旦r端nt端 t端r端 bilgiler ta脹yan;
donan脹m, yaz脹l脹m ve standartlardan oluan iletiim sistemleridir.
3. Elektronik ticaret kavram脹: Mal ve hizmetlerin
端retim, tan脹t脹m, sat脹, sigorta, da脹t脹m ve 旦deme ilemlerinin bilgisayar alar脹
端zerinden yap脹lmas脹na e - ticaret denir.
13. 聴yi Bir al脹ma Ortam脹
Baar脹l脹 bir yerleim d端zeni, bilgisayar kullan脹c脹s脹n脹n verimi ve
sal脹脹n脹 olumlu y旦nde etkiler.
ok kullan脹l脹c脹 巽al脹ma ortam脹( laboratuar, teknoloji s脹n脹f脹, bilgi
ilem merkezi, internet cafe vb.) olarak d端zenlenecek mekanlar脹n
se巽iminde binan脹n kuzey cephesinde, g端r端lt端den uzak ve her
kullan脹c脹ya en az 1,5m2 巽al脹ma alan脹 d端ecek b端y端kl端kte
olmal脹d脹r.
Dolay脹s脹yla bilgisayar 巽al脹ma ortam脹, ergonomik kurallar dikkate
al脹narak kullan脹c脹n脹n rahat 巽al脹mas脹n脹 salayacak bi巽imde, ustaca
d端zenlenmi bir 巽evre olmal脹d脹r.
14. 聴yi Bir al脹ma Ortam脹n脹n Faydalar脹
Baar脹l脹 bir yerleim d端zeni
kullan脹c脹ya rahat, ho bir
ortamda 巽al脹ma olana脹 salar.
B旦ylece bilgisayar kullan脹c脹lar脹
en az enerji ile en 巽ok verimi
elde etme ve sal脹klar脹n脹n
olumsuz etkilenmemesini
b端y端k 旦l巽端de 旦nleme olana脹
bulurlar.
15. Bilgisayarda al脹脹rken al脹maya Ara
Vermenin nemi:
Ayn脹 pozisyonda 30 dakikadan fazla
kalarak yap脹lan 巽al脹malarda
ar脹lar脹n ve rahats脹zl脹klar脹n iddeti
artarak duru bozukluklar脹na neden
olur.
Koltukta uzun s端re mola vermeden
巽al脹ma v端cutta kan dola脹m脹n脹n
d端zenli yap脹lmas脹n脹 engeller ve
bacaklarda ar脹 hissedilmeye
balar.
16. Ekran
Bilgisayar ekran脹 dik otururken
端st kenar脹 g旦z hizas脹na veya
biraz alt脹na gelecek seviyede
olmal脹d脹r. Ekran ile kullan脹c脹
aras脹nda 45-75cm civar脹nda
mesafe olmal脹d脹r.
Ekran 旦ncelikle odada pencere
ve lambalardan kaynaklanan
脹脹k yans脹malar脹n脹n en az
olduu yerde olmal脹d脹r.
17. Koltuk
Koltuun ergonomik ve rahat olmas脹 en 旦nemli fakt旦rd端r. Koltuk
se巽iminde aa脹daki 旦zelliklere dikkat edilmedir.
Koltuk y端kseklii 37-58,4cm aras脹nda ayarlanabilir olmal脹d脹r.
S脹rt destei olmal脹 ve aa脹 yukar脹 ayarlanabilmelidir.
Kol destekleri olmal脹 巽脹kar脹l脹p tak脹labilmeli, y端kseklii
ayarlanabilmelidir.
Oturma yeri kendi ekseni etraf脹nda d旦nebilmeli, ileri geri
hareket edebilmelidir.
Ayaklar脹 5 tekerli ve ayakl脹klar脹 olmal脹d脹r.
Dizler 90 veya 110 derece olmal脹d脹r
18. Klavyeyi Yerletirme
Klavye kullan脹c脹n kar脹s脹nda ve
kullan脹c脹n脹n rahat edecei
y端kseklikte olmal脹d脹r.
Klavye kullan脹rken 旦n kollar
yere paralel olmal脹d脹r.
Klavye eimi yazarken bilekleri
d端z konumda tutacak ekilde
ayarlanmal脹d脹r.
Yazarken omuzlar, kollar, eller
ve parmaklar gevek
tutulmal脹d脹r.
19. Fare Yerleimi
Fare size en yak脹n
pozisyonda olmal脹.
Kullan脹lmad脹脹 durumda el
fare 端zerinde olmamal脹d脹r.
Fare kullan脹l脹rken bilek
b端k端lmemelidir, sabit bir
y端zey 端zerinde olmal脹d脹r.
20. B聴LG聴SAYAR
DONANIM (Hardware) YAZILIM (Software)
1- Giri Birimleri 1- Sistem Yaz脹l脹mlar脹
(Windows, MSDos)
2- Ana Bellek
2- Hizmet Yaz脹l脹mlar脹
3- 脹k脹 Birimleri 3- Uygulama Yaz脹l脹mlar脹 (Word, Excel
)
4- Yan Bellek
5- evre Birimler
21. Merkezi 聴lem Birimi ( CPU )
Bilgisayara verilen komutlar脹n ilendii, aritmetik
ve mant脹ksal ilemlerin yap脹ld脹脹 birimdir.
22. Merkezi 聴lem Birimi ( CPU )
Merkezi 聴lem Birimi H脹z Kavram脹: 聴lemcilerin h脹zlar脹, saat frekans脹 da
denen saniyedeki titreim say脹s脹 ile 旦l巽端l端r.
Aritmetik Mant脹k Birimi: Aritmetik ilemler ve mant脹ksal kar脹lat脹rmalar
burada yap脹l脹r. 聴lemcinin yap脹s脹 gerei sadece toplama yap脹l脹r. Dier aritmetik
ilemler toplamaya d旦n端t端r端l端r. rnein 巽arpma ilemi 端st 端ste toplama
y旦ntemiyle yap脹l脹r.
Kontrol Birimi: 聴lem ak脹脹n脹 d端zenler, komutlar脹 yorumlar ve bu komutlar脹n
yerine getirilmesini salar.
n Bellek(Cache memory) ve H脹z Haf脹za Eriimi:
Bilgisayarda ilemcinin h脹z脹, bellek ile bilgileri ileten yollardan daha h脹zl脹d脹r.
Program kodlar脹na ve verilere daha h脹zl脹 ulamak i巽in bunlar脹n h脹zl脹 bir ekilde
ula脹labilecei bir ortamda haz脹r bekletilmesi bilgisayar脹n h脹z脹n脹 art脹r脹r. Bu
ama巽la eriimi h脹zl脹 olan 旦n bellekler gelitirilmitir.
23. Giri 脹k脹 Birimleri
Giri Birimleri
Klavye, Fare, Barkod okuyucu, Taray脹c脹, Mikrofon gibi bilgisayara
sadece bilgi girilmesinde kullan脹lan birimlerdir.
脹k脹 Birimleri
Ekran,Yaz脹c脹, Hoparl旦r gibi sadece bilgisayarda ilenen verilere
g旦re sonu巽 almak i巽in kullan脹l脹rlar.
Giri/脹k脹 Birimleri
Disk ve disket, CD-ROMlar, Manyeto Optik diskler gibi 端zerinde
hem bilgi kaydedilebilen hem de bu kaydedilen bilgilerin
okunduu birimlerdir.
24. Giri (Input) Ara巽lar脹:
Fare
Bilgisayarda 巽izim yapmak, oyun oynamak, komut
se巽mek ve 巽al脹t脹rmak gibi ilemlerde kullan脹lan yard脹mc脹
donan脹m birimidir.
Tekerlek
Sa tu
Sol tu
26. Giri ( 聴nput ) Ara巽lar脹
Taray脹c脹
Bir resim, bir fotoraf veya ka脹t 端zerinde bir
dok端man脹 bilgisayar ortam脹na ge巽irmenizi
salayan ara巽t脹r
27. Giri ( 聴nput ) Ara巽lar脹
Dokunmatik Altl脹k ( Touchpad ) :
Dokunmatik altl脹k 端zerinde parma脹n hareketi ile ekranda okun
hareket ettirilmesine yarayan bir ayg脹tt脹r. Genellikle diz端st端
bilgisayarlarda kullan脹l脹r. Farenin g旦revini yapar. Alan脹 yakla脹k 50
cm2 dir.
28. Giri ( 聴nput ) Ara巽lar脹
Oyun ubuu ( joystick ) :
Hareketi say脹sal elektrik sinyallerine 巽evirerek bilgisayara aktar脹l脹r.
Bilgisayar oyunlar脹nda ve benzetim(similasyon) programlar脹nda
giri birimi olarak kullan脹l脹r.
30. 脹k脹 ( Output ) Ara巽lar脹
Yaz脹c脹 ( Printer ) :
Bilgilerin yaz脹l脹 belge olarak elde edilmesini salar.
31. 脹k脹 ( Output ) Ara巽lar脹
izici :
Plan ve grafikleri ka脹t 端zerine aktaran 巽脹k脹 birimidir.
32. 脹k脹 ( Output ) Ara巽lar脹
Hoparl旦r :
Kaydedilmi sesler ve m端zik par巽alar脹n脹n insan kula脹n脹n
duyabilecei sesler eklinde 巽脹k脹脹n脹 salar.
33. Bilgisayar脹 Oluturan Donan脹m Birimleri
Haf脹za eitleri
Yaz脹, resim, say脹 gibi her 巽eit bilgi bilgisayar脹n belleinde
ve dier kay脹t ortam脹nda 2 tabanl脹 say脹 sistemine g旦re
saklan脹r. Bu temel ilk bilgisayardan g端n端m端ze kadar
deimemitir.
34. Bilgisayar脹 Oluturan Donan脹m Birimleri
Haf脹za eitleri
Sabit Disk: Bilgisayar脹n kal脹c脹 depolama birimidir. Bilgisayara kurulu olan
programlarda bu birime kaydedilir.
35. Bilgisayar脹 Oluturan Donan脹m Birimleri
Haf脹za eitleri
Bellek Kartlar脹(SD, MMC, Memory stick):
Elektirik darbeleri ile bilgiler kay脹t edilir, silinip yeniden kay脹t
yap脹labilir. Bunlar脹n tekrar kay脹t yap脹lma say脹s脹 milyon civar脹nda
tahmin edilmektedir.
36. Bilgisayar脹 Oluturan Donan脹m Birimleri
Haf脹za eitleri
Ta脹nabilir Bellek(USB flash Disk):
Bellek kartlar脹 ile ayn脹 旦zellikledir fakat bunlar direk
olarak USB giriine tak脹labilirler.
37. Bilgisayar脹 Oluturan Donan脹m Birimleri
Haf脹za eitleri
CD ve DVD:
Kay脹t lazer 脹脹n脹 ile yap脹l脹r. CD, DVD ye g旦re daha
az bilgi saklar.
39. Bilgisayar脹 Oluturan Donan脹m Birimleri
Haf脹za eitleri
RAM (Random Access Memory) : Merkezi ilem
birimine bal脹 olan bir bilgi deposudur. Rastgele eriimli
bellektir. al脹t脹r脹lan program bu haf脹zaya y端klenir.
Okuma ve yazma ilemleri yap脹labilir. Bilgisayar脹n
kapanmas脹 halinde bu bellekteki bilgiler silinir.
40. Bilgisayar脹 Oluturan Donan脹m Birimleri
Haf脹za eitleri
ROM (Read Only Memory) : Sadece okunabilir bellektir.
retici firma taraf脹ndan haz脹rlanm脹t脹r. Bilgisayar
hakk脹nda bilgiler i巽erir. Bu bellekteki bilgiler bilgisayar脹n
kapat脹lmas脹 ile silinmezler.
41. Bilgisayar脹 Oluturan Donan脹m Birimleri
Dier Sistem Birimleri
Kasan脹n i巽 g旦r端n端端
ve Kasa
Kasan脹n i巽erisinde
anakart, ilemci, ana
bellek, ekran
kart脹, sabitdisk gibi
bir巽ok par巽a bulunur.
42. Bilgisayar脹 Oluturan Donan脹m Birimleri
Dier Sistem Birimleri ve Kasa
Kasa: Bilgisayarda ilemlerin yap脹ld脹脹, yaz脹l脹mlar脹n
巽al脹t脹r脹ld脹脹, monit旦r, fare ve klavyenin bal脹 olduu
birimdir.
43. Bilgisayar脹 Oluturan Donan脹m Birimleri
Dier Sistem Birimleri ve Kasa
Anakart: zerinde temel devrelerin bulunduu kartt脹r. B端t端n
ayg脹tlar ve kartlar anakarta tak脹l脹d脹r.
Balant脹 yerleri
Anakart
44. Bilgisayar脹 Oluturan Donan脹m Birimleri
Sistem Birimleri ve Kasa
Ekran Kart脹: Bilgisayar脹n sistem birimi ile ekran脹
aras脹ndaki balant脹y脹 salayan donan脹m birimidir.
45. Bilgisayar脹 Oluturan Donan脹m Birimleri
Sistem Birimleri ve Kasa
Disket S端r端c端: Disketlerin okunmas脹n脹 salayan
birimdir.
46. Bilgisayar脹 Oluturan Donan脹m Birimleri
Sistem Birimleri ve Kasa
CD-ROM S端r端c端: CD lerin okunmas脹n脹 salayan birimdir.
47. Bilgisayar脹 Oluturan Donan脹m Birimleri
Sistem Birimleri ve Kasa
Ses Kart脹: Bilgisayardan ses 巽脹kmas脹n脹 salayan birimdir
48. Bilgisayar脹 Oluturan Donan脹m Birimleri
Sistem Birimleri ve Kasa
G端巽 Kayna脹 (Power): Bilgisayar脹n 巽al脹mas脹 i巽in gerekli
olan elektrik giriini salayan birimdir.
49. Bilgisayar脹 Oluturan Donan脹m Birimleri
Sistem Birimleri ve Kasa
TV Kart脹: Bilgisayarda, televizyon izlenebilmesini
salayan birimdir.
50. Bilgisayar Performans脹
Bilgisayar脹n performans脹 bilgisayar脹n i yapma kabiliyeti
olarak anla脹l脹r. Bilgisayar脹n performans脹 aa脹daki
unsurlara bal脹d脹r.
聴lemci (CPU) h脹z脹
RAM bellek b端y端kl端端
Sabit Disk(Hard disk) h脹z ve kapasitesi
51. YAZILIM
Yaz脹l脹m eitleri:
Bilgisayarda kullan脹lan her t端rl端 program yaz脹l脹md脹r.
聴letim Sistemi Yaz脹l脹mlar脹
Uygulama Yaz脹l脹mlar脹
Programlama Dilleri
52. YAZILIM
聴letim Sistemi Yaz脹l脹m脹:
Bilgisayar脹n ilk a巽脹lma an脹ndan kapanana kadar
kullan脹ld脹脹 s端rece g旦rev yapan programlar topluluudur.
巽 ana b旦l端mden oluurlar. Bunlar:
D端zenleyici programlar : Bilgisayar脹n 巽eitli b旦l端mlerinin beraber
巽al脹mas脹n脹 salar.
Yard脹mc脹 programlar: eitli ama巽lar脹 ger巽ekletiren komut veya
programlar.
Derleyiciler : Bunlar 端st seviyeli dillerde haz脹rlanm脹
programlar脹, bilgisayar脹n 巽旦zebilecei say脹sal kodlara 巽eviren programlard脹r.
Bu ileme derleme denir.
53. YAZILIM
Uygulama Yaz脹l脹mlar脹:
Belirli konularda y端ksek seviyeli dillerden biri ile
yaz脹lm脹, kullan脹m脹 genelde kolay programlard脹r. Deiik amaca
y旦nelik y端zlerce paket program vard脹r. rnein Kelime ilemci MS
WORD gibi.
Programlama Dilleri: Kullan脹c脹 ihtiya巽lar脹na g旦re, yapt脹rmak
istedii ilere ilikin komutlar脹 belirli bir mant脹ksal s脹raya koyarak
bilgisayara y端klenmesini salayan ve 旦zel kodlama sisteminden
oluan yap脹lard脹r.
