![D?u nh?c : ¡°#¡± ngh?a l¨¤ ?ang l¨¤ account root
¡°$¡± ngh?a l¨¤ ?ang l¨¤ account th??ng
1. C¨¢c l?nh c? b?n v¨¤ c¨¢c file c?u h¨¬nh:
init
Linux cho ph¨¦p kh?i ??ng t? 6 ch? ?? kh¨¢c nhau:
Ch? ?? Tr??ng h?p s? d?ng
(Run (Common Usages)
level)
0 T?t m¨¢y ¨C shutdown
1 ch? ?? 1 ng??i d¨´ng (single
user)
2 ?a ng??i d¨´ng ¨C kh?ng h? tr?
Network
3 ?a ng??i d¨´ng ¨C c¨® h? tr?
Network
4 Ch?a s? d?ng
5 ?a ng??i dung, network, Graphic
6 Restart
C¨² ph¨¢p:
# init [run level]
V¨ª d?:
+ ?? v¨¤o ch? ?? Graphic c?a Redhat : # init 5
+ ?? v¨¤o ch? ?? textmode ?a ng??i dung: # init 3
- Trong qu¨¢ tr¨¬nh kh?i ??ng, m?c ??nh init s? ch?y t?p tin /etc/inittab ? ch? ?? 3.
- vi /etc/inittab
+ T¨¬m ??n d¨°ng sau: #The default run level
Id:5:initdefault: thay s? 5 th¨¤nh 3
+ init 6 kh?i ??ng l?i ?? th?y k?t qu?.
- Ki?m tra runlevel h? th?ng ?ang ch?y :
+ #runlevel
Shutdown
C¨² ph¨¢p: # shutdown ¨Ch <minute:seconde>
V¨ª d?: # shutdown ¨Ch 22:00 (t?i 10:00pm s? ti?n h¨¤nh shutdown m¨¢y)
# shutdown ¨Ch now (shutdown ngay l?p t?c)
# shutdown ¨Cr now ( restart ngay l?p t?c )
2. Tr¨¬nh so?n th?o vi
C¨² ph¨¢p: # vi <t¨ºn file>
V¨ª d?: # vi /etc/issue
Sau khi v¨¤o ch??ng tr¨¬nh so?n th?o c?a vi th¨¬ c¨® 2 ch? ?? c?n quan t?m:
Ch? ?? so?n th?o v¨¤ ch? ?? nh?p l?nh.
- M?c ??nh khi v¨¤o Vi l¨¤ b?n hi?n ? ch? ?? nh?p l?nh, n?u mu?n v¨¤o ch? ?? so?n th?o
th¨¬ nh?n ph¨ªm ¡°i¡± ho?c ¡°a¡±.
- Sau khi ? ch? ?? so?n th?o m¨¤ mu?n tho¨¢t ra ch? ?? nh?p l?nh th¨¬ nh?n ¡°ESC¡±.
- ? ch? ?? l?nh ph?i c¨® d?u ¡°:¡±
+ ¡°i¡± d¨´ng ?? b?t ??u ? ch? ?? so?n th?o v?n b?n](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/thlinux-120408223831-phpapp02/85/Th-linux-1-320.jpg)
![+ ¡°:w¡± d¨´ng ?? l?u ?o?n v?n b?n v?a ???c thay ??i
+ ¡°:q¡± d¨´ng ?? tho¨¢t kh?i Vi
+ ¡°:q!¡± tho¨¢t kh?i Vi kh?ng l?u
+ :wq, ZZ l?u v¨¤ tho¨¢t
+ ¡°:Dw¡± x¨®a ?? cu?i t?
+ ¡°:x¡± x¨®a t?i v? tr¨ª con tr?
+ ¡°:dd¡± x¨®a d¨°ng
+ ¡°:ndd¡± x¨®a n d¨°ng t? d¨°ng c¨® con tr?
+ ¡°:Y¡± copy d¨°ng ch?a con tr? v¨¤o v¨´ng ??m
+ ¡°:nY¡± copy n d¨°ng ch?a con tr? v¨¤o v¨´ng ??m
+ ¡°:p¡± D¨¢n v¨´ng ??m
+ ¡°/string¡± dung ?? t¨¬m ki?m 1 chu?i trong ?o?n v?n b?n
+ ¡°u¡± undo
+ Ctrl + F cu?n xu?ng 1 trang m¨¤n h¨¬nh Vi
+ Ctrl + B cu?n l¨ºn 1 trang m¨¤n h¨¬nh Vi
3. C¨¢c l?nh t?p tin, th? m?c
man : hi?n th? th?ng tin chi ti?t v? c?ng d?ng c¨¢ch dung c¨¢c l?nh kh¨¢c
C¨² ph¨¢p: # man < t¨ºn_l?nh_kh¨¢c>
V¨ª d?: # man ls
# man man
+ g? q ?? tho¨¢t
ls: li?t k¨º danh s¨¢ch t?p tin v¨¤ th? m?c hi?n th?i
C¨² ph¨¢p: # ls <tham s?>
V¨ª d?: # ls ¨Cla (s? hi?n th? to¨¤n b? dang s¨¢ch k? c? file ?n)
tree : xem c?y th? m?c
cd: thay ??i th? m?c hi?n th?i
C¨² ph¨¢p: # cd <???ng d?n>
V¨ª d?: # cd /root
pwd : hi?n th? th? m?c hi?n th?i
C¨² ph¨¢p: # pwd
cp: copy t?p tin v¨¤ th? m?c
C¨² ph¨¢p: # cp <tham s?> [source] [destination]
V¨ª d?: # cp ¨CR /tmp/ /etc/ (copy to¨¤n b? th? m?c tmp sang /etc/)
# cp /etc/shadow /tmp/ (copy t?p tin shadow sang th? m?c /tmp)
mv: di chuy?n t?p tin v¨¤ th? m?c. L?nh n¨¤y s? di chuy?n hay ??i t¨ºn file t? n?i n¨¤y
??n n?i kh¨¢c
C¨² ph¨¢p: # mv <file_ho?c_th?_m?c_ngu?n> <file_ho?c_th?_m?c_?¨ªch>
mkdir: t?o th? m?c
C¨² ph¨¢p: # mkdir [t¨ºn th? m?c]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/thlinux-120408223831-phpapp02/85/Th-linux-2-320.jpg)
![V¨ª d?: # mkdir <t¨ºn SV> (t?o th? m?c <t¨ºn SV>)
# mkdir ¨Cp /etc/1/2/3 (t?o 1 lo?t th? m?c ph? h? )
rmdir: dung ?? x¨®a 1 th? m?c
C¨² ph¨¢p: # rmdir <th?_m?c_mu?n_x¨®a>
V¨ª d?: # rmdir /tmp
rm: xo¨¢ t?p tin v¨¤ th? m?c
C¨² ph¨¢p: # rm <tham s?> [t¨ºn]
tham s? : -i x¨®a c¨® c?nh b¨¢o
-f x¨®a kh?ng c¨® c?nh b¨¢o
V¨ª d?: # rm ¨Crf s? xo¨¢ s?ch n?i dung b¨ºn trong 1 th? m?c
=> l?nh n¨¤y r?t nguy hi?m, b?n c?n c?n th?n khi s? d?ng
# rm ¨Cf /etc/ITdep.txt
cat : l?nh dung xem n?i dung c?a 1 t?p tin
C¨² ph¨¢p: # cat <t¨ºn_file_c?n_hi?n_th?>
V¨ª d?: # cat myfile.txt
# cat /tmp/temp.text
exit v¨¤ logout: Hai l?nh n¨¤y dung ?? tho¨¢t kh?i phi¨ºn l¨¤m vi?c desktop tr? v? m¨¤n
h¨¬nh login
+ Trong text mode, Linux cung c?p 6 desktop (tty1¡tty6) ?? l¨¤m vi?c.
+ ?? di chuy?n qua l?i gi?a c¨¢c desktop nh?n t? h?p ph¨ªm Alt-F1, ¡.,Alt-F6.
C¨² ph¨¢p: # exit
# logout
chown : l?nh n¨¤y dung ?? thay ??i ch? s? h?u c?a 1 t?p tin hay th? m?c, g¨¢n cho
t?p tin th? m?c thu?c v? quy?n s? h?u c?a 1 user n¨¤o ?¨®
C¨² ph¨¢p: # chown username[.groupname] <t¨ºn_file_ho?c_th?_m?c>
# chown .groupname <t¨ºn_file_ho?c_th?_m?c>
V¨ª d?: # chown user1.user /tmp
# chown .user /tmp
N?u chown quy?n cho username th¨¬ file/th? m?c s? ???c ??t l¨¤ thu?c quy?n s? h?u
c?a username ?¨®. N?u chown quy?n cho group th¨¬ file/th? m?c s? thu?c v? group ?¨®.
Hai ph?n n¨¤y ??c l?p v?i nhau, thay ??i quy?n s? h?u user s? kh?ng l¨¤m thay ??i
quy?n s? h?u group v¨¤ ng??c l?i.
chmod : l?nh n¨¤y d¨´ng thay ??i thu?c t¨ªnh c?a file v¨¤ th? m?c. C¨® t?t c? 3 thu?c t¨ªnh
read, write, execute ???c ¨¢p ??t l¨ºn 3 nh¨®m Owner, Group, Other.
Quy?n Gi¨¢ tr?
r (read) 4
w (write) 2
x (execute) 1
C¨² ph¨¢p: # chmod thu?c_t¨ªnh_d?ng_s? <t¨ºn_file_ho?c_th?_m?c>
V¨ª d?: # chmod 755 /tmp
Th? m?c /tmp owner s? c¨® quy?n (r,w,x = 4 + 2 + 1=7), group s? c¨® quy?n (r,x = 4 + 1
= 5), other ( r,x = 4 + 1 = 5)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/thlinux-120408223831-phpapp02/85/Th-linux-3-320.jpg)
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Th linux
- 1. D?u nh?c : ¡°#¡± ngh?a l¨¤ ?ang l¨¤ account root ¡°$¡± ngh?a l¨¤ ?ang l¨¤ account th??ng 1. C¨¢c l?nh c? b?n v¨¤ c¨¢c file c?u h¨¬nh: init Linux cho ph¨¦p kh?i ??ng t? 6 ch? ?? kh¨¢c nhau: Ch? ?? Tr??ng h?p s? d?ng (Run (Common Usages) level) 0 T?t m¨¢y ¨C shutdown 1 ch? ?? 1 ng??i d¨´ng (single user) 2 ?a ng??i d¨´ng ¨C kh?ng h? tr? Network 3 ?a ng??i d¨´ng ¨C c¨® h? tr? Network 4 Ch?a s? d?ng 5 ?a ng??i dung, network, Graphic 6 Restart C¨² ph¨¢p: # init [run level] V¨ª d?: + ?? v¨¤o ch? ?? Graphic c?a Redhat : # init 5 + ?? v¨¤o ch? ?? textmode ?a ng??i dung: # init 3 - Trong qu¨¢ tr¨¬nh kh?i ??ng, m?c ??nh init s? ch?y t?p tin /etc/inittab ? ch? ?? 3. - vi /etc/inittab + T¨¬m ??n d¨°ng sau: #The default run level Id:5:initdefault: thay s? 5 th¨¤nh 3 + init 6 kh?i ??ng l?i ?? th?y k?t qu?. - Ki?m tra runlevel h? th?ng ?ang ch?y : + #runlevel Shutdown C¨² ph¨¢p: # shutdown ¨Ch <minute:seconde> V¨ª d?: # shutdown ¨Ch 22:00 (t?i 10:00pm s? ti?n h¨¤nh shutdown m¨¢y) # shutdown ¨Ch now (shutdown ngay l?p t?c) # shutdown ¨Cr now ( restart ngay l?p t?c ) 2. Tr¨¬nh so?n th?o vi C¨² ph¨¢p: # vi <t¨ºn file> V¨ª d?: # vi /etc/issue Sau khi v¨¤o ch??ng tr¨¬nh so?n th?o c?a vi th¨¬ c¨® 2 ch? ?? c?n quan t?m: Ch? ?? so?n th?o v¨¤ ch? ?? nh?p l?nh. - M?c ??nh khi v¨¤o Vi l¨¤ b?n hi?n ? ch? ?? nh?p l?nh, n?u mu?n v¨¤o ch? ?? so?n th?o th¨¬ nh?n ph¨ªm ¡°i¡± ho?c ¡°a¡±. - Sau khi ? ch? ?? so?n th?o m¨¤ mu?n tho¨¢t ra ch? ?? nh?p l?nh th¨¬ nh?n ¡°ESC¡±. - ? ch? ?? l?nh ph?i c¨® d?u ¡°:¡± + ¡°i¡± d¨´ng ?? b?t ??u ? ch? ?? so?n th?o v?n b?n
- 2. + ¡°:w¡± d¨´ng ?? l?u ?o?n v?n b?n v?a ???c thay ??i + ¡°:q¡± d¨´ng ?? tho¨¢t kh?i Vi + ¡°:q!¡± tho¨¢t kh?i Vi kh?ng l?u + :wq, ZZ l?u v¨¤ tho¨¢t + ¡°:Dw¡± x¨®a ?? cu?i t? + ¡°:x¡± x¨®a t?i v? tr¨ª con tr? + ¡°:dd¡± x¨®a d¨°ng + ¡°:ndd¡± x¨®a n d¨°ng t? d¨°ng c¨® con tr? + ¡°:Y¡± copy d¨°ng ch?a con tr? v¨¤o v¨´ng ??m + ¡°:nY¡± copy n d¨°ng ch?a con tr? v¨¤o v¨´ng ??m + ¡°:p¡± D¨¢n v¨´ng ??m + ¡°/string¡± dung ?? t¨¬m ki?m 1 chu?i trong ?o?n v?n b?n + ¡°u¡± undo + Ctrl + F cu?n xu?ng 1 trang m¨¤n h¨¬nh Vi + Ctrl + B cu?n l¨ºn 1 trang m¨¤n h¨¬nh Vi 3. C¨¢c l?nh t?p tin, th? m?c man : hi?n th? th?ng tin chi ti?t v? c?ng d?ng c¨¢ch dung c¨¢c l?nh kh¨¢c C¨² ph¨¢p: # man < t¨ºn_l?nh_kh¨¢c> V¨ª d?: # man ls # man man + g? q ?? tho¨¢t ls: li?t k¨º danh s¨¢ch t?p tin v¨¤ th? m?c hi?n th?i C¨² ph¨¢p: # ls <tham s?> V¨ª d?: # ls ¨Cla (s? hi?n th? to¨¤n b? dang s¨¢ch k? c? file ?n) tree : xem c?y th? m?c cd: thay ??i th? m?c hi?n th?i C¨² ph¨¢p: # cd <???ng d?n> V¨ª d?: # cd /root pwd : hi?n th? th? m?c hi?n th?i C¨² ph¨¢p: # pwd cp: copy t?p tin v¨¤ th? m?c C¨² ph¨¢p: # cp <tham s?> [source] [destination] V¨ª d?: # cp ¨CR /tmp/ /etc/ (copy to¨¤n b? th? m?c tmp sang /etc/) # cp /etc/shadow /tmp/ (copy t?p tin shadow sang th? m?c /tmp) mv: di chuy?n t?p tin v¨¤ th? m?c. L?nh n¨¤y s? di chuy?n hay ??i t¨ºn file t? n?i n¨¤y ??n n?i kh¨¢c C¨² ph¨¢p: # mv <file_ho?c_th?_m?c_ngu?n> <file_ho?c_th?_m?c_?¨ªch> mkdir: t?o th? m?c C¨² ph¨¢p: # mkdir [t¨ºn th? m?c]
- 3. V¨ª d?: # mkdir <t¨ºn SV> (t?o th? m?c <t¨ºn SV>) # mkdir ¨Cp /etc/1/2/3 (t?o 1 lo?t th? m?c ph? h? ) rmdir: dung ?? x¨®a 1 th? m?c C¨² ph¨¢p: # rmdir <th?_m?c_mu?n_x¨®a> V¨ª d?: # rmdir /tmp rm: xo¨¢ t?p tin v¨¤ th? m?c C¨² ph¨¢p: # rm <tham s?> [t¨ºn] tham s? : -i x¨®a c¨® c?nh b¨¢o -f x¨®a kh?ng c¨® c?nh b¨¢o V¨ª d?: # rm ¨Crf s? xo¨¢ s?ch n?i dung b¨ºn trong 1 th? m?c => l?nh n¨¤y r?t nguy hi?m, b?n c?n c?n th?n khi s? d?ng # rm ¨Cf /etc/ITdep.txt cat : l?nh dung xem n?i dung c?a 1 t?p tin C¨² ph¨¢p: # cat <t¨ºn_file_c?n_hi?n_th?> V¨ª d?: # cat myfile.txt # cat /tmp/temp.text exit v¨¤ logout: Hai l?nh n¨¤y dung ?? tho¨¢t kh?i phi¨ºn l¨¤m vi?c desktop tr? v? m¨¤n h¨¬nh login + Trong text mode, Linux cung c?p 6 desktop (tty1¡tty6) ?? l¨¤m vi?c. + ?? di chuy?n qua l?i gi?a c¨¢c desktop nh?n t? h?p ph¨ªm Alt-F1, ¡.,Alt-F6. C¨² ph¨¢p: # exit # logout chown : l?nh n¨¤y dung ?? thay ??i ch? s? h?u c?a 1 t?p tin hay th? m?c, g¨¢n cho t?p tin th? m?c thu?c v? quy?n s? h?u c?a 1 user n¨¤o ?¨® C¨² ph¨¢p: # chown username[.groupname] <t¨ºn_file_ho?c_th?_m?c> # chown .groupname <t¨ºn_file_ho?c_th?_m?c> V¨ª d?: # chown user1.user /tmp # chown .user /tmp N?u chown quy?n cho username th¨¬ file/th? m?c s? ???c ??t l¨¤ thu?c quy?n s? h?u c?a username ?¨®. N?u chown quy?n cho group th¨¬ file/th? m?c s? thu?c v? group ?¨®. Hai ph?n n¨¤y ??c l?p v?i nhau, thay ??i quy?n s? h?u user s? kh?ng l¨¤m thay ??i quy?n s? h?u group v¨¤ ng??c l?i. chmod : l?nh n¨¤y d¨´ng thay ??i thu?c t¨ªnh c?a file v¨¤ th? m?c. C¨® t?t c? 3 thu?c t¨ªnh read, write, execute ???c ¨¢p ??t l¨ºn 3 nh¨®m Owner, Group, Other. Quy?n Gi¨¢ tr? r (read) 4 w (write) 2 x (execute) 1 C¨² ph¨¢p: # chmod thu?c_t¨ªnh_d?ng_s? <t¨ºn_file_ho?c_th?_m?c> V¨ª d?: # chmod 755 /tmp Th? m?c /tmp owner s? c¨® quy?n (r,w,x = 4 + 2 + 1=7), group s? c¨® quy?n (r,x = 4 + 1 = 5), other ( r,x = 4 + 1 = 5)
- 4. Ta t?o 2 account (u1, u2), 2 account n¨¤y thu?c nh¨®m User. Khi login b?ng u1 t?o t?p tin test.txt, m?c ??nh test.txt s? c¨® quy?n 700 (ch? c¨® u1 c¨® to¨¤n quy?n tr¨ºn test.txt ). N?u mu?n u2 ??c ???c test.txt ta ph?i g¨¢n quy?n 740 (group User s? c¨® quy?n ??c t?p tin test.txt, u2 thu?c group User s? c¨® quy?n ??c tr¨ºn test.txt). N?u 1 account kh¨¢c kh?ng thu?c group user mu?n ??c t?p tin test.txt ta ph?i g¨¢n quy?n 744 (group other s? c¨® quy?n ??c) 4. C¨¢c l?nh manage users - xem th?ng tin ng??i d¨´ng Vi /etc/passwd Cat /etc/passwd - T?p tin /etc/shawdow : l?u tr? t?p tin ???c m? h¨®a - T?p tin /etc/group : th?ng tin v? group useradd : d¨´ng ?? th¨ºm 1 account v¨¤o h? th?ng C¨² ph¨¢p: # useradd <username> V¨ª d?: # useradd u1 Sau khi t?o m?t account m?i b?n ph?i ??t password cho account b?ng l?nh ¡°passwd¡± userdel : x¨®a 1 account ra kh?i h? th?ng C¨² ph¨¢p: # userdel <username> V¨ª d?: # userdel u1 + tham s? -r s? x¨®a th? m?c home passwd: thay ??i m?t m? c?a 1 account C¨² ph¨¢p: # passwd <username> V¨ª d?: # passwd usertest