India is the land of spiritualist of babas and sadhus. There has not been a law specifically to prosecute those making false spiritual claims and deceive people.
NPPA is an organization of the Government of India which was established, inter alia, to fix/ revise the prices of controlled bulk drugs and formulations and to enforce prices and availability of the medicines in the country, under the Drugs (Prices Control) Order, 1995. The organization is also entrusted with the task of recovering amounts overcharged by manufacturers for the controlled drugs from the consumers. It also monitors the prices of decontrolled drugs in order to keep them at reasonable levels.
Drug Price Control Orders (DPCO) are issued by the Government, in exercise of the powers conferred under section 3 of the Essential Commodities Act, 1955, for enabling the Government to declare a ceiling price for essential and life saving medicines (as per a prescribed formula) so as to ensure that these medicines are available at a reasonable price to the general public. The latest Drug Price Control Order (DPCO-2013) was issued on 15.05.2013.
Price controls are applicable to what is generally known as Scheduled drugs or Scheduled formulations that is, those medicines which are listed out in the Schedule I of Drug Price Control Order (DPCO), issued by the Government of India from time to time[1]. (It may be noted that the use of the word Scheduled drugs is a legacy of the DPCO-1995[2]. The latest DPCO 2013 only uses the word Scheduled formulation to refer to medicines in its first schedule since some of the bulk drugs when used as a single ingredient also act as a formulation. Hence, generally these medicines are referred even now as scheduled drugs from the perspective of price regulation). Since 2013, scheduled formulations consist of the Essential Medicines declared so by the Government through its National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM)[3]. In fact, Schedule I of DPCO-2013 is the NLEM-2011 list. Thus, NLEM forms the basis of deciding which medicines should come under price control via DPCO. Any formulation based on combination of any one of these drugs appearing under NLEM can be subject to price fixation. In the earlier DPCOs (those prior to DPCO-2013), NLEM was not taken into consideration for price fixation or price monitoring[4]. Further, in the earlier DPCOs, only the bulk drugs were mentioned in Schedule-I[5] and prices wfixed by the Government for both bulk drug as well as formulations based on any of these bulk drugs.
The Drug Price Control Order Act of 1995 aims to regulate drug prices in India. It establishes ceilings for prices of scheduled bulk drugs and formulations based on production cost. Manufacturers must provide information like cost data to the government annually or when seeking to revise prices. The Act grants powers to fix or revise prices, recover overcharges, and impose penalties for violations. It includes schedules listing regulated bulk drugs and formulations, forms for applications and reporting, and defines key terms related to pricing like bulk drugs, ceiling price, and retail price. The ultimate goals are to ensure adequate supply of drugs at fair prices while allowing manufacturers a reasonable return on investment.
Pharmaceutical Legislations A brief review, Introduction, Study of drugs enquiry committee, Health survey and development committee, Hathi committee and Mudaliar committee
National pharmaceutical pricing athourity (nppa)bdvfgbdhg
油
The National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA) is responsible for price control of drugs in India. It fixes and revises prices of controlled bulk drugs and formulations and enforces their availability at affordable prices. The NPPA follows a set procedure to determine fair prices of bulk drugs and formulations, which involves collecting cost data, examining technical parameters, and working out retail prices using a specified formula. It notifies the prices through gazette notifications.
National pharmaceutical pricing authority TiyaPatel2
油
The document discusses the National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA) in India, which regulates drug prices and availability. Key points include:
- NPPA was established in 1997 to implement the Drug Price Control Order (DPCO) and fix prices of essential medicines.
- The latest DPCO-2013 controls prices of 348 drugs and 628 formulations on the National List of Essential Medicines.
- NPPA uses a formula to calculate ceiling prices for scheduled formulations based on average retailer prices and margins.
- The National List of Essential Medicines aims to make essential, effective medicines available at affordable prices.
The prevention of cruelty to animals act 1960Shaik Rasheed
油
This presentation give the complete information regarding the The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1960 including the definitions, composition of IAEC, Breeding and stocking of animals, experiments, offences and penalties.
The document summarizes the key aspects of the Drug Price Control Order (DPCO) Acts of 1995 and 2013 in India. It provides definitions of important terms, explains how prices of bulk drugs and formulations are determined, and outlines the powers of the government to fix prices. Some of the key points covered are:
- The DPCO Acts aim to ensure adequate drug production and equitable distribution at fair prices.
- The Acts define terms like bulk drugs, formulations, and ceiling prices and explain how manufacturing costs are considered in price determinations.
- The government has powers to direct manufacturers on bulk drug sales and fix retail prices of scheduled drugs and formulations.
The document provides an overview of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act of 1940 in India. Some key points:
1) The Act was established to regulate the manufacture, sale, and import of drugs and cosmetics in order to ensure quality and safety. It covers definitions, licensing, inspections, and penalties for violations.
2) Administration involves advisory boards, analytical testing labs, and licensing authorities at central and state levels. The Drugs Technical Advisory Board advises the government on technical issues.
3) Manufacturing, sale, and import of drugs require licenses that mandate compliance with good practices, record keeping, and product standards. Violations can result in imprisonment and fines.
This document summarizes the key points of the Drug Price Control Order of 2013 in India. It outlines that the order regulates prices of drugs listed as essential medicines and generics. It describes how ceiling prices are calculated based on average retailer prices and margins. It also discusses price revisions, compliance requirements, and authorities responsible for implementation and enforcement such as the National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority. An example case involving penalties levied on Cipla for alleged overpricing is also summarized.
Technology development & transfer by devillSnake EYE
油
The document discusses key aspects of technology transfer between a sending unit and receiving unit. It defines technology transfer and lists requirements such as a documented approach, trained personnel, and quality documentation. It also defines terms related to quality assurance in technology transfer, including active pharmaceutical ingredients, good manufacturing practices, process validation, and more. Finally, it provides guidance on aspects of technology transfer including developing a transfer protocol, specifications for starting materials, and information that should be transferred about APIs and excipients.
Scale up and post approval changes(supac)bdvfgbdhg
油
The document discusses guidelines for post-approval changes to drug products, including changes to batch size, manufacturing sites and equipment, and composition. It outlines 3 levels of changes - minor, moderate, and major - and provides recommendations for documentation and regulatory filings required for each level of change. Major changes, such as a new manufacturing site or changes in the amount of active ingredients, require more extensive documentation including stability testing and possibly bioequivalence studies.
National pharmaceutical pricing authority with drugs price control order (dpc...Tushar Morankar
油
The government has notified the DPCO 2013 under the Essential Commodities Act, 1955, which will give power to the NPPA (National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA )to regulate prices of 348 essential drugs along with their specified
strengths and dosages under NLEM 2011.
Main Features of the DPCO 2013
The new order will bring 348 drugs & their 652 formulations under price control.
The new policy uses a market-based pricing mechanism against the earlier proposed cost-plus method. The ceiling price would be calculated by taking the simple average of prices of all brands of a drug with a market share of 1% or more.
National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority and DPCO 2013Ashish Chaudhari
油
This document discusses drug regulation in India. It provides an overview of the key bodies that govern drug regulation, including the Central Drug Standard Control Organization and the National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority. The NPPA was established in 1997 to fix and revise prices of controlled drugs and formulations. The document outlines the objectives of the Drug Price Control Order and its schedules for essential medicines. It also explains the process for determining ceiling prices and maximum retail prices of scheduled drug formulations in India.
in that presentation information regarding how to start pharmaceutical acts in all over India & also provides history of pharmaceutical legislation in India
The document summarizes the key aspects of the Drug Price Control Order Act of 1995 in India. It outlines the history and objectives of drug price controls in India, which date back to 1966. It defines important terms and describes the process by which the government fixes prices for scheduled bulk drugs and formulations. It also details the powers granted to the government to recover overcharges, control sale prices, and fix prices when manufacturers do not provide required information. Schedules outline bulk drugs, forms, and manufacturer categories. Violations can result in imprisonment and fines.
- Whilst the realization of the CTD took many years, there is now a common format for the submission of Marketing Authorizations Applications across the three ICH regions - Europe, Japan and the USA.
- This should facilitate pharmaceutical companies to make simultaneous filings in the ICH regions as it will eliminate the extensive work previously required to convert, for example, a US dossier to an EU dossier and vice versa.
The document discusses the Drug Price Control Order (DPCO) of 1995 in India. Some key points:
- DPCO 1995 aimed to regulate drug prices and ensure adequate supply of essential medicines at fair prices. It was replaced by DPCO 2013.
- Previous versions of DPCO were introduced in 1966, 1970, 1979, and 1987 to control rising drug prices.
- DPCO 1995 defined key terms like bulk drugs, formulations, and ceiling prices. It explained how the government would fix prices of scheduled bulk drugs and formulations.
- Manufacturers had to provide drug price information to the government annually or when seeking price revisions. The government could recover overcharges or revise prices under certain circumstances.
The document discusses the National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA) and the Drug Price Control Order (DPCO) in India. Some key points:
- NPPA was established to fix and revise prices of essential medicines and ensure their availability. DPCO enables the government to regulate prices of essential medicines.
- DPCO lists essential medicines and regulates their ceiling prices based on market data. It aims to make medicines affordable while ensuring quality and rational use.
- Exemptions are provided for new patented drugs developed locally through R&D for 5 years to encourage innovation. DPCO 2019 also exempts orphan drugs to encourage their production.
The document discusses regulations for herbal medicines in India. It notes that herbal medicines, also known as Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Unani (ASU) medicines, are regulated under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act of 1940 and Rules of 1945. The Ministry of AYUSH is the regulatory authority that oversees licensing for manufacturing and marketing of herbal drugs. ASU medicines are considered safe due to their long history of use in India, so no safety or efficacy studies are required for approval. However, standardization of raw materials is a key issue given potential for contamination. The Drug Technical Advisory Board and Drug Consultative Committee provide regulatory oversight of the herbal drug sector.
NDA and ANDA regulatory approval processNilesh Gawade
油
This document discusses the regulatory approval processes for new drug applications (NDAs) and abbreviated new drug applications (ANDAs) in the United States. It explains that an NDA contains extensive clinical and non-clinical data submitted by an innovator company to obtain approval for a new drug. An ANDA contains similar data to demonstrate equivalence to an already approved drug for generic versions after patents have expired. The document provides details on the requirements, review processes, and certification pathways for both NDAs and ANDAs.
Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements), 1954 Act,1954 Sagar K Savale
油
An Act to control the advertisement of drugs in certain cases, to prohibit the advertisement for certain purposes of remedies alleged to possess magic qualities and to provide for matters connected therewith. This act is not unconstitutional, because it does not interferes with private business and also it does not impose unreasonable restrictions.
4 medicinal and toilet preparation act 1955Charudatta Jog
油
This document outlines the Medicinal & Toilet Preparation Act of 1955, which was passed to standardize excise duties across states in India. The key objectives of the act were to levy and collect duties on alcohol used in medicinal and toilet preparations and curb irregularities. The act established procedures for licensing the manufacture of preparations containing alcohol or narcotics. It also differentiated between manufacturing processes that took place within bonded laboratories versus outside of them, and outlined exemptions, duties, and responsibilities of excise officers in enforcing the act.
The document discusses the investigational new drug (IND) application process. It defines an IND as an application that allows sponsors to legally conduct clinical trials of investigational drugs in humans. The IND process involves preclinical animal testing, filing an INDA application including information on manufacturing and clinical protocols, a 30-day review period by the FDA, and oversight of clinical trials and reporting if approved. It provides details on the various sections, forms, classifications and reviews involved in the IND application and approval process.
The document provides an overview of regulatory affairs (RA) in the pharmaceutical industry. It discusses that RA ensures pharmaceutical products comply with regulatory standards by acting as the link between companies and regulatory authorities. RA is responsible for guiding drug development and submissions for market approval. The document outlines the historical development of regulations from 1900 to present day. It also reviews the roles and responsibilities of RA professionals which include maintaining knowledge of regulations, preparing submissions, and ensuring compliance. Finally, it lists some major regulatory authorities around the world and their roles in overseeing drug development and approval processes.
New Drug Application(Nda) Vs Abbreviated New Drug Application (Anda)Vamsikrishna Reddy
油
The document summarizes the key differences between a New Drug Application (NDA) and an Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA). An NDA is required for approval of new pharmaceuticals and contains extensive nonclinical and clinical data to establish safety and effectiveness. An ANDA is for generic drugs and contains bioequivalence data comparing it to an existing approved drug, but does not require new clinical trials. The review process is shorter for ANDAs compared to NDAs. The document also discusses patent certification requirements for ANDAs and exclusivity periods for orphan drugs.
Anesthesia, Types of anesthesia, with PharmacologyTushar Morankar
油
Anesthesia involves using medicines and monitoring to control pain and keep patients comfortable during medical procedures like surgery. There are different types including local anesthesia which numbs a small area, regional anesthesia which numbs a larger area, and general anesthesia which causes unconsciousness. General anesthesia can be delivered via inhalation of gases or vapors or intravenous drugs and works by depressing the central nervous system. Proper stages and planes of anesthesia are important to achieve the right level of unconsciousness and safety during a procedure. Ether was a commonly used volatile liquid anesthetic but has some disadvantages like being flammable and irritating.
This document summarizes the key points of the Drug Price Control Order of 2013 in India. It outlines that the order regulates prices of drugs listed as essential medicines and generics. It describes how ceiling prices are calculated based on average retailer prices and margins. It also discusses price revisions, compliance requirements, and authorities responsible for implementation and enforcement such as the National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority. An example case involving penalties levied on Cipla for alleged overpricing is also summarized.
Technology development & transfer by devillSnake EYE
油
The document discusses key aspects of technology transfer between a sending unit and receiving unit. It defines technology transfer and lists requirements such as a documented approach, trained personnel, and quality documentation. It also defines terms related to quality assurance in technology transfer, including active pharmaceutical ingredients, good manufacturing practices, process validation, and more. Finally, it provides guidance on aspects of technology transfer including developing a transfer protocol, specifications for starting materials, and information that should be transferred about APIs and excipients.
Scale up and post approval changes(supac)bdvfgbdhg
油
The document discusses guidelines for post-approval changes to drug products, including changes to batch size, manufacturing sites and equipment, and composition. It outlines 3 levels of changes - minor, moderate, and major - and provides recommendations for documentation and regulatory filings required for each level of change. Major changes, such as a new manufacturing site or changes in the amount of active ingredients, require more extensive documentation including stability testing and possibly bioequivalence studies.
National pharmaceutical pricing authority with drugs price control order (dpc...Tushar Morankar
油
The government has notified the DPCO 2013 under the Essential Commodities Act, 1955, which will give power to the NPPA (National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA )to regulate prices of 348 essential drugs along with their specified
strengths and dosages under NLEM 2011.
Main Features of the DPCO 2013
The new order will bring 348 drugs & their 652 formulations under price control.
The new policy uses a market-based pricing mechanism against the earlier proposed cost-plus method. The ceiling price would be calculated by taking the simple average of prices of all brands of a drug with a market share of 1% or more.
National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority and DPCO 2013Ashish Chaudhari
油
This document discusses drug regulation in India. It provides an overview of the key bodies that govern drug regulation, including the Central Drug Standard Control Organization and the National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority. The NPPA was established in 1997 to fix and revise prices of controlled drugs and formulations. The document outlines the objectives of the Drug Price Control Order and its schedules for essential medicines. It also explains the process for determining ceiling prices and maximum retail prices of scheduled drug formulations in India.
in that presentation information regarding how to start pharmaceutical acts in all over India & also provides history of pharmaceutical legislation in India
The document summarizes the key aspects of the Drug Price Control Order Act of 1995 in India. It outlines the history and objectives of drug price controls in India, which date back to 1966. It defines important terms and describes the process by which the government fixes prices for scheduled bulk drugs and formulations. It also details the powers granted to the government to recover overcharges, control sale prices, and fix prices when manufacturers do not provide required information. Schedules outline bulk drugs, forms, and manufacturer categories. Violations can result in imprisonment and fines.
- Whilst the realization of the CTD took many years, there is now a common format for the submission of Marketing Authorizations Applications across the three ICH regions - Europe, Japan and the USA.
- This should facilitate pharmaceutical companies to make simultaneous filings in the ICH regions as it will eliminate the extensive work previously required to convert, for example, a US dossier to an EU dossier and vice versa.
The document discusses the Drug Price Control Order (DPCO) of 1995 in India. Some key points:
- DPCO 1995 aimed to regulate drug prices and ensure adequate supply of essential medicines at fair prices. It was replaced by DPCO 2013.
- Previous versions of DPCO were introduced in 1966, 1970, 1979, and 1987 to control rising drug prices.
- DPCO 1995 defined key terms like bulk drugs, formulations, and ceiling prices. It explained how the government would fix prices of scheduled bulk drugs and formulations.
- Manufacturers had to provide drug price information to the government annually or when seeking price revisions. The government could recover overcharges or revise prices under certain circumstances.
The document discusses the National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA) and the Drug Price Control Order (DPCO) in India. Some key points:
- NPPA was established to fix and revise prices of essential medicines and ensure their availability. DPCO enables the government to regulate prices of essential medicines.
- DPCO lists essential medicines and regulates their ceiling prices based on market data. It aims to make medicines affordable while ensuring quality and rational use.
- Exemptions are provided for new patented drugs developed locally through R&D for 5 years to encourage innovation. DPCO 2019 also exempts orphan drugs to encourage their production.
The document discusses regulations for herbal medicines in India. It notes that herbal medicines, also known as Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Unani (ASU) medicines, are regulated under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act of 1940 and Rules of 1945. The Ministry of AYUSH is the regulatory authority that oversees licensing for manufacturing and marketing of herbal drugs. ASU medicines are considered safe due to their long history of use in India, so no safety or efficacy studies are required for approval. However, standardization of raw materials is a key issue given potential for contamination. The Drug Technical Advisory Board and Drug Consultative Committee provide regulatory oversight of the herbal drug sector.
NDA and ANDA regulatory approval processNilesh Gawade
油
This document discusses the regulatory approval processes for new drug applications (NDAs) and abbreviated new drug applications (ANDAs) in the United States. It explains that an NDA contains extensive clinical and non-clinical data submitted by an innovator company to obtain approval for a new drug. An ANDA contains similar data to demonstrate equivalence to an already approved drug for generic versions after patents have expired. The document provides details on the requirements, review processes, and certification pathways for both NDAs and ANDAs.
Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements), 1954 Act,1954 Sagar K Savale
油
An Act to control the advertisement of drugs in certain cases, to prohibit the advertisement for certain purposes of remedies alleged to possess magic qualities and to provide for matters connected therewith. This act is not unconstitutional, because it does not interferes with private business and also it does not impose unreasonable restrictions.
4 medicinal and toilet preparation act 1955Charudatta Jog
油
This document outlines the Medicinal & Toilet Preparation Act of 1955, which was passed to standardize excise duties across states in India. The key objectives of the act were to levy and collect duties on alcohol used in medicinal and toilet preparations and curb irregularities. The act established procedures for licensing the manufacture of preparations containing alcohol or narcotics. It also differentiated between manufacturing processes that took place within bonded laboratories versus outside of them, and outlined exemptions, duties, and responsibilities of excise officers in enforcing the act.
The document discusses the investigational new drug (IND) application process. It defines an IND as an application that allows sponsors to legally conduct clinical trials of investigational drugs in humans. The IND process involves preclinical animal testing, filing an INDA application including information on manufacturing and clinical protocols, a 30-day review period by the FDA, and oversight of clinical trials and reporting if approved. It provides details on the various sections, forms, classifications and reviews involved in the IND application and approval process.
The document provides an overview of regulatory affairs (RA) in the pharmaceutical industry. It discusses that RA ensures pharmaceutical products comply with regulatory standards by acting as the link between companies and regulatory authorities. RA is responsible for guiding drug development and submissions for market approval. The document outlines the historical development of regulations from 1900 to present day. It also reviews the roles and responsibilities of RA professionals which include maintaining knowledge of regulations, preparing submissions, and ensuring compliance. Finally, it lists some major regulatory authorities around the world and their roles in overseeing drug development and approval processes.
New Drug Application(Nda) Vs Abbreviated New Drug Application (Anda)Vamsikrishna Reddy
油
The document summarizes the key differences between a New Drug Application (NDA) and an Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA). An NDA is required for approval of new pharmaceuticals and contains extensive nonclinical and clinical data to establish safety and effectiveness. An ANDA is for generic drugs and contains bioequivalence data comparing it to an existing approved drug, but does not require new clinical trials. The review process is shorter for ANDAs compared to NDAs. The document also discusses patent certification requirements for ANDAs and exclusivity periods for orphan drugs.
Anesthesia, Types of anesthesia, with PharmacologyTushar Morankar
油
Anesthesia involves using medicines and monitoring to control pain and keep patients comfortable during medical procedures like surgery. There are different types including local anesthesia which numbs a small area, regional anesthesia which numbs a larger area, and general anesthesia which causes unconsciousness. General anesthesia can be delivered via inhalation of gases or vapors or intravenous drugs and works by depressing the central nervous system. Proper stages and planes of anesthesia are important to achieve the right level of unconsciousness and safety during a procedure. Ether was a commonly used volatile liquid anesthetic but has some disadvantages like being flammable and irritating.
A condition in which the heart is unable to pump sufficient blood
to meet the metabolic demand of the body and also unable to receive it back because every time after a systole.
The government has notified the DPCO 2013 under the Essential Commodities Act, 1955, which will give power to the NPPA (National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority油(NPPA )to regulate prices of 348 essential drugs along with their specified strengths and dosages under NLEM 2011.
Cell cycle and Regulation
* cell Division is occur in every human but these have certaint check point to preventing from the forming the defective cell or cancerious cell.
Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940 And Their Under 1945Tushar Morankar
油
The document outlines the record keeping requirements for drugs and cosmetics manufacturers under Schedule U of the Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 1945 in India. It details the information that must be included in manufacturing records for raw materials, analytical testing records, and batch records for both non-parenteral and parenteral drug preparations. This includes the product name, batch details, raw material quantities, quality control checks, analytical reports, and signatures of those responsible for production and quality approval. Record keeping for raw material receipts and usage is also specified.
1) Marine organisms produce structurally diverse secondary metabolites in response to their harsh environments which are a promising source of new drugs, including anticancer drugs.
2) Many marine natural products from diverse organisms have been shown to have antineoplastic activity in research and clinical trials over the past 17 years.
3) Traditional approaches to drug development may miss potential anticancer compounds from marine sources, so virtual screening is a method that can help identify new leads from these natural products.
1.Patients have poor or no knowledge of the price variations among branded and generic medicines, and leave the choice of the medicine to the doctor.
2.The government must take up generic promotional schemes, general awareness programs on quality of generics to build confidence among prescribers, pharmacists, and consumers.
Mate, a short story by Kate Grenvile.pptxLiny Jenifer
油
A powerpoint presentation on the short story Mate by Kate Greenville. This presentation provides information on Kate Greenville, a character list, plot summary and critical analysis of the short story.
The Constitution, Government and Law making bodies .saanidhyapatel09
油
This PowerPoint presentation provides an insightful overview of the Constitution, covering its key principles, features, and significance. It explains the fundamental rights, duties, structure of government, and the importance of constitutional law in governance. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in understanding the foundation of a nations legal framework.
Computer Network Unit IV - Lecture Notes - Network LayerMurugan146644
油
Title:
Lecture Notes - Unit IV - The Network Layer
Description:
Welcome to the comprehensive guide on Computer Network concepts, tailored for final year B.Sc. Computer Science students affiliated with Alagappa University. This document covers fundamental principles and advanced topics in Computer Network. PDF content is prepared from the text book Computer Network by Andrew S. Tenanbaum
Key Topics Covered:
Main Topic : The Network Layer
Sub-Topic : Network Layer Design Issues (Store and forward packet switching , service provided to the transport layer, implementation of connection less service, implementation of connection oriented service, Comparision of virtual circuit and datagram subnet), Routing algorithms (Shortest path routing, Flooding , Distance Vector routing algorithm, Link state routing algorithm , hierarchical routing algorithm, broadcast routing, multicast routing algorithm)
Other Link :
1.Introduction to computer network - /slideshow/lecture-notes-introduction-to-computer-network/274183454
2. Physical Layer - /slideshow/lecture-notes-unit-ii-the-physical-layer/274747125
3. Data Link Layer Part 1 : /slideshow/lecture-notes-unit-iii-the-datalink-layer/275288798
Target Audience:
Final year B.Sc. Computer Science students at Alagappa University seeking a solid foundation in Computer Network principles for academic.
About the Author:
Dr. S. Murugan is Associate Professor at Alagappa Government Arts College, Karaikudi. With 23 years of teaching experience in the field of Computer Science, Dr. S. Murugan has a passion for simplifying complex concepts in Computer Network
Disclaimer:
This document is intended for educational purposes only. The content presented here reflects the authors understanding in the field of Computer Network
Digital Tools with AI for e-Content Development.pptxDr. Sarita Anand
油
This ppt is useful for not only for B.Ed., M.Ed., M.A. (Education) or any other PG level students or Ph.D. scholars but also for the school, college and university teachers who are interested to prepare an e-content with AI for their students and others.
Research & Research Methods: Basic Concepts and Types.pptxDr. Sarita Anand
油
This ppt has been made for the students pursuing PG in social science and humanities like M.Ed., M.A. (Education), Ph.D. Scholars. It will be also beneficial for the teachers and other faculty members interested in research and teaching research concepts.
How to Manage Putaway Rule in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
油
Inventory management is a critical aspect of any business involved in manufacturing or selling products.
Odoo 17 offers a robust inventory management system that can handle complex operations and optimize warehouse efficiency.
Prelims of Rass MELAI : a Music, Entertainment, Literature, Arts and Internet Culture Quiz organized by Conquiztadors, the Quiz society of Sri Venkateswara College under their annual quizzing fest El Dorado 2025.
How to attach file using upload button Odoo 18Celine George
油
In this slide, well discuss on how to attach file using upload button Odoo 18. Odoo features a dedicated model, 'ir.attachments,' designed for storing attachments submitted by end users. We can see the process of utilizing the 'ir.attachments' model to enable file uploads through web forms in this slide.
QuickBooks Desktop to QuickBooks Online How to Make the MoveTechSoup
油
If you use QuickBooks Desktop and are stressing about moving to QuickBooks Online, in this webinar, get your questions answered and learn tips and tricks to make the process easier for you.
Key Questions:
* When is the best time to make the shift to QuickBooks Online?
* Will my current version of QuickBooks Desktop stop working?
* I have a really old version of QuickBooks. What should I do?
* I run my payroll in QuickBooks Desktop now. How is that affected?
*Does it bring over all my historical data? Are there things that don't come over?
* What are the main differences between QuickBooks Desktop and QuickBooks Online?
* And more
How to use Init Hooks in Odoo 18 - Odoo 際際滷sCeline George
油
In this slide, well discuss on how to use Init Hooks in Odoo 18. In Odoo, Init Hooks are essential functions specified as strings in the __init__ file of a module.
How to Setup WhatsApp in Odoo 17 - Odoo 際際滷sCeline George
油
Integrate WhatsApp into Odoo using the WhatsApp Business API or third-party modules to enhance communication. This integration enables automated messaging and customer interaction management within Odoo 17.
Blind Spots in AI and Formulation Science Knowledge Pyramid (Updated Perspect...Ajaz Hussain
油
This presentation delves into the systemic blind spots within pharmaceutical science and regulatory systems, emphasizing the significance of "inactive ingredients" and their influence on therapeutic equivalence. These blind spots, indicative of normalized systemic failures, go beyond mere chance occurrences and are ingrained deeply enough to compromise decision-making processes and erode trust.
Historical instances like the 1938 FD&C Act and the Generic Drug Scandals underscore how crisis-triggered reforms often fail to address the fundamental issues, perpetuating inefficiencies and hazards.
The narrative advocates a shift from reactive crisis management to proactive, adaptable systems prioritizing continuous enhancement. Key hurdles involve challenging outdated assumptions regarding bioavailability, inadequately funded research ventures, and the impact of vague language in regulatory frameworks.
The rise of large language models (LLMs) presents promising solutions, albeit with accompanying risks necessitating thorough validation and seamless integration.
Tackling these blind spots demands a holistic approach, embracing adaptive learning and a steadfast commitment to self-improvement. By nurturing curiosity, refining regulatory terminology, and judiciously harnessing new technologies, the pharmaceutical sector can progress towards better public health service delivery and ensure the safety, efficacy, and real-world impact of drug products.
How to Configure Flexible Working Schedule in Odoo 18 EmployeeCeline George
油
In this slide, well discuss on how to configure flexible working schedule in Odoo 18 Employee module. In Odoo 18, the Employee module offers powerful tools to configure and manage flexible working schedules tailored to your organization's needs.
How to Configure Flexible Working Schedule in Odoo 18 EmployeeCeline George
油
The Drugs and Magic Remedies Act 1955
6. An Act
To control the advertisement of
drugs in certain cases
To prohibit the advertisement for
certain purposes of remedies alleged
to possess magic qualities