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This document provides an introduction to accounting. It defines accounting as a discipline that measures and communicates financial information about a business. It explains the accounting equation, the four core financial statements, and how to analyze business transactions by determining their impact on the accounting equation and each financial statement. Several examples of transaction analysis are provided and summarized.
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2) It involves transferring a solute from one liquid phase to another, such as transferring a compound from an aqueous phase to an organic phase like benzene.
3) The amount of solute extracted into each phase can be calculated using the partition coefficient K, which is a ratio of concentrations in the two phases at equilibrium.Atomic spectroscopy ch 20
Atomic spectroscopy ch 20vanessawhitehawk
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Atomic spectroscopy is used for qualitative and quantitative elemental analysis. It involves converting a sample into atoms, exciting the atoms, and measuring their absorption or emission of light. There are three main types of atomic spectroscopy: absorption, emission, and fluorescence spectroscopy. Samples are atomized using different heat sources like flames, furnaces, or plasma which convert the sample into gas phase atoms. The temperature of the heat source impacts the population of atoms in ground, excited, and ionized states. Instrumentation includes an atomization source, sample cell, monochromator, and detector. Detection limits range from parts-per-million to parts-per-trillion depending on the element and method used.Chapter 19 instrument components
Chapter 19 instrument componentsvanessawhitehawk
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This document summarizes the major components of instrumentation used in absorption and emission spectroscopy experiments. It discusses common light sources, wavelength selectors like monochromators and filters, sample containers, detectors such as phototubes and photodiode arrays, and examples of single beam and double beam spectrophotometers. Key components are the light source, wavelength selector to produce monochromatic radiation, sample holder, and detector to measure the detectable output over the wavelength region of interest.Chapter 17 spectroscopy
Chapter 17 spectroscopyvanessawhitehawk
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Spectroscopy involves the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter. Spectroscopic methods are used to elucidate molecular structure and quantify inorganic and organic compounds. There are several regions of the electromagnetic spectrum used including X-ray, UV, visible, and IR. Important concepts include Beer's law, which states absorbance is proportional to concentration, molar absorptivity, and path length. Spectrophotometry is used for qualitative and quantitative analysis in areas such as determining unknown concentrations. Fluorescence also provides a sensitive technique where molecules emit light at longer wavelengths after absorbing radiation.Oxidation reduction titrations
Oxidation reduction titrationsvanessawhitehawk
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This document discusses redox titration methods. It describes the Winkler method for determining dissolved oxygen in waste water and determining whether bacteria present are aerobic or anaerobic. The Karl Fischer method for determining water content is also outlined, using iodine, sulfur dioxide, and pyridine dissolved in methanol to quantitatively reduce iodine in the presence of water. Common oxidizing agents used in redox titrations include potassium permanganate, potassium bromate, cerium(IV), and potassium dichromate. Sodium thiosulfate is also described as a moderately strong standard reducing agent often used in indirect iodometric titrations to determine oxidizing agents.
Electrochemistry ch 14
Electrochemistry ch 14vanessawhitehawk
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This document provides an overview of electrochemistry concepts including oxidation-reduction reactions, oxidation numbers, balancing redox equations, and electrochemical cells. Key points are:
- Galvanic cells produce electrical energy from spontaneous redox reactions while electrolytic cells use electrical energy to drive non-spontaneous reactions.
- The standard cell potential (E属cell) is equal to the cathode potential minus the anode potential. All reactions must be written as reduction reactions.
- The Nernst equation relates cell potential to concentration and allows calculation of equilibrium constants.
- Memorable equations include G属 = -nFE属 and E属cell = E属cathode - E属anode.Statistics lectures
Statistics lecturesvanessawhitehawk
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This document discusses experimental error in physical measurements. Every measurement has some degree of uncertainty. There are two main types of error - systematic errors which have an assignable cause and tend to be consistent in one direction, and random errors which are natural and unpredictable. Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true value, while precision refers to the reproducibility of measurements. Proper evaluation of errors involves repetition of measurements, use of different methods, and statistical analysis to determine confidence intervals around results and identify outliers.Edta
Edtavanessawhitehawk
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Here are the steps to solve this problem:
1) Volume of Ag+ solution = 25 mL
Moles of Ag+ = (0.0100 M) * (0.025 L) = 2.5 x 10-5 moles
2) Volume of EDTA solution = 15 mL
Moles of EDTA = (0.0200 M) * (0.015 L) = 3.0 x 10-5 moles
3) Ratio of Ag+ to EDTA is 1:1
Moles of AgEDTA formed = Minimum(Moles Ag+, Moles EDTA) = 2.5 x 10-5 moles
4) Kf' = 留 * KfNeutralization titrations
Neutralization titrationsvanessawhitehawk
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* HCl is a strong acid and will titrate first
* Its equivalence point was at 35.00 mL of NaOH
* NaOH concentration is 0.100 M
* Moles of NaOH used = Volume x Concentration
= 0.03500 L x 0.100 mol/L = 0.003500 mol
* Moles of HCl = Moles of NaOH used = 0.003500 mol
* H3PO4 is a weak acid and will titrate second
* Its equivalence point was at 50.00 mL of NaOH
* Additional NaOH used = 50.00 mL - 35.00 mL = 15.00 mL
* Moles of additional NaIntro to titrations
Intro to titrationsvanessawhitehawk
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The document discusses different types of titrations including acid-base, oxidation-reduction, complex formation, and precipitation reactions. It defines key terms like indicator, equivalence point, and endpoint. Examples are provided for calculating concentration using titration data from reactions like acid-base titrations for chloride in urine and carbon monoxide determination. Steps are outlined for the Kjeldahl method to determine nitrogen content through acid digestion and titration.Complex equilbrium
Complex equilbriumvanessawhitehawk
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This document discusses complex equilibrium in aqueous solutions involving multiple interacting species. It provides three examples of situations that can affect equilibrium: (1) when the solute interacts with itself or other species; (2) when the equilibrium constant is very small, requiring consideration of solvent contribution; and (3) in very dilute solutions where the solvent contribution is significant. Specific examples are worked through demonstrating how coupled equilibria and presence of other species can increase or decrease solubility compared to calculations considering only the main equilibrium reaction.Chapter 7 activity
Chapter 7 activityvanessawhitehawk
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This document discusses how activity coefficients can explain the effect of inert salts on solubility and acid dissociation constants. It provides examples showing that a precipitate is more soluble and a weak acid dissociates more when the ionic strength is increased by adding an inert salt. This is because the activity coefficients of the ions are less than 1 and decrease with increasing ionic strength, making the activities higher than concentrations. The Debye-Huckel equation can be used to calculate activity coefficients based on ionic charge and strength.Lecture 1 first day(1)
Lecture 1 first day(1)vanessawhitehawk
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This document provides information about the Quantitative Analysis (CHEM 309) course including the instructor, textbook, grade breakdown, class objectives, and chapter overview. The grade is based on tests (70%), final (20%), and homework (10%). Students are expected to attend every class, participate daily with a clicker, and complete homework each night. The course covers topics like acid-base chemistry, analytical techniques, chemical measurements, and error analysis. Concentration units like molarity, formality, molality, and ppm/ppb are also discussed.Weak acids and bases
Weak acids and basesvanessawhitehawk
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This document contains several chemistry problems related to acids, bases, and pH calculations. It asks which weak acid would be the strongest in water between NH4+, HNO2, and HOCl based on their acid dissociation constants. It also asks about the conjugate base of HCO3- and whether KHCO3 produces an acidic, basic, or amphoteric solution in water. It provides several examples of calculating the pH of solutions containing HCl, NaF, acetic acid, HOCl, sodium acetate mixed with acetic acid, HClO4 with an organic acid, and sodium acetate on its own.Buffers
Buffersvanessawhitehawk
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A buffer consists of a weak acid and its conjugate base. It resists changes in pH upon addition of small amounts of acid or base or upon dilution with water. Good buffers have a pH within 1 unit of the pKa and have reasonable concentrations of both components. The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation can be used to calculate the pH of a buffer solution given its concentrations and pKa. Examples are provided of how to prepare a buffer of a desired pH using a conjugate acid-base pair with a pKa close to the desired pH. Calculations of buffer pH are shown using given concentrations and pKa values.Topic 1 print (1)
- 1. Topic 1 An Introduction to Accounting
- 2. What is Accounting A measurement & communication discipline Measures financial aspects of business Communicates this information to decision makers
- 3. Why Non-accountants Study Accounting Non-accountants make decisions Decisions are based on accounting information Accounting information is prepared in accordance to rules One must understand these rules if information is to be properly used
- 4. The Accounting Equation (center of the accountants universe) Assets = Liabilities + Equity Asset: something of value Liability: something owed Equity: what remains
- 5. The Accounting Equation Expanded There are two sources of equity equity contributed by owners equity earned by operations Expanded accounting equation: Contributed Retained Assets = Liabilities + Capital + Earnings For corporations Contributed Capital is called Common Stock
- 6. Four Financial Statements Balance Sheet Assets = Liabilities + Equity Income Statement Revenues - Expenses = Net income Statement of Changes in Equity Beginning equity + Contributions + Net income - Distributions = Ending equity Statement of Cash Flows Cash inflow - Cash outflow = Net cash flow
- 7. Transaction Analysis What is a transaction? business event What is transaction analysis the determination of how a business event affects the financial statements The statements are all related, so First, determine effects on accounting equation; i.e., the balance sheet Next, determine effects on other statements
- 8. Transaction Analysis: ex. 1 The owners of Our Co. invested $3,000 cash in the business. in 20X1. Assets = Liab. + C. Stock. + Ret. Earn. Income Statement: Statement of Changes in Equity: Statement of Cash Flows:
- 9. Transaction Analysis: ex. 2 Provided services to customers for $1,000, cash. Assets = Liab. + C. Stock. + Ret. Earn. Income Statement: Statement of Changes in Equity: Statement of Cash Flows:
- 10. Transaction Analysis: ex. 3 Incurred $700 of expenses; paid cash. Assets = Liab. + C. Stock. + Ret. Earn. Income Statement: Statement of Changes in Equity: Statement of Cash Flows:
- 11. Transaction Analysis: ex. 4 Borrowed $2,000 cash from the bank by issuing a Note Payable. Assets = Liab. + C. Stock. + Ret. Earn. Income Statement: Statement of Changes in Equity: Statement of Cash Flows:
- 12. Transaction Analysis: ex. 5 Purchased land for $3,500 cash. Assets = Liab. + C. Stock. + Ret. Earn. Income Statement: Statement of Changes in Equity: Statement of Cash Flows:
- 13. Transaction Analysis: ex. 6 Distributed $100 cash to the owners. Assets = Liab. + C. Stock. + Ret. Earn. Income Statement: Statement of Changes in Equity: Statement of Cash Flows:
- 14. Transaction Analysis: Summary for 20X1 Assets = Liab. + C. Stock. + Ret. Earn. + 3,000 n/a + 3,000 n/a + 1,000 n/a n/a + 1,000 - 700 n/a n/a - 700 + 2,000 + 2,000 n/a n/a + 3,500 (land) n/a n/a n/a - 3,500 (cash) n/a n/a n/a - 100 n/a n/a - 100 + 5,200 = + 2,000 + 3,000 + 200
- 15. Income Statement Revenues $1,000 - Expenses (700) Net income $ 300
- 16. Statement of Changes in Equity Beginning common stock $ 0 Plus: Investments 3,000 Ending common stock $3,000 Beginning retained earnings 0 Plus: Net income 300 Less: Dividends (100) Ending retained earnings 200 Total equity $3,200
- 17. Balance Sheet Assets: Cash $1,700 Land 3,500 Total assets $5,200 Liabilities: Note payable $2,000 Equity: Common stock $3,000 Retained earnings 200 Total equity 3,200 Total liabilities and equity $5,200
- 18. Statement of Cash Flows Cash flows from operating activities: Cash receipts from revenues $1,000 Cash payments for expenses (700) Net cash flows from oper. activs. $ 300 Cash flows from investing activities: Cash payment for land (3,500) Cash flows from financing activities: Cash receipts from investments 3,000 Cash receipts from bank loan 2,000 Cash payment for dividend (100) Net cash flows from fin. activs. 4,900 Net increase in cash $1,700