unit 2 plasma membrane.pptx
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The plasma membrane is a semipermeable lipid bilayer that regulates the transport of materials into and out of the cell. It consists of 52% protein and 40% lipids. The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane as a fluid bilayer with integral and peripheral proteins floating within it. Transportation of molecules occurs through passive diffusion, osmosis, and active transport using carrier proteins and ATP.
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the smallest unit that can live on its own and that makes up all living organisms and the tissues of the body
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All cells are the same in regard to chemical composition.
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Plasma membrane acts as a barrier to most, but not all molecules.
Plasma membrane is a semi-permeable barrier separating the inner cellular environment from the outer cellular environment.
Since the plasma membrane is made up of a lipid bilayer with proteins attached on the surface and also passing through the cell membrane, there is possibility of transport across this membrane.
All lipid soluble substances can easily and freely diffuse in and out, e.g. O2 and CO2. Water soluble substances like ions, glucose and macromolecules should find a special way of transport with the help of integral and trans-membrane proteins which act as binding sites, channels and gates to facilitate movement.
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Passive Transport
Osmosis
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Passive Transport : Diffusion
It is the net movement of a substance (liquid or gas) from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration without expenditure of energy is called diffusion.
Osmosis is a type of diffusion in which there is net movement of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane. It is a passive process
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by moving between neighboring phospholipid molecules in the lipid bilayer via simple diffusion,
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Active transport is an active process because energy is required for carrier proteins to move solutes across the membrane against a concentration gradient.
Two sources of cellular energy can be used to drive active transport:
Energy obtained from hydrolysis of ATP is the source in primary active transport;
energy stored in an ionic concentration gradient is the source in secondary active transport.
Primary active transport moves ions across a membrane and creates a difference in charge across that membrane, which is directly dependent on ATP.
Secondary active transport describes the movement of material that is due to the electrochemical gradient established by primary active transport that does not directly require ATP.
A Uniporter carries one specific ion or molecule.
A Symporter carries two different ions or molecules, both in the same direction.
An Antiporter also carries two different ions or molecules, but in different directions.
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Yixiyoyziyxiyxotzoyxiyxoyxoyxoyxoyxoyzitzoyxoyxoyxiyxoyzoyxoyxo kgxoyxogx hkxiyxoh jlcoyxoy hu iyxoyzoyd yodiyxoyx uoxiyxouxluc kgoyxoj. Kgxohc ou uocou pj. Oh ou ou pu pu puvpuciyoucoh j. Ou pu ou ou uo uo uu uo iucupcivjo ou pui pou ou pu. Pucpucyodoydouduldiyd lycjyxkycluf jlkky kl dludjy cxkyxluxvykzkyxkyxluxlfkudkyf lukydkyx khluluxkuydykxhkkuutsitx ti d d cc ff fd d Yixiyoyziyxiyxotzoyxiyxoyxoyxoyxoyxoyzitzoyxoyxoyxiyxoyzoyxoyxo kgxoyxogx hkxiyxoh jlcoyxoy hu iyxoyzoyd yodiyxoyx uoxiyxouxluc kgoyxoj. Kgxohc ou uocou pj. Oh ou ou pu pu puvpuciyoucoh j. Ou pu ou ou uo uo uu uo iucupcivjo ou pui pou ou pu. Pucpucyodoydouduldiyd lycjyxkycluf jlkky kl dludjy cxkyxluxvykzkyxkyxluxlfkudkyf lukydkyx khluluxkuydykxhkkuutsitx ti d d cc ff fd d Yixiyoyziyxiyxotzoyxiyxoyxoyxoyxoyxoyzitzoyxoyxoyxiyxoyzoyxoyxo kgxoyxogx hkxiyxoh jlcoyxoy hu iyxoyzoyd yodiyxoyx uoxiyxouxluc kgoyxoj. Kgxohc ou uocou pj. Oh ou ou pu pu puvpuciyoucoh j. Ou pu ou ou uo uo uu uo iucupcivjo ou pui pou ou pu. Pucpucyodoydouduldiyd lycjyxkycluf jlkky kl dludjy cxkyxluxvykzkyxkyxluxlfkudkyf lukydkyx khluluxkuydykxhkkuutsitx ti d d cc ff fd d Yixiyoyziyxiyxotzoyxiyxoyxoyxoyxoyxoyzitzoyxoyxoyxiyxoyzoyxoyxo kgxoyxogx hkxiyxoh jlcoyxoy hu iyxoyzoyd yodiyxoyx uoxiyxouxluc kgoyxoj. Kgxohc ou uocou pj. Oh ou ou pu pu puvpuciyoucoh j. Ou pu ou ou uo uo uu uo iucupcivjo ou pui pou ou pu. Pucpucyodoydouduldiyd lycjyxkycluf jlkky kl dludjy cxkyxluxvykzkyxkyxluxlfkudkyf lukydkyx khluluxkuydykxhkkuutsitx ti d d cc ff fd d Yixiyoyziyxiyxotzoyxiyxoyxoyxoyxoyxoyzitzoyxoyxoyxiyxoyzoyxoyxo kgxoyxogx hkxiyxoh jlcoyxoy hu iyxoyzoyd yodiyxoyx uoxiyxouxluc kgoyxoj. Kgxohc ou uocou pj. Oh ou ou pu pu puvpuciyoucoh j. Ou pu ou ou uo uo uu uo iucupcivjo ou pui pou ou pu. Pucpucyodoydouduldiyd lycjyxkycluf jlkky kl dludjy cxkyxluxvykzkyxkyxluxlfkudkyf lukydkyx khluluxkuydykxhkkuutsitx ti d d cc ff fd d Yixiyoyziyxiyxotzoyxiyxoyxoyxoyxoyxoyzitzoyxoyxoyxiyxoyzoyxoyxo kgxoyxogx hkxiyxoh jlcoyxoy hu iyxoyzoyd yodiyxoyx uoxiyxouxluc kgoyxoj. Kgxohc ou uocou pj. Oh ou ou pu pu puvpuciyoucoh j. Ou pu ou ou uo uo uu uo iucupcivjo ou pui pou ou pu. Pucpucyodoydouduldiyd lycjyxkycluf jlkky kl dludjy cxkyxluxvykzkyxkyxluxlfkudkyf lukydkyx khluluxkuydykxhkkuutsitx ti d d cc ff fd d Yixiyoyziyxiyxotzoyxiyxoyxoyxoyxoyxoyzitzoyxoyxoyxiyxoyzoyxoyxo kgxoyxogx hkxiyxoh jlcoyxoy hu iyxoyzoyd yodiyxoyx uoxiyxouxluc kgoyxoj. Kgxohc ou uocou pj. Oh ou ou pu pu puvpuciyoucoh j. Ou pu ou ou uo uo uu uo iucupcivjo ou pui pou ou pu. Pucpucyodoydouduldiyd lycjyxkycluf jlkky kl dludjy cxkyxluxvykzkyxkyxluxlfkudkyf lukydkyx khluluxkuydykxhkkuutsitx ti d d cc ff fd d Yixiyoyziyxiyxotzoyxiyxoyxoyxoyxoyxoyzitzoyxoyxoyxiyxoyzoyxoyxo kgxoyxogx hkxiyxoh jlcoyxoy hu iyxoyzoyd yodiyxoyx uoxiyxouxluc kgoyxoj. Kgxohc ou uocou pj. Oh ou ou pu pu puvpuciyoucoh j. Ou pu ou ou uo uo uu uo iucupcivjo ou pui pou ou pu. Pucpucyodoydouduldiyd lycjyxkycluf jlkky kl dludjy cxkyxluxvykzkyxkyxluxlfkudkyf lukydkyx khluluxkuydykxhkkuutsitx ti d d cc Cell membrane.pptx
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Plasma Membrane : Transport System - Passive, Active and Osmosis.
Plasma membrane acts as a barrier to most, but not all molecules.
Plasma membrane is a semi-permeable barrier separating the inner cellular environment from the outer cellular environment.
Since the plasma membrane is made up of a lipid bilayer with proteins attached on the surface and also passing through the cell membrane, there is possibility of transport across this membrane.
All lipid soluble substances can easily and freely diffuse in and out, e.g. O2 and CO2. Water soluble substances like ions, glucose and macromolecules should find a special way of transport with the help of integral and trans-membrane proteins which act as binding sites, channels and gates to facilitate movement.
Transport across cell membrane is classified into four ways:
Passive Transport
Osmosis
Active Transport
Vesicular Transport.
Passive Transport : Diffusion
It is the net movement of a substance (liquid or gas) from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration without expenditure of energy is called diffusion.
Osmosis is a type of diffusion in which there is net movement of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane. It is a passive process
In osmosis, water moves through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
During osmosis, water molecules pass through a plasma membrane in two ways:
by moving between neighboring phospholipid molecules in the lipid bilayer via simple diffusion,
by moving through aquaporins or AQPs, integral membrane proteins that function as water channels. Some polar or charged solutes that must enter or leave body cells cannot cross the plasma membrane through any form of passive transport because they would need to move uphill, against their concentration gradients. Such solutes may be able to cross the membrane by a process called active transport.
Active transport is an active process because energy is required for carrier proteins to move solutes across the membrane against a concentration gradient.
Two sources of cellular energy can be used to drive active transport:
Energy obtained from hydrolysis of ATP is the source in primary active transport;
energy stored in an ionic concentration gradient is the source in secondary active transport.
Primary active transport moves ions across a membrane and creates a difference in charge across that membrane, which is directly dependent on ATP.
Secondary active transport describes the movement of material that is due to the electrochemical gradient established by primary active transport that does not directly require ATP.
A Uniporter carries one specific ion or molecule.
A Symporter carries two different ions or molecules, both in the same direction.
An Antiporter also carries two different ions or molecules, but in different directions.
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- 2. Plasma membrane :- In bacterial and plant cells, a cell wall is attached to the plasma membrane on its outside surface. The plasma membrane consists of a lipid bilayer that is semipermeable. The plasma membrane regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell.
- 3. Fluid mosaic model of plasma membrane:- Fluid mosaic model was proposed by Singer and Nicolson in 1972. According to this model, the quasi-fluid nature of lipids enables lateral movement of proteins within the overall bilayer. This ability to move within the membrane is measured as its fluidity. The plasma membrane is composed of lipids that are arranged in a bilayer and within the membrane with the polar head (hydrophilic)towards the outer sides and the non polar (hydrophobic ) towards the inner part. Because of this the nonpolar tail of saturated hydrocarbons is protected from the aqueous environment. The plasma membrane consists of 52% protein and 40% lipids. Peripheral proteins lie on the surface of membrane while the integral proteins are partially or totally buried in the membrane.
- 6. Fluid Mosaic Model of Membrane Structure:- lipid bilayers with floating proteins amphipathic lipids (having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts.) polar ends (hydrophilic interact with water) non-polar tails (hydrophobic insoluble in water)
- 7. Membrane Proteins Peripheral loosely connected to membrane easily removed Integral amphipathic embedded within membrane carry out important functions
- 8. Transportation of molecules :- Transport of the molecules across it. The membrane is selectively permeable to some molecules present on either side of it. Many molecules can move briefly across the membrane without any requirement of energy and this is called the passive transport. Neutral solutes may move across the membrane by the process of simple diffusion along the concentration gradient, i.e., from higher concentration to the lower. Water may also move across this membrane from higher to lower concentration. Movement of water by diffusion is called osmosis.
- 9. As the polar molecules cannot pass through the nonpolar lipid bilayer, they require a carrier protein of the membrane to facilitate their transport across the membrane. A few ions or molecules are transported across the membrane against their concentration gradient, i.e., from lower to the higher concentration. Such a transport is an energy dependent process, in which ATP is utilised and is called active transport. Eg. Na*/K*pump.