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3 switchport securitémedalaaSécurisé les switch Cisco
Boucle local cuivre.pptxMohamedAyourboucle local cuivre
Introduction to Layer 2 switchingaibad ahmedLayer 2 switching breaks up large collision domains into smaller ones by using the hardware address of devices on a LAN to segment a network. Each port on a switch acts as its own collision domain. Layer 2 switches are more efficient than routers because they do not modify data packets but only read frame encapsulations. Layer 3 switches add IP routing capabilities to switches, allowing routing between VLANs and subnets on a campus LAN. The spanning tree protocol prevents broadcast storms from occurring on redundant links between switches.
Ipv4 & ipv6kamran_shareThis document provides an overview of IPv4 and IPv6, including their differences, deficiencies of IPv4, advantages of IPv6, and strategies for transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6. It discusses IPv4 and IPv6 address formats and header formats. It also covers deficiencies of IPv4 like address depletion and lack of security features, advantages of IPv6 like larger address space and better header format. The transition strategies covered are dual stack, tunneling, and header translation.
Aula 6 - Redes de Computadores A - Endereçamento IPFilipo MórEste documento apresenta os objetivos e conceitos fundamentais do endereçamento IP, incluindo a estrutura e classificação de endereços IPv4, atribuição de endereços por provedores de internet e dentro de redes, e ferramentas para teste da camada de rede como PING e Traceroute.
A comparison of segment routing data-plane encodingsGunter Van de VeldeSegment Routing provides simplified packet forwarding by encoding forwarding instructions as segments rather than per-flow state. This document compares different encodings of segments: 32-bit segments encoded directly in MPLS or UDP over IPv4/IPv6 (SRoMPLS, SRoUDP); and 128-bit segments encoded in a new IPv6 extension header (SRv6). SRoMPLS and SRoUDP are well-suited for brownfield networks as they can reuse existing MPLS and IP infrastructure with minimal overhead. SRv6 is designed for native IPv6 but has higher overhead. All approaches simplify operations but have different performance implications depending on the network environment.
WLAN Design for LocationAruba, a Hewlett Packard Enterprise companyThis document provides an overview of indoor location technologies and recommendations for designing a WiFi network for location services. It discusses:
- The Analytics and Location Engine (ALE) which provides unified user context and real-time location data.
- Network-based WiFi positioning as the primary indoor location technique.
- Guidelines for AP placement including recommendations for a voice overlay and AP spacing of 50 feet or less.
- Best practices for RF design to support voice and video applications.
Apresentação sobre ipv6Leandro RodriguesIPv6, RFC, CIDR
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Outlook of 400G Datacenter Optical ArchitectureJasonLaw59Jason Law shared insights into 400G datacenter optical architecture on JANOG48, incl 100G mainstream architecture and optional 200G solutions.
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Advanced Topics and Future Directions in MPLS Cisco CanadaThis session presents the most recent extensions to the MPLS architecture. The material has a special focus on standardization and forward – looking directions for the evolution of the technology.
GSM-CallFlowAndSecurity Features (2G-3G-4G).pptxnull - The Open Security CommunityThis document discusses the evolution of mobile network architecture from 2G to 5G. It describes the increasing data speeds over time from 2G's 14.4 Kbps to 5G's potential for 1 Gbps. It also outlines the key components of a mobile network including the mobile station, base station, switching centers, and registers that store location and authentication data. Finally, it provides an overview of 4G LTE architecture and the transition to an all-IP network as well as steps taken for secure mobile data networks.
OSPF ConfigurationNetProtocol XpertThe document discusses configuring OSPF routing on multiple routers. It explains that OSPF configuration involves enabling OSPF on each router, defining the interfaces and networks, and verifying neighbor relationships. It then provides an example of configuring a multi-area OSPF network with area 0, area 1, and an area border router connecting the two areas. The configuration involves specifying the area IDs for each router's interfaces to establish neighbors between routers in different areas.
MAZHAR NEW CV with Huawei,ZTE,LCC KSA 3GMazhar AliMazhar Ali is seeking a job in a dynamic organization where he can utilize his skills in electronics engineering and over 15 years of experience in telecommunications. He has worked for several telecom companies in Pakistan and Saudi Arabia, holding roles such as telecom engineer and site implementation engineer. His experience includes installation, commissioning, and maintenance of equipment from vendors such as Huawei, ZTE, Ericsson, and Alcatel. He is proficient in technologies like microwave transmission, GSM, 3G, and fiber optics.
Présentation etherchannelLechoco KadoTechnologie de réseau local E
Lte optimizationtharinduwijeThis document provides guidelines for LTE radio frequency (RF) network optimization. It describes the network optimization process including single site verification and RF optimization. Key aspects of RF optimization covered include preparing for optimization by collecting data, analyzing problems related to coverage, signal quality and handover success rate, and adjusting parameters like transmit power, antenna tilts and neighboring cell configurations. Common issues addressed are weak coverage, coverage holes, lack of a dominant cell, and cross coverage between cells. Optimization methods and specific cases are presented to resolve different problems.
The Network Layeradil rajaThe document is a paper on the network layer written by Muhammad Adil Raja. It begins with an introduction that defines the key functions of the network layer, including getting packets from source to destination across multiple hops. It then outlines the topics to be covered, which are network layer design issues, routing algorithms, congestion control algorithms, and references. The body of the document discusses these topics in more detail through several sections. It covers issues like whether the network layer should provide connection-oriented or connectionless service, and compares virtual circuit and datagram networks. It also examines routing algorithms and the optimality principle.
Aslam fahmi cvAslam FahmiThe document is a 5 page resume for Aslam Fahmi summarizing his professional experience in telecom OSP and ISP implementation over 7 years. It details his roles and responsibilities as Project Manager at Detecon Al-Saudia Co. Ltd. in Jizan, Saudi Arabia and as Fiber Execution Engineer at HFCL for Reliance Jio's 4G network rollout. It also provides a brief overview of his previous positions at Precision Trenchless Laying Pvt Ltd. and education qualifications.
CÁLCULO DE SUB-REDES DE FORMA PRÁTICAAugusto Cezar Pinheiro1) O documento explica como calcular a máscara de rede, endereço de rede, faixa de IPs e endereço de broadcast dado um IP 192.168.45.67/29.
2) A máscara de rede é 255.255.255.248, o endereço de rede é 192.168.45.64, a faixa de IPs válidos vai de 192.168.45.65 a 192.168.45.71 e o endereço de broadcast é 192.168.45.71.
3) O cálculo é feito convertendo os octetos para binário e realiz
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Jncia junosSayed Qaisar ShahThe document provides information about the Juniper Networks Certified Associate – JNCIA Junos certification. It discusses that JNCIA Junos is an entry-level certification that involves passing a single exam, the JN0-101. The exam contains 65 multiple choice questions to be completed within 105 minutes. It can be taken at Prometric testing centers for a fee of $100, though discounts are available. Candidates are encouraged to prepare through Juniper's free training materials, practice exams, and purchasing additional study resources. The certification must be renewed every two years by passing the current version of the exam.
Seamless mpls Sherif HusseinThis Presentation covers the introduction for the seamless MPLS, beside some comparison between Unified MPLS and Traditional MPLS/VPN.
Top 10 rf engineer interview questions and answersjonhherantThis document provides information and resources for RF engineer interview preparation, including sample interview questions and answers. Ten common RF engineer interview questions are listed, such as "Why do you want this RF engineer job?" and "What challenges are you looking for in this position?". Additional links are provided for ebooks on interview questions, tips for different types of interviews, and suggested questions to ask the interviewer. The resources covered can help candidates learn about the interview process and how to effectively promote their qualifications and fit for an RF engineering role.
WLAN Design for LocationAruba, a Hewlett Packard Enterprise companyThis document provides an overview of indoor location technologies and recommendations for designing a WiFi network for location services. It discusses:
- The Analytics and Location Engine (ALE) which provides unified user context and real-time location data.
- Network-based WiFi positioning as the primary indoor location technique.
- Guidelines for AP placement including recommendations for a voice overlay and AP spacing of 50 feet or less.
- Best practices for RF design to support voice and video applications.
Apresentação sobre ipv6Leandro RodriguesIPv6, RFC, CIDR
O documento discute os protocolos IPv6 e CIDR, explicando suas características como endereçamento de rede e faixas de IP. Também explica o que são RFCs, como são criadas e atualizadas, e fornece exemplos de notações de endereços IPv4 e IPv6.
Outlook of 400G Datacenter Optical ArchitectureJasonLaw59Jason Law shared insights into 400G datacenter optical architecture on JANOG48, incl 100G mainstream architecture and optional 200G solutions.
Cisco CCNA ENSA - (Enterprise Networking, Security and Automation) - Certific...Mohamed Haathim SharfrazCertificate for completing Cisco CCNA - Enterprise Networking, Security and Automation on Cisco Networking Academy
Roteadores e roteamentoLuciano Rodrigues da SilvaO documento descreve as funções e configuração básicas de roteadores. Roteadores interligam redes e determinam o melhor caminho para encaminhar pacotes entre elas usando tabelas de roteamento. Eles possuem interfaces de rede, CPU, memória e sistema operacional semelhantes a computadores.
Advanced Topics and Future Directions in MPLS Cisco CanadaThis session presents the most recent extensions to the MPLS architecture. The material has a special focus on standardization and forward – looking directions for the evolution of the technology.
GSM-CallFlowAndSecurity Features (2G-3G-4G).pptxnull - The Open Security CommunityThis document discusses the evolution of mobile network architecture from 2G to 5G. It describes the increasing data speeds over time from 2G's 14.4 Kbps to 5G's potential for 1 Gbps. It also outlines the key components of a mobile network including the mobile station, base station, switching centers, and registers that store location and authentication data. Finally, it provides an overview of 4G LTE architecture and the transition to an all-IP network as well as steps taken for secure mobile data networks.
OSPF ConfigurationNetProtocol XpertThe document discusses configuring OSPF routing on multiple routers. It explains that OSPF configuration involves enabling OSPF on each router, defining the interfaces and networks, and verifying neighbor relationships. It then provides an example of configuring a multi-area OSPF network with area 0, area 1, and an area border router connecting the two areas. The configuration involves specifying the area IDs for each router's interfaces to establish neighbors between routers in different areas.
MAZHAR NEW CV with Huawei,ZTE,LCC KSA 3GMazhar AliMazhar Ali is seeking a job in a dynamic organization where he can utilize his skills in electronics engineering and over 15 years of experience in telecommunications. He has worked for several telecom companies in Pakistan and Saudi Arabia, holding roles such as telecom engineer and site implementation engineer. His experience includes installation, commissioning, and maintenance of equipment from vendors such as Huawei, ZTE, Ericsson, and Alcatel. He is proficient in technologies like microwave transmission, GSM, 3G, and fiber optics.
Présentation etherchannelLechoco KadoTechnologie de réseau local E
Lte optimizationtharinduwijeThis document provides guidelines for LTE radio frequency (RF) network optimization. It describes the network optimization process including single site verification and RF optimization. Key aspects of RF optimization covered include preparing for optimization by collecting data, analyzing problems related to coverage, signal quality and handover success rate, and adjusting parameters like transmit power, antenna tilts and neighboring cell configurations. Common issues addressed are weak coverage, coverage holes, lack of a dominant cell, and cross coverage between cells. Optimization methods and specific cases are presented to resolve different problems.
The Network Layeradil rajaThe document is a paper on the network layer written by Muhammad Adil Raja. It begins with an introduction that defines the key functions of the network layer, including getting packets from source to destination across multiple hops. It then outlines the topics to be covered, which are network layer design issues, routing algorithms, congestion control algorithms, and references. The body of the document discusses these topics in more detail through several sections. It covers issues like whether the network layer should provide connection-oriented or connectionless service, and compares virtual circuit and datagram networks. It also examines routing algorithms and the optimality principle.
Aslam fahmi cvAslam FahmiThe document is a 5 page resume for Aslam Fahmi summarizing his professional experience in telecom OSP and ISP implementation over 7 years. It details his roles and responsibilities as Project Manager at Detecon Al-Saudia Co. Ltd. in Jizan, Saudi Arabia and as Fiber Execution Engineer at HFCL for Reliance Jio's 4G network rollout. It also provides a brief overview of his previous positions at Precision Trenchless Laying Pvt Ltd. and education qualifications.
CÁLCULO DE SUB-REDES DE FORMA PRÁTICAAugusto Cezar Pinheiro1) O documento explica como calcular a máscara de rede, endereço de rede, faixa de IPs e endereço de broadcast dado um IP 192.168.45.67/29.
2) A máscara de rede é 255.255.255.248, o endereço de rede é 192.168.45.64, a faixa de IPs válidos vai de 192.168.45.65 a 192.168.45.71 e o endereço de broadcast é 192.168.45.71.
3) O cálculo é feito convertendo os octetos para binário e realiz
VOLTE Presentationibrahimnabil17This document provides an overview of Voice over LTE (VoLTE) including its history, requirements, architecture, and advantages. It discusses how VoLTE allows voice calls to be carried over the LTE network rather than traditional circuit-switched networks. Key points covered include VoLTE's improved voice quality and capacity compared to 2G and 3G, its use of quality of service mechanisms to prioritize real-time voice, and fallback options when LTE coverage is unavailable like Circuit Switched Fallback. The document also reviews the end-to-end network architecture and call handling process to enable VoLTE.
Jncia junosSayed Qaisar ShahThe document provides information about the Juniper Networks Certified Associate – JNCIA Junos certification. It discusses that JNCIA Junos is an entry-level certification that involves passing a single exam, the JN0-101. The exam contains 65 multiple choice questions to be completed within 105 minutes. It can be taken at Prometric testing centers for a fee of $100, though discounts are available. Candidates are encouraged to prepare through Juniper's free training materials, practice exams, and purchasing additional study resources. The certification must be renewed every two years by passing the current version of the exam.
Seamless mpls Sherif HusseinThis Presentation covers the introduction for the seamless MPLS, beside some comparison between Unified MPLS and Traditional MPLS/VPN.
Top 10 rf engineer interview questions and answersjonhherantThis document provides information and resources for RF engineer interview preparation, including sample interview questions and answers. Ten common RF engineer interview questions are listed, such as "Why do you want this RF engineer job?" and "What challenges are you looking for in this position?". Additional links are provided for ebooks on interview questions, tips for different types of interviews, and suggested questions to ask the interviewer. The resources covered can help candidates learn about the interview process and how to effectively promote their qualifications and fit for an RF engineering role.
Kablosuz Ağlar ve ÖzellikleriNeşe ÇallıTarihçesi
Kablosuz ağların çeşitleri
Kullanım Alanları
Hücresel sistemlerin teknolojik gelişimi
Kullanılan Cihazlar
IP, IGP, MPLS Eğitim Sunumu @Çankaya Üniversitesi Murat Can Demir19 Mart 2011 Cumartesi günü Çankaya Üniversitesinde Mühendislik Fakültesi öğrencilerine verdiğimiz eğitim sunumu. İnternet tarihçesi, İnternet nasıl çalışır, IP adresleme, IGP, MPLS gibi konuları içeriyor.
1. Bilgisayar Ağ Sistemleri
Kaynaklar:
• “Bilgisayar Ağları”, Doç. Dr. Nazife Baykal, SAS
Yayınları
• “Bilgisayar Haberleşmesi ve Ağ Teknolojileri”, Çölkesen
ve Örencik”, Papatya Yayınları
2. Ders İçeriği
Konular:
• Bilgisayar Ağlarına Giriş
• Veri İletişim Ortamları
• Ağ Mimarileri ve Topolojileri
• Ağ Standartları ve
Protokolleri
• Yerel Alan Ağları
• Ağ Bağlantı Aygıtları
• Internet
• Yönlendirme
• Geniş Alan Ağları
• Kablosuz Ağlar
4. Ağ Kurulumuna Neden Gerek Duyulmuştur?
* Kaynakların Paylaşmak
* Bilgiyi Paylaşmak
* Yazılımda Standartlaşma
5. Bilgisayar Ağları
• Ağ Nedir?
Birden çok bilgisayarın, çeşitli iletişim ortamları
vasıtasıyla, kaynakları paylaşmak üzere, birbirleri
ile iletişim kurduğu ortamdır.
• Kaynaklar Nelerdir?
•Bilgi
•Yazılımlar
•Hard disk
•Yazıcı
•Yedekleme Ünitesi
•Vb…
6. İletişim Ortamları
İle t iş im O r t a m la r ı
K a b lo lu İle t iş im O r t a m la r ı K a b lo s u z İle t iş im O r t a m la r ı
Ç if t - b ü k ü m lü ( t w is t e d - p a ir ) M ik r o d a lg a T e k n o lo jis i
K o a k s iy e l ( c o a x ia l- c a b le ) H ü c r e s e l T e k n o lo ji
F ib e r o p t ik k a b lo K ız ılö t e s i T e k n o lo ji
7. Kablolu İletişim Ortamları
En çok kullanılan kablo çeşitleri :
• Eş eksenli kablo (koaksiyel)
• Çift burgulu kablo
• Fiber optik kablo
8. Koaksiyel (Eş Eksenli) Kablo
Televizyon kablosunun daha esnek ve ince olanıdır.
Bakır tellerden ve üzerinde manyetik korumadan ibarettir.
9. Eş eksenli kablo (koaksiyel)
• İki çeşittir
• İnce (Thin Coax), taşıma mesafesi 185m
• Kalın (Thick Coax), 500 metredir
• (10Base-2 ağlarda IEEE standardına göre).
17. 10Base2
• 10Mbs hızında
• Segment yani
bilgisayarları dolaşan
kablo en fazla 185m
olabilir
• Aynı segmente 30'dan
fazla makina bağlanamaz
• Her bir makina arasında en
az 0.5m mesafe
bırakılmalıdır
21. 10Base5
- 10 Ağın hızını belirtir, yani 10 Mega Bit/Saniye
- Base Ağ Baseband* olarak çalışmaktadır
- 5 Kablonun maksimum uzunluğunu belirtir(500 metre).
* Kablo üzerinden aynı anda tek bir sinyal gönderilmektedir.
22. Çift Burgulu Kablolar (Twisted-Pair)
• Tek (örneğin dahili
hatlarda), dört (oldukça
yaygındır) veya sekiz
çift kablodan oluşabilir
• UTP (Unshielded Twisted
Pair)
• STP (Shielded Twisted
Pair)
24. üüü
GÜRÜLTÜ
Sinyal
Kaynak
Kaynak NIC
NIC NIC
NIC Hedef/Alıcı
Hedef/Alıcı
İletişim Kanalı
Kodlanan Veri Gönderen Alıcı Kodu çözülen veri
25. UTP Kablo Kategorileri
Kategori Uygulama Alanı
1 (CAT1) Yanlızca ses veri iletimi yapılmaz
2 Ses ve 1 Mbps’ ye kadar veri iletimi.
3 Ses ve 10 Mbps’ ye kadar veri iletimi.
4 Ses ve 20 Mbps’ ye kadar veri iletimi
5 Ses ve 100 Mbps’ ye kadar veri iletimi.
5e Ses ve 622 Mbps’ ye kadar veri iletimi.
6 Ses ve 1 Gps’ ye kadar veri iletimi.
7 Ses ve 10 Gps’ ye kadar veri iletimi.
26. UTP Kablo Kategorileri
(a) Kategori 3 ve (b) Kategori 5 bükümlü tel çiftlerinden alınmıştır.
Kategoriler arasında kablo özdirenci de farklılık gösterir.
27. Çift Burgulu Kablolar (Twisted-Pair)
• IEEE standartlarına göre;
• 10Base-T (10 Mbps),
• 100Base-T (100 Mbps) ve
• 1000Base-T (1000 Mbps)
ağlarında bir kablo en fazla 100 m
olabilir.
28. Çift Burgulu Kablo DzԲԱöü
Bu tür kablolar RJ-45
konnektörü ile bilgisayar
bağlanır.
31. 10BaseT
• 10BaseT star-bus topoloji kullanan ethernet
kablolama sistemini tanımlar.
• 10 makisumun hızı yani 10Mbit çalıştığını
• T harfi kullanılan kabloyu belirtir(Twisted
Pair)
* Node-Node arasındaki kablo uzunluğu
100m'yi geçmez.
32. Fiber Optik Kablo
1966 yılında Charles Kao ve George Hockham cam fiber
üzerinden veri aktarımı da yapılabileceği fikrini ortaya attılar.
Sonraki dönemlerde fiber üzerindeki kayıp oranları o kadar az
seviyelere indirildi ki, fiber veri aktarımı için bakır'a göre
çok daha avantajlı bir konuma geldi.
Fiber'in en önemli özelliği elektomanyetik alanlardan
hiç etkilenmemesidir.
34. Fiber Optik Kablolar
• 70 Km’ye kadar uzayabilen geniş alanlarda, elektriksel sinyallerden
etkilenmeden yüksek kapasiteli iletişim ortamı sağlamada kullanılır.
35. Fiber Optik Kablolar
• Gelen elektriksel sinyalleri ışık
sinyallerine çevirir.
• Işık fiber optik kabloda dengeli
bir şekilde yol alır ve buna mod
denir.
36. Fiber Optik Kablo Çşٱ
• Tek, Çok modlu ve çok modlu kademeli olmak üzere 3
çeşidi vardır.
• Tek Mod Fiberler (Single Mode Fiber- SMF) :
• Işığın tek bir modda ya da tek bir yolda ilerlemesine
olanak tanırlar
• Düşük sinyal kayıplarının olduğu ve yüksek veri
iletişim hızının gerektirdiği durumlarda kullanılırlar.
• Çoklu Mod Fiberler (Multi Mode Fiber- MMF) :
• Işığın birden fazla modunu ileten fiberlerdir.
• Işın çarpışmaları meydana gelebileceğinden kısa
mesafeler için kullanılır.
38. Fiber Optik Kablo Çşٱ
• Tek Mod Fiberler
• 8.3/125 micron SMF
• Çoklu Mod Fiberler
• * 62.5/125 micron MMF
• 50/125 micron MMF
• 100/140 micron MMF
39. Fiber Optik Kablolar
• Her bir fiberden tek yönlü haberleşme sağlanır. İki yönlü bir
haberleşme için en az iki fiber gereklidir. Veya bir fiberde
hem veri gönderimi hem de verinin alımını sağlayan iki ayrı
yol olmalıdır.
Simplex: İçerisinde sadece bir optik kablo
var
Duplex: İçerisinde 2 optik kablo var. LAN
omurga kablosu olarak çok tercih
edilmektedir.
Multifiber: İçerisinde 2’den fazla optik
kablo var.
41. Kablolar - Özet
Ethernet Adı Kablo Tipi Max. Veri
Transfer Hızı
Max. Veri Transfer
Uzaklığı
Açıklama
10Base-5 Kalın Koaksiyel 10 Mbps 500 metre BNC, T
10Base-2 İnce Koaksiyel 10 Mbps 185 metre BNC, T
10Base-T UTP 10 Mbps 100 metre RJ-45, CAT3 veya CAT5
10Base-F Fiber (multimode) 10 Mbps 2000 metre SC ve ST konnektör
100Base-T UTP 100 Mbps 100 metre RJ-45, CAT3 veya CAT5
100Base-TX UTP 100 Mbps 100 metre RJ-45, CAT5
100Base-FX Fiber (multimode) 100 Mbps 2000 metre SC, ST, MT-RJ konnektör
1000Base-T UTP 1000 Mbps 100 metre RJ-45, CAT5e ve üstü
1000Base-SX Fiber (multimode) 1000 Mbps 550 metre SC ve LC konnektör
1000Base-LX Fiber (singlemode) 1000 Mbps 3 kilo metre SC ve LC konnektör
10GBASE-SR Fiber (multimode) 10 Gbps 75 metre LC Konnektor
10GBASE-LR Fiber (singlemode) 10 Gbps 10 kilometre LC Konnektor
10GBASE-LX4 Fiber (multimode) 10 Gbps 300 metre LC Konnektor
10GBASE-CX4 Koaksiyel 10 Gbps 15 metre Infiniband konnektor
42. Kablosuz Ağ Teknolojileri
• Mikrodalga ve RF Teknolojileri
• Mikrodalga Antenler
• Bluetooth
• Hücresel şebekeler
• Kızıl Ötesi Teknolojisi
• Infrared teknolojisi
• Lazer teknolojisi