This video is created to encase the fact regarding how dangerous sanitary pads are which are there in the market. These pads are leading our new generation to Cervical Cancer.
This document discusses optical components. It describes the purpose of understanding various optical devices and their characteristics. It then explains several optical components including LEDs, LCDs, optical tools used in solar cells, photo resistors, photo diodes, and photo transistors. LEDs emit light when electricity passes through, LCDs are widely used for displays, photo resistors change resistance based on light, and photo diodes and transistors control electric current based on light intensity using their PN junction structures.
Laser and optical fiber are devices that transmit electromagnetic radiation. A laser emits photons through stimulated emission, producing coherent, monochromatic light. An optical fiber is a thin, flexible fiber made of glass or plastic that acts as a waveguide to transmit light between its ends. Lasers and optical fibers have many applications including medicine, industry, research, and more due to their small size, low power needs, and ability to transmit signals over long distances with little loss of quality. They were invented in the late 1950s and early 1960s by scientists including Charles Hard Townes and Arthur Leonard Schawlow.
Materi 3 Perangkat dan Aksesoris IKR IKG FTTX5h4r3
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Dokumen ini memberikan panduan lengkap tentang langkah-langkah instalasi kabel rumah pelanggan broadband, mulai dari persiapan material, pemasangan kabel dan konektor, hingga pengujian jaringan. Langkah-langkah utama meliputi penetapan jalur kabel, pengukuran panjang kabel, pemasangan kabel dan konektor, serta aktivasi layanan. Dokumen ini juga menjelaskan komponen jaringan seperti kabel UTP, kabel telepon, konektor
This document discusses optical components. It describes the purpose of understanding various optical devices and their characteristics. It then explains several optical components including LEDs, LCDs, optical tools used in solar cells, photo resistors, photo diodes, and photo transistors. LEDs emit light when electricity passes through, LCDs are widely used for displays, photo resistors change resistance based on light, and photo diodes and transistors control electric current based on light intensity using their PN junction structures.
Laser and optical fiber are devices that transmit electromagnetic radiation. A laser emits photons through stimulated emission, producing coherent, monochromatic light. An optical fiber is a thin, flexible fiber made of glass or plastic that acts as a waveguide to transmit light between its ends. Lasers and optical fibers have many applications including medicine, industry, research, and more due to their small size, low power needs, and ability to transmit signals over long distances with little loss of quality. They were invented in the late 1950s and early 1960s by scientists including Charles Hard Townes and Arthur Leonard Schawlow.
Materi 3 Perangkat dan Aksesoris IKR IKG FTTX5h4r3
油
Dokumen ini memberikan panduan lengkap tentang langkah-langkah instalasi kabel rumah pelanggan broadband, mulai dari persiapan material, pemasangan kabel dan konektor, hingga pengujian jaringan. Langkah-langkah utama meliputi penetapan jalur kabel, pengukuran panjang kabel, pemasangan kabel dan konektor, serta aktivasi layanan. Dokumen ini juga menjelaskan komponen jaringan seperti kabel UTP, kabel telepon, konektor
This document provides an overview of optical fibers, including their evolution, structure, working principles, classification, communication systems, advantages and applications. It discusses how optical fibers guide light using total internal reflection. Fibers are classified based on mode (single or multi-mode) and refractive index profile (step or graded). Key advantages are high bandwidth, low attenuation, immunity to EMI, and security. Applications include telecommunications, broadband, medicine, military and more. Optical fibers have become the backbone of long-distance networks since the 1980s due to refinements in manufacturing.
Teachers should build relationships with students to understand their backgrounds, interests, and developmental stages. They should administer pre-assessments to drive instruction and analyze data. Effective literacy instruction includes modeling strategies, a print-rich environment, explicit teaching of phonological awareness, phonics, and fluency, and selecting texts at students' readiness levels to promote engagement. Teachers must understand the developmental stages of reading and writing and that literacy skills are acquired through a process not nature.
Optical networks use fiber cabling to transmit communication signals using light over long distances. Fiber is made of glass or plastic and guides light through the core and cladding. Optical networks are advantageous because they can handle increasing internet traffic better than traditional networks as fiber bandwidth increases exponentially. Optical networks also reduce transmission costs, enable new applications by pushing optics to network edges, and allow multiple terabits per second to be transmitted through a single cable using wavelength division multiplexing. Some key benefits of optical networks include low power loss over long distances, immunity to electromagnetic interference, lower weight and space needs compared to copper, high security, and suitability for digital signals.
Security in Optical Networks - Useless or Necessary?ADVA
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The document discusses security in optical networks. It notes that broadband access network markets are seeing increasing data rates and new video services that require scalable and secure network architectures. Fiber optic networks can be accessed in multiple ways through splicing boxes, street cabinets, or fiber tapping, so physical protection and data encryption are essential for network security. The document outlines various optical network security tools and methods available, including encryption, intrusion detection, authentication, and physical layer monitoring.
Dokumen tersebut membahas sifat optik dan termal bahan. Secara ringkas, dibahas tentang interaksi radiasi elektromagnetik dengan bahan meliputi refraksi, refleksi, absorpsi, dan transmisi. Juga dibahas tentang kapasitas panas, ekspansi termal, dan konduktivitas termal bahan.
The document discusses various optical components and their characteristics. It aims to familiarize the reader with different optical devices like LEDs, LCDs, solar cells, photo resistors, photo diodes, and photo transistors. LEDs emit light when electricity passes through, LCDs are widely used for displays, and solar cells can generate electricity from sunlight. Photo resistors have a resistance that changes with light intensity, and photo diodes and transistors use a PN junction to control current flow based on light levels. The document provides information on the basic workings and applications of these common optical devices.
Worldwide interoperability for microwave access
聴EEE 802.16
聴EEE 802.16a
聴EEE 802.16d
聴EEE 802.16e
聴EEE 802.16m
Interaperability (birlikte 巽al脹abilirlik)
Long Range (uzun mesafe)
Mobility (hareketlilik)
Roaming (serbest dola脹m)
QoS
Wimax a mimarisi
ASN GW ( Access service network gateway)
CSN (Connectivity service network)
LOS line-of-sight
NLOS Non line-of-sight
Site Surwey
Fresnel Zone
Wimax teknolojisinin Wifi ve LTE ile k脹yaslanmas脹
2. Eitim i巽erii
Fiber Optik 聴letim Teorisi
Fiber Optik Kablo Yap脹s脹
Fiber eriim teknikleri
Fiber eriim sistemleri
Fiber kablo ve 巽ekim teknii
Fiber kablo ek , terminasyon ve 旦l巽端m
teknii
Planlama ve Proje
3. Optik Fiberin Tarihi
1790 Claude Chappe Fransada Optik Telegraf isimli ilk optik
haberleme sistemini icat etti.
1870 John Tyndall 聴ngilterede 脹脹脹n
bir su s端tunu i巽erisinde tam
yans脹ma kural脹 ile iletilebildiini
g旦rd端.
4. Optik Fiberin Tarihi
1880 Alexander Graham Bell photophone isimli bir
cihaz icat ederek sesi 脹脹k dalgalar脹 端zerinden
iletmeyi baard脹.
G旦nderici / Transmitter
Al脹c脹 / Receiver
5. Optik Fiberin Tarihi
1958 Laserin kefi nobel ile
旦d端llendirildi
1966 Charles Kao cam fiberin 脹脹k k脹lavuzu
olarak kullan脹labileceini ispat etti
1970 Corning Glass Works 633nm dalga
boyunda 巽al脹an ilk d端端k zay脹flama
(17dB/km) deerine sahip optik fiberini
端retti
6. Optik Fiberin Tarihi
1972 Dereceli 聴ndisli fiber 端retilmesi (4 dB/km. 850 nm)
1983 Tek Modlu fiber kablo 端retiminin balamas脹
1987 Zay脹flama deerleri 0.20 dB/km deerlerine kadar indi
1990 Ayn脹 fiber 端zerinden birden fazla dalgaboyunda iletim saland脹
1996 D端nya 端zerinde d旦enmi olarak 90 milyon km fiber bulunmakta
2000 Tek fiber 端zerinden Tbit/s h脹zlar脹nda iletim saland脹
1975 1310 nm. Optik penceresinin bulunmas脹
1997 40 Gb / s.lik h脹zla 300 Km.lik 端retildi.
8. - Y端ksek H脹zda 聴letim Salanmas脹
- Uzun Yineleyici (Tekrarlay脹c脹 - Repet旦r) Aral脹脹
1 MHz'lik iaret i巽in g端c端n yar脹ya d端t端端 uzakl脹k;
Bak脹r iletkende 250 m
Eeksenli iletkende 1.000 m
Tek Modlu fiberde 10.000 m
Optik 聴letim Sistemlerinin Dier 聴letim
Sistemleri 聴le Kar脹lat脹rmas脹
9. A
聴H
ANI
Her 2 Mbit
Balant脹 i巽in
Modem
聴htiyac脹
Modem
Hu
b
Her 2 Mbit
Balant脹 i巽in
Kablo 聴htiyac脹
ok Say脹da Kablo
Olduundan Bina 聴巽i
Kablolamada
S脹k脹nt脹lar
Router
BAKIR KABLO ER聴聴M聴NDEK聴 MEVCUT DURUM
10. A
聴H
ANI
METRO ETHERNETDE DURUM
1 Gbit/s
F/O
1 Gbit/s
F/O
Kablo
Da脹n脹kl脹脹 Yok
Montaj
ve 聴letme
Kolay.
Modem
Yat脹r脹m脹 Yok
Sadece Kablo
10/100 Mbit/s
Y端ksek Bant
Genilii
10/100
Mbit/s
Hu
b
Router
METRO
ETHERNET
KENAR
SWITCH
11. OPT聴K 聴LET聴M S聴STEM聴
MODLATR DEMODLATR
E O
EO
OPT聴K F聴BER
E/O:Elektro-Optik D旦n端t端r端c端
O/E:Opto-Elektrik D旦n端t端r端c端
Veri Taraf脹 聴letim Ortam脹 Al脹 Taraf脹
12. Bak脹r kablo kullanman脹nBak脹r kablo kullanman脹n
ne sak脹ncas脹 varne sak脹ncas脹 var ??
Monit旦r
Kamera
Koaksiyal kablo
17. AlternatiAlternatif olarakf olarak FiberFiber
Monit旦r
Large distance
Kamera
Koaks Koaks
Fiber Optik Kablo
Daha uzak mesafe
Al脹c脹n脹n AGC sistemi
巽脹k脹 seviyesini muhafaza eder
TRANCEIVER TRANCEIVER
18. Fiber OptiFiber Optik 聴letiimink 聴letiimin
AvantaAvantajlar脹jlar脹
Uygun Bant Genilii Bir巽ok sinyalin g旦nderilmesi m端mk端n
D端端k G旦nderim Kayb脹 Amplifikasyona gerek olmadan uzun mesafe
Radyasyon yok Etkileim ve kar脹maya kar脹 korunma
Araya girme g端巽l端端 Sinyal g端venlii
聴letken deil Elektriki izolasyon
K端巽端k ebat ve a脹rl脹k Daha dar alanda daha fazla yer
Kuvvetli ve Esnek Montaj脹 kolay
G端venirlik Uygula ve unut
Maliyeti D端端k Rekabet巽i
41. FiberFiberdede BanBant Geniliit Genilii
Sa巽脹n脹m s脹n脹r脹, fiber yetkinliinin azami bant geniliidir ve bu.....
MHz.km.ile 旦l巽端l端r
Bu ne anlama geliyor?
42. FiberFiberdede BanBant Geniliit Genilii
Bir fiberin bant geniliinin 15 MHz.km olduunu farzedelim
5 MHz
3 km
7.5 MHz
2 km
15 MHz
1 km
veya baka kombinasyonlarda....... MHz x km = 15
50. SingleSingleMModeode FiberFiber
Tek Modlu fiberde sa巽脹n脹m d端端kt端r ve bunu 脹脹k kayna脹n脹n
karakteristii tayin eder.
Tek Modlu fiberin bant genilii tipik olarak 50GHz.kmdir.
Elektronik devrelerde, pratik olarak e zamanl脹 kanal
kullan脹m脹 s脹n脹rl脹d脹r.
Tek modlu fiberin dezavantaj脹; n端ve 巽ap脹n脹n k端巽端k olmas脹 (9
um) sebebiyle 脹脹k younluu y端ksek ve pahal脹 olan lazer
脹脹k kayna脹 kullanma zorunluluu olup ayn脹 zamanda 巽ok
daha hassas balant脹 elemanlar脹 gerektirmesidir.
53. Her ne kadar MAV聴 ve YE聴L modlar KIRMIZI ile k脹yasland脹脹nda daha fazla
mesafe katetmi olsa da h脹zlar脹n脹n y端ksek ortalamas脹 ald脹klar脹 mesafeleri
dengeler
T端m modlar脹n eit gecikmeye urad脹脹 varsay脹l脹r. B旦ylelikle da脹l脹m脹n (dispersion)
-hemen hemen- bertaraf edildii d端端n端l端r.
Graded-IndexGraded-Index
(Derece 聴ndisli)(Derece 聴ndisli)
MultiMultiMModeode (ok Modlu)(ok Modlu)FiberFiber
54. OptiOptikk FiberFiber CinsleriCinsleri
a) Multimode
Basamak indisli(Step-Index)
b) Single-mode
Basamak indisli(Step-Index)
c) Multimode
Derece indisli(Graded-Index)
56. Standard Singlemode fiber G652 of CCITT
Dispersion-Shifted Standard Singlemode fibe G653 of CCITT
Non Zero Dispersion Singlemode fiber G655 of CCITT
Erbium Doped Fiber (Katk脹l脹 fiberler)
Other specific fibers (Dier 旦zel fiberler)
Tek Modlu Standart Fiber Tipleri
57. F聴BER TP
Fiber t端p, minimum genleme ve b端z端me 旦zelliinde olacak,
i巽ine konacak dolgu maddesi ile kimyasal temizlik maddelerinden
etkilenmeyecek, kablo dolgu maddesini emmeyecektir.
Fiber t端p端n i巽 y端zeyi fiber elyaf veya ribon fiberlerin serbest
hareketini engellemeyecek ekilde p端r端zs端z olmal脹d脹r.
92. FTTx Teknoloji Alternatifleri
(Fiber To The X)
Santral Saha kabini MDU Kullan脹c脹
Santral
5kmPOTS, xDSL
FTTU
Ethernet, GPON
FTTN
1km
SDH, Ethernet POTS, xDSL
<0.5km
FTTB/C
Ethernet
Ethernet, GPON
POTS, xDSL POTS,
Ethernet,
VDSL2
94. Fiber Eriim Sistemi nedir
Eriim ebekesinde saha dolab脹na veya m端teriye
kadar dar bantl脹 ve/veya geni bantl脹 veri
hizmetlerinin fiber optik kablo 端zerinden ta脹nmas脹n脹
salamak 端zere dizayn edilen mod端ler bir aktif eriim
sistemidir.
95. Kullan脹m amac脹
Eriim ebekesinde istenilen noktadan, istenilen zamanda
klasik telefon vb. dar bantl脹 servislerin yan脹 s脹ra xDSL, IPTV vb.
geni bantl脹 servislerin verilebilmesi
Dar bantl脹 servislerin verilmesi esas脹na dayal脹 olarak kurulan
mevcut eriim ebekesi alt yap脹s脹n脹n, hem dar bantl脹 hem de
geni bantl脹 servislerin ayn脹 iletim ortam脹ndan verilmesini
salayacak bir yap脹ya d旦n端t端r端lmesi
Eriim ebekesinde F/O kablo ve buna bal脹 aktif eriim
sistemleri kullan脹m脹n脹n art脹r脹lmas脹
G端n ge巽tik巽e artan servis 巽eitliliine hitap edecek bir eriim
ebekesi altyap脹s脹n脹n oluturulmas脹
96. irketimizde
Fiber Optik Kablolu eriim ile PSTN, xDSL ve MPLS gibi
hizmetlerin verildii sistemler Aktif Eriim Sistemleridir (AES).
Telekom端nikasyon alan脹ndaki teknolojik gelimeler
paralelinde,ses, veri ve g旦r端nt端 hizmetlerine y旦nelik servis
yelpazesinin 巽eitlenerek b端y端d端端 ve bu kapsamda ADSL2+,
VDSL 2, IPTV gibi y端ksek h脹zlardaki geni bantl脹 servislere olan
talebin g端nden g端ne 巽ok h脹zl脹 bir ekilde artt脹脹 bilinmektedir.
S旦z konusu teknolojik gelimeler gerei Harici AES (H-AES)
SEB kullan脹m脹 g端nden g端ne yayg脹nlamaktad脹r.
97. KISALTMALAR
H-AES (OUTDOOR) : Bina d脹脹na kurulan saha tipi
sistemler.
INDOOR : Bina i巽ine kurulan sistemler
FES : Fiber Eriim Sistemleri
SEB (MSAN) : PSTN ve Geni bant hizmetlerinin
F/O kablo 端zerinden verildii
sistemlerdir.
DSLAM : Geni Bant Hizmeti Veren Sistem
PIZZA BOX : Mevcut dolap 端zerine konulan
geni bant hizmeti veren sistem
98. KAB聴N 意聴永晦掘檎聴
Outdoor Kabinler; Bina D脹脹na Kurulan Saha Tipi Sistemlerdir.
Bu kabinler i巽erisine deiik firmalar脹n farkl脹 kapasitelerdeki
Dar Bant (PSTN) ve Geni Bant (xDSL vb.) shelfleri konulabilir.
T 3, T 3 A, T 3 B : Tek Shelfli Outdoor Kabini
T 5 : 2 Shelfli Outdoor Kabini
T 1 : 4 Shelfli Outdoor Kabini
T 7 : Mevcut dolap 端zerine giydirilen
PIZZABOX shelfi i巽eren kabin
110. PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy)
140
Mb/s
8
/
2 34
/
8
140
/
34
34
Mb/s
8 Mb/s
2 Mb/s
8
/
234
/
8
140
/
34
34
Mb/s
8
Mb/s
2 Mb/s
F/O
A merkezi B merkezi
111. SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)
Kanal Kanal
TERMINAL MULTIPLEXER
(TM)
ADD & DROP
MULTIPLEXER
(ADM)
DIGITAL CROSS-CONNECT
(DXC)
Hat
A merkezi B merkezi
TERMINAL MULTIPLEXER
(TM)
ADD & DROP
MULTIPLEXER
(ADM)
DIGITAL CROSS-CONNECT
(DXC)
STM-4o
STM-1o/e
140M
34M
STM-16o
2M
STM-4o
STM-1o/e
140M
34M
STM-16o
2M
STM-1o
STM-4o
STM-16o
STM-64o
113. SDH R聴NG KORUMASI
--2 fiberli SDH Ring Korumas脹--
ADM 4 ADM 3
ADM 2ADM 1
: al脹an Kanallar
Koruma Kanallar脹
: al脹an Kanallar
Koruma Kanallar脹
Link kesintisi durumunda
SNCP korumas脹
Link kesintisi durumunda
2f-MS-SPRing korumas脹
114. TRK TELEKOM EBEKES聴
DWDM
DWDM projesi 81 il ve t端m merkezleri
kapsamaktad脹r.
Bu illerin bir b旦l端m端 320 Gb/s (32x10 Gb/s)
linkler, dier b旦l端m端 ise 80 Gb/s (32x2.5 Gb/s)
linkler ile birbirine balanmaktad脹r.
Toplam kapasite 6,56 Tb/s