Chi-Square.pptx
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The Chi-square test of independence is a statistical hypothesis test used to determine whether two categorical or nominal variables are likely to be related or not.
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Chi Square Test..
This topic comes under Biostatistics.
This is useful for Maths students, B.Pharm Students ,M.Pharm Students who studying Biostatistics.
This Presentation Contain following...
#History and Introduction
#Conditions
#Formula
#Classification
#Types of Non-Parametric Chi Square Test
#Test of Independence
#Steps for Test of Independence
#Problem and Solution for Test of Independence
#Test of Goodness of Fit
#Problem and Solution for Test of Goodness of Fit
#Applications of Chi Square Test
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In non- parametric tests we do not assume that a particular distribution is applicable or that a certain value is attached to a parameter of the population.
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First formulated by Helmert and then it was developed by Karl Pearson
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Lowest expected frequency in any cell should be greater than 5
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2) Fischer Exact Test
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When to use non parametric test???
1) Sample distribution is unknown.
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Non-parametric tests focus on order or ranking
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2) A parametric test focuses on the mean difference, and equivalent non-parametric test focuses on the difference between medians.
1) Chi square test
First formulated by Helmert and then it was developed by Karl Pearson
It is both parametric and non-parametric test but more of non - parametric test.
The test involves calculation of a quantity called Chi square.
Follows specific distribution known as Chi square distribution
It is used to test the significance of difference between 2 proportions and can be used when there are more than 2 groups to be compared.
Applications
1) Test of proportion
2) Test of association
3) Test of goodness of fit
Criteria for applying Chi- square test
Groups: More than 2 independent
Data: Qualitative
Sample size: Small or Large, random sample
Distribution: Non-Normal (Distribution free)
Lowest expected frequency in any cell should be greater than 5
No group should contain less than 10 items
Example: If there are two groups, one of which has received oral hygiene instructions and the other has not received any instructions and if it is desired to test if the occurrence of new cavities is associated with the instructions.
2) Fischer Exact Test
Used when one or more of the expected counts in a 22 table is small.
Used to calculate the exact probability of finding the observed numbers by using the fischer exact probability test.
3) Mc Nemar Test
Used to compare before and after findings in the same individual or to compare findings in a matched analysis (for dichotomous variables).
Example: comparing the attitudes of medical students toward confidence in statistics analysis before and after the intensive statistics course.
4) Sign Test
Sign test is used to find out the statistical significance of differences in matched pair comparisons.
Its based on + or signs of observations in a sample and not on their numerical magnitudes.
For each subject, subtract the 2nd score from the 1st, and write down the sign of the difference.
It can be used
a. in place of a one-sample t-test
b. in place of a paired t-test or
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For history test:
Z = (X - Mean) / Standard Deviation
Z = (78 - 79) / 6
Z = -0.167
For math test:
Z = (X - Mean) / Standard Deviation
Z = (82 - 84) / 5
Z = 0.8
So the z-score for the history test is -0.167 and the z-score for the math test is 0.8.ANSWERS
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油
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Abigail Sageev, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, presents at the OECD webinar 'Improving skills outcomes through stronger coordination and stakeholder engagement' on 18 March 2025. The recording can be found on the webpage - https://oecdedutoday.com/webinars/ where we were joined by speakers Ina Progonati, Sustainability &Social Impact Partnerships and Programs Worldwide Lead, HP, Liene Voronenko, Expert of Education, Employers Confederation of Latvia, Johan Enfeldt, Research Officer, Department for Social Policy Issues, Swedish Trade Union Confederation, Marius Busemeyer, Professor of Political Science, University of Konstanz, Andrew Bell, Deputy Head of the OECD Centre for Skills and Head of OECD Skills Strategy and Laura Reznikova, Policy Analyst, OECD Centre for Skills. You can check out the work of the Centre for Skills here - OECD Centre for Skills
https://www.oecd.org/skills/centre-for-skillsHow to Render Dynamic Data using RPC call in Odoo 17 POS
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In this slide we will discuss how to render dynamic data using RPC call in Odoo 17 POS. We can render dynamic data within the Point of Sale (POS) system using Remote Procedure Call (RPC) calls. The Simple Present Tense, the Verb BE.pdf
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The Simple Present Tense, Pronunciation of final -s, the verb BENational Policy On Education-1986 (Objectives And Major Recommendations).pptx
National Policy On Education-1986 (Objectives And Major Recommendations).pptxDr. JN Gorai, PhD
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National Policy On Education-1986 (Objectives And Major Recommendations)
Data Structures and Applications: A Simple and Systematic Approach Padma Reddy
Data Structures and Applications: A Simple and Systematic Approach Padma Reddyrittehasbul
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Data Structures and Applications: A Simple and Systematic Approach Padma Reddy
Data Structures and Applications: A Simple and Systematic Approach Padma Reddy
Data Structures and Applications: A Simple and Systematic Approach Padma ReddyBREAST FEEDING BENIFITS OF BREAST FEEDING.pptx
BREAST FEEDING BENIFITS OF BREAST FEEDING.pptxPRADEEP ABOTHU
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Breastfeeding is a fundamental right for both baby and mother, offering complete nutrition and vital immunological support. It's hygienic, economical, and shields infants from diseases. Additionally, breastfeeding fosters a strong mother-child bond, promoting overall well-being. Breastfeeding is the natural process of feeding an infant with breast milk, providing essential nutrients and immunity, promoting growth, strengthening mother-child bonding, and reducing disease risks.
Exclusive breastfeeding means feeding an infant only breast milk, without any additional food or drink for the first six months.
Chi-Square.pptx
- 1. Chi-Square
- 2. Chi-Square The Chi-square test of independence is a statistical hypothesis test used to determine whether two categorical or nominal variables are likely to be related or not.
- 3. Chi-Square When can I use the test? You can use the test when you have counts of values for two categorical variables. Can I use the test if I have frequency counts in a table? Yes. If you have only a table of values that shows frequency counts, you can use the test. .
- 4. Decision Rule 駒＄ ｐ 駒＄ ｐ reject the Ho 駒＄ ｐ < 駒＄ ｐ fail to reject the Ho
- 5. Actual Value Cat Dog Total Men 207 282 Women 231 242 Total 489 473 438 524 962
- 6. Cat Dog Total Men 489 Women 473 Total 438 524 962 Expected Value
- 7. Cat Dog Total Men 489 Women 473 Total 438 524 962 Expected Value 222.64 266.36 215.36 257.64
- 8. Cat Dog Total Men 489 Women 473 Total 438 524 962 Final Value
- 9. Cat Dog Total Men 489 Women 473 Total 438 524 962 Solve for Chi-Square 1.10 0.92 1.14 0.95
- 11. Interpreting Chi-Square Determine the Degree of Freedom and Level of Significance of the test Locate the critical value using chi square table.
- 12. Interpreting Chi-Square To determine the degree of freedom: df = (r 1)(c - 1) Where: r = no. of rows ; c = no. of columns df = (2 - 1)(2 - 1) df = 1 Level of significance is at 0.05
- 14. Interpreting Chi-Square Critical Value = 3.841 4.102 > 3.841 Reject 0
- 15. Interpreting Chi-Square We compare the value of our test statistic (4.102) to the Chi-square value. Since 4.102 > 3.841, we reject the idea that sex and pet preferences are independent.