EHLE Perception Analysis
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This study analyzed differences in reported health behaviors between northern and southern European countries using data from questionnaires completed by 1,200 people across four countries. Health behaviors like physical activity, smoking, nutrition, and alcohol consumption were compared between the Netherlands, France, Italy, and Spain after adjusting for potential confounding factors like age, sex, education, and living situation. The results showed Italy and France reported less physical activity than Spain and the Netherlands. France had lower smoking rates than the other countries. Spain ate more fruit and the Netherlands more bread and dairy, while France ate fewer vegetables. Spain and the Netherlands tended to drink more beer, while Italy and France preferred wine. However, no clear northern vs southern patterns emerged across behaviors after adjusting for
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EHLE Perception Analysis
- 1. Dr. Laura MC Welschen Preliminary results perception analysis Prof. dr. Giel Nijpels, Prof. dr. Henriette van der Horst
- 2. The idea 4 x 300 questionnaires many data worthwile to write a paper for a scientific journal Research question: What are the differences in reported health behaviour between the northern and southern European countries?
- 3. Background: literature Example: type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) Prevalence of T2DM differs between European countries Cause: no impact of age and BMI But what is the cause? Differences in genetic disposition? Differences in lifestyle? EHLE data Other examples with a variance in prevalence: cancer, cardiovascular disease etc.
- 4. Differences in physical activity Italy Spain France The Netherlands
- 5. Differences in diet Italy Spain France The Netherlands
- 6. Methods Study population: 4 x 300 people Dependent variable = health behaviour: smoking, physical activity, nutrition, alcohol consumption. Independent variable = degree of latitude: gives the location of a place on earth north or south of the equator
- 7. Degrees of latitude Netherlands = 52.31属 France = 50.64属 Italy = 45.41 属 Spain = 38.36 属
- 8. Methods Multivariate regression analysis: assess differences in reported health behaviour between the northern and southern European countries. behaviour: focus on lifestyle: physical activity, smoking, nutrition, alcohol data adjustment for age, sex, level of education, living situation (alone or together)
- 9. Characteristics Netherlands France Italy Spain Age (years) 63.2 76.1 70.0 66.6 Sex (% men) 52.2 28.5 42.5 37.7 Living situation (% alone) 16.2 63.5 22.6 26.0 Level of educa-tion (%) Primary 22.6 54.8 31.7 15.5 Secondary 44.9 36.6 32.8 37.7 University 24.7 4.5 10.3 43.1 Other 7.8 4.1 25.2 3.7
- 10. Differences in physical activity (1)
- 11. Differences in physical activity (2) Spain = reference category (most southern country) Odds ratio: chance of performing more than 3 days of physical activity * Significant different (p < 0.05) NL France Italy Spain Model 1: crude 0.83 0.53 * 0.24 * 1.0 Model 2: Age, sex 0.84 0.49 * 0.22 * 1.0 Model 3: Level of education 0.81 0.50 * 0.23 * 1.0 Model 4: Living alone/together 0.83 0.54 * 0.24 * 1.0
- 12. Differences in smoking behaviour (1)
- 13. Differences in smoking behaviour (2) Spain = reference category (most southern country) Odds Ratio: chance of smoking * Significant different (p < 0.05) NL France Italy Spain Model 1: crude 0.94 0.36 * 1.27 1.0 Model 2: Age, sex 0.74 0.57 1.35 1.0 Model 3: Level of education 0.98 0.48 * 1.52 1.0 Model 4: Living alone/together 0.93 0.32 * 1.31 1.0
- 14. Differences in nutrition (1)
- 15. Differences in nutrition (2)
- 16. Differences in alcohol consumption (1) Spain = reference category (most southern country) Category never = reference category Odds Ratio: chance of drinking alcohol Significant different (p<0.05), even after data adjustment
- 17. Differences in alcohol consumption (2) Significant different (p<0.05), even after data adjustment Spain = reference category Category never = reference category
- 18. Summary Physical activity : Italy and France perform less physical activity Smoking : France has less smokers Nutrition : Spain eats more fruit France eats less vegetables The Netherlands eats more bread Spain and the Netherlands use more dairy products Spain prefers fish above meat Alcohol: Spain and the Netherlands are beer drinkers Italy and France are wine drinkers
- 19. Conclusion There are differences between the countries However, no northern southern effect - Effects have been adjusted for confounding (age, sex. Level of education, living situation) but these variables did not influence the results Attention to selection bias: people that were recruited to fill in questionnaires
- 20. Further possible analyses * Assessment of differences between the northern and southern countries in : Medication Emotional health Memory status * Other research questions: - Is health behaviour associated with general health and emotional health?
- 21. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION [email_address] EMGO+ Institute, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands