The document defines and provides examples of referring expressions. Referring expressions are used in utterances to refer to something or someone that is already understood by the speaker. Referring expressions can be indefinite noun phrases using articles or demonstratives, or definite noun phrases using proper names, pronouns, or longer descriptions. The same expression can be either a referring expression or not, depending on the context. An equative sentence asserts the identity of the referents of two referring expressions by stating that they refer to the same thing.
Deixis refers to linguistic elements whose meaning depends on context. There are several types of deixis:
1. Person deixis refers to pronouns like I, you, he/she that indicate speaker and addressee.
2. Place deixis uses words like here and there to indicate locations relative to the speaker.
3. Time deixis references moments like now and then in relation to utterance time.
4. Discourse deixis refers back to parts of the ongoing conversation using words like before, after.
5. Social deixis encodes social relationships through honorifics and polite forms. Deictic elements are crucial for communication as their meaning relies on shared context
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This document presents a group project discussing five semantic relations: homonymy, polysemy, synonymy, meronymy, and metonymy. The group provides definitions and examples for each relation. Homonymy refers to words with the same spelling but different meanings. Polysemy is when a word has multiple distinct meanings. Synonymy involves words with similar or identical meanings. Meronymy describes a part-whole relationship between words. Metonymy is when one word is substituted for another closely associated word.
The document discusses discourse analysis and how language users interpret meaning beyond just recognizing grammatical structures. It examines how coherence and cohesion allow readers to understand fragmented or ungrammatical texts by filling in gaps. Conversational interactions are analyzed in terms of turn-taking, completion points, and the cooperative principle of relevance, brevity, and honesty. Discourse analysis investigates how language is used in context.
The document discusses semantics and syntax in linguistics. It defines thematic roles like agent, theme, goal, and location that describe the semantic relations between verbs and nouns in sentences. Examples are given of how the boy is the agent in "the boy found a red brick" and the brick is the theme. It also discusses how semantics and syntax interact based on rules like the theta-criterion. Exceptions to rules are covered like anomalies, metaphors, and idioms which break semantic rules but are still used in language.