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§£ 1901-1903 §Ô§Ô. §¿. §£§Ú§Ý§î§ã§à§ß §Ú §£. §³§Ö§ä§ä§à§ß §Ó §³§º§¡ §Ú §´.
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§Ô§Ö§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ú.
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§Ü§ß§Ú§Ô§Ñ§ç §â§Ñ§Ù§ß§í§ç §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§â§à§Ó §Ó 70-§ç §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ§ç XIX §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ, §Ú
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§Ý§ð§Õ§ñ§Þ.
§£ 1916 §Ô. §£.§²§à§Ò§Ö§â§ä§ã§à§ß (§£§Ö§Ý§Ú§Ü§à§Ò§â§Ú§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ),
§è§Ú§ä§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú, §à§Ò§ß§Ñ§â§å§Ø§Ú§Ý §å §ß§Ñ§ã§Ö§Ü§à§Þ§í§ç
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§ß§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Û §Ö§Ô§à §Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§Þ. §¡§ß§Ñ§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§ß§í§Ö
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§â§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §Ú §Þ§Ý§Ö§Ü§à§á§Ú§ä§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§ç. §±§â§Ú §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ö
§Ô§Ö§ß§Ö§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ü§Ñ§â§ä §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ §Õ§â§à§Ù§à§æ§Ú§Ý§í §¬.
§¢§â§Ú§Õ§Ø§Ö§ã§à§Þ §Ó 1917-23 §Ô§Ô. §Ò§í§Ý§Ú §à§Ò§ß§Ñ§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§í §Õ§â§å§Ô§Ú§Ö
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1926 §Ô. §¡.§³§ä§Ö§â§ä§Ö§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§à§Þ (§³§º§¡) ¡ª§Ú§ß§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§Ú
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§Ü§Ý§Ö§ä§à§Ü §Ü§å§Ü§å§â§å§Ù§í (§ã§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§ñ§ð§ë§Ú§ç §è§Ö§Ý§à§ã§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§î
§ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ) §á§â§à§Ó§Ö§Ý§Ñ §Ó 1929 §¢. §®§Ñ§Ü-§¬§Ý§Ú§ß§ä§à§Ü.
§³ 1930-§ç §Ô§Ô. §ä§à§ä§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §á§â§Ö§á§Ñ§â§Ñ§ä§í §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ
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§ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§ß§í§ç §á§Ö§â§Ö§ã§ä§â§à§Ö§Ü §å §â§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §Ú
§Ø§Ú§Ó§à§ä§ß§í§ç.
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§£ 1935 §¬. §¢§â§Ú§Õ§Ø§Ö§ã §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§Ý
§á§Ö§â§Ó§å§ð §è§Ú§ä§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§å§ð §Ü§Ñ§â§ä§å
§á§à§Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ
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§ß§å§Þ§Ö§â§Ñ§è§Ú§ð §Ó§ã§Ö§ç §ç§â§à§Þ§à§Þ§Ö§â
(§Õ§Ú§ã§Ü§à§Ó).
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70-§ç §Ô§à§Õ§à§Ó XX §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ,
§ã§ß§Ñ§Ò§Õ§Ú§Ý§à §è§Ú§ä§à§Ô§Ö§ß§Ö§ä§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §Þ§à§ë§ß§Ö§Û§ê§Ú§Þ
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§Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ú§ß§Õ§Ú§Ó§Ú§Õ§å§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ §Ó
§è§Ö§Ý§à§Þ, §ä§Ñ§Ü §Ú §Ú§ç §é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö§Û, §à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Ô§é§Ú§Ó §ä§Ö§Þ
§ã§Ñ§Þ§í§Þ §á§â§à§è§Ö§Õ§å§â§å §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ §Ô§Ö§ß§à§Þ§Ñ.
Homo sapiens
G-§à§Ü§â§Ñ§ã§Ü§Ñ R-§à§Ü§â§Ñ§ã§Ü§Ñ
§£ 1970-§ç §Ô§Ô. §Ó §á§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§Ü§å
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§²§¯§¬-§¥§¯§¬ §Ú §¥§¯§¬-§¥§¯§¬
?§Ô§Ú§Ò§â§Ú§Õ§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú? in situ.
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§±§â§Ö§Ù§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ: §·§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§ß§í§Ö §á§Ö§â§Ö§ã§ä§â§à§Û§Ü§Ú §Ú §Ú§ç §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö.
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§·§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§ß§í§Ö §á§Ö§â§Ö§ã§ä§â§à§Û§Ü§Ú
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§ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ §Ó §á§â§à§è§Ö§ã§ã§Ö §Ü§Ý§Ö§ä§à§é§ß§à§Ô§à §Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ. §°§ß§Ú
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§Ú§Ý§Ú §á§â§Ú§Ó§à§Õ§ñ§ë§Ú§Ö §Ü §Ó§à§Ù§ß§Ú§Ü§ß§à§Ó§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §ß§à§Ó§í§ç §Ô§â§å§á§á
§ã§è§Ö§á§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ .
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§Þ§Ö§Ø§ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§ß§í§Ö §Ú §Ú§Ù§à§ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§ß§í§Ö §Ñ§Ò§Ö§â§â§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú.
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§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ñ§ç §à§Õ§ß§à§Û §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§í. §¬ §ß§Ú§Þ §à§ä§ß§à§ã§ñ§ä§ã§ñ
§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§è§Ú§Ú, §Ú§ß§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§Ú §Ú §Õ§å§á§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú.
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§ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§Ñ§Þ§Ú.
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§â§Ñ§Ù§ß§í§ç §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ, §ã§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ë§Ú§ç §à§Õ§ß§Ú §Ú §ä§Ö §Ø§Ö §ß§Ñ§Ò§à§â§í
§Ô§Ö§ß§à§Ó.
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§å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ü§à§Ó §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§í;
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§Ö§Ö §é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú;
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§ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§í;
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§à§Ò§í§é§ß§à§Û;
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§Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§Ó§à§Ô§à §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ü§Ñ §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§í) §Ú §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§Ü§Ñ§Ý§ñ§â§ß§í§Ö
(§å§ä§â§Ñ§ä§Ñ §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ü§Ñ §ß§Ñ §Ó§ß§å§ä§â§Ö§ß§ß§Ö§Þ §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ü§Ö §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§í) .
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§Ü§Ý§Ö§ä§Ü§Ñ§ç §á§â§Ú §Þ§Ö§Û§à§Ù§Ö §Ó §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö §ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ó§ß§à§Ô§à
§Ü§â§à§ã§ã§Ú§ß§Ô§à§Ó§Ö§â§Ñ .
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(§Ú§ß§Ó§Ö§â§ä§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Û §æ§â§Ñ§Ô§Þ§Ö§ß§ä §Ý§Ö§Ø§Ú§ä §á§à §â§Ñ§Ù§ß§í§Ö
§ã§ä§à§â§à§ß§í §à§ä §è§Ö§ß§ä§â§à§Þ§Ö§â§í) §Ú §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§è§Ö§ß§ä§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö
(§Ú§ß§Ó§Ö§â§ä§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Û §æ§â§Ñ§Ô§Þ§Ö§ß§ä §Ý§Ö§Ø§Ú§ä §á§à §à§Õ§ß§å §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß§å §à§ä
§è§Ö§ß§ä§â§à§Þ§Ö§â§í).
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§Ý§Ú§Ò§à §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ü§Ñ §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§í §Ó §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§ß§à§Þ §ß§Ñ§Ò§à§â§Ö.
§Õ§Ú§è§Ö§ß§ä§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ú §Ü§à§Ý§î§è§Ö§Ó§í§Ö §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§í.
§Ú§Ù§à§ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§í, §ß§Ö§ã§å§ë§Ú§Ö §Õ§Ó§Ñ §à§Õ§Ú§ß§Ñ§Ü§à§Ó§í§ç §á§Ý§Ö§é§Ñ.
§´§â§Ñ§ß§ã§Ý§à§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú: §â§Ö§è§Ú§á§â§à§Ü§ß§í§Ö §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§Ý§à§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú (§Ü§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ §Õ§Ó§Ö
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§å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ü§Ñ§Þ§Ú)
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§ã§Ý§Ú§ñ§ß§Ú§ñ (§á§â§Ú §ï§ä§à§Þ §Õ§Ó§Ö §ß§Ö§Ô§à§Þ§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§ß§í§Ö
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§å§ä§â§Ñ§ä§à§Û §Þ§Ñ§ä§Ö§â§Ú§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §Ü§à§â§à§ä§Ü§Ú§ç §á§Ý§Ö§é).
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§¬§à§Ý§î§è§Ö§Ó§í§Ö §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§í. §¿§ä§à§ä §ä§Ú§á §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§ß§à§Û
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§¡§è§Ö§ß§ä§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §æ§â§Ñ§Ô§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§í §á§â§Ú §ï§ä§à§Þ §ä§Ö§â§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ, §Ñ
§è§Ö§ß§ä§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ñ§ñ §é§Ñ§ã§ä§î §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§í §Ù§Ñ§Þ§í§Ü§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §Ü§à§Ý§î§è§à.
§·§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§ß§í§Ö §á§Ö§â§Ö§ã§ä§â§à§Û§Ü§Ú §Ú
§Ü§Ñ§â§ä§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ô§Ö§ß§à§Ó
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§â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§ñ.
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§ã§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ý§Ñ §è§Ö§ß§ä§â§à§Þ§Ö§â§å, §à§ß§Ñ §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§ß§à §Õ§â§å§Ô§Ú§Þ §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§Ñ§Þ
§á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §á§â§Ú §Þ§Ú§ä§à§Ù§Ö, §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ü§Ú §Ø§Ö §Ò§Ö§Ù §è§Ö§ß§ä§â§à§Þ§Ö§â§í
§ï§Ý§Ö§Þ§Ú§ß§Ú§â§å§ð§ä§ã§ñ. §£§â§à§Ø§Õ§×§ß§ß§í§Ö §Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§è§Ú§Ú §å §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ §â§Ö§Õ§Ü§à
§Ù§Ñ§ç§Ó§Ñ§ä§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä §á§â§à§ä§ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ü§Ú §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ, §à§Ò§í§é§ß§à §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Ö
§Ñ§Ò§Ö§â§â§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §á§â§Ú§Ó§à§Õ§ñ§ä §Ü §Ô§Ú§Ò§Ö§Ý§Ú §ï§Þ§Ò§â§Ú§à§ß§Ñ §ß§Ñ §â§Ñ§ß§ß§Ú§ç §ï§ä§Ñ§á§Ñ§ç
§â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§ñ. §³§Ñ§Þ§í§Þ §ç§à§â§à§ê§à §Ú§Ù§å§é§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ §Ù§Ñ§Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ,
§à§Ò§å§ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ §Õ§à§ã§ä§Ñ§ä§à§é§ß§à §Ü§â§å§á§ß§à§Û §Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§è§Ú§Ö§Û,
§ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ã§Ú§ß§Õ§â§à§Þ §Ü§à§ê§Ñ§é§î§Ö§Ô§à §Ü§â§Ú§Ü§Ñ, §à§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Û §Ó 1963
§Ô§à§Õ§å §¨§Ö§â§à§Þ§à§Þ §­§Ö§Ø§Ö§ß§à§Þ. §£ §Ö§Ô§à §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ö §Ý§Ö§Ø§Ú§ä §Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§è§Ú§ñ §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ü§Ñ
§Ü§à§â§à§ä§Ü§à§Ô§à §á§Ý§Ö§é§Ñ 5 §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§í. §¥§Ý§ñ §Ò§à§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§Ö§ß §â§ñ§Õ
§à§ä§Ü§Ý§à§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §à§ä §ß§à§â§Þ§í: §ß§Ñ§â§å§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §æ§å§ß§Ü§è§Ú§Û §ã§Ö§â§Õ§Ö§é§ß§à-
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§ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§ß§í§Þ §Ü§â§Ú§Ü§à§Þ, §ß§Ñ§á§à§Þ§Ú§ß§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Þ §Ü§à§ê§Ñ§é§î§Ö §Þ§ñ§å§Ü§Ñ§ß§î§Ö),
§à§Ò§ë§Ö§Ö §à§ä§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§ñ, §å§Þ§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §à§ä§ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§à§ã§ä§î,
§Ý§å§ß§à§à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§ß§à§Ö §Ý§Ú§è§à §ã §ê§Ú§â§à§Ü§à §â§Ñ§ã§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Ô§Ý§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ú.
§³§Ú§ß§Õ§â§à§Þ §Ó§ã§ä§â§Ö§é§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §å 1 §ß§à§Ó§à§â§à§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §Ú§Ù 50000.
§³§à§Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §Þ§Ö§ä§à§Õ§í §Ó§í§ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§ß§í§ç §ß§Ñ§â§å§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Û,
§á§â§Ö§Ø§Õ§Ö §Ó§ã§Ö§Ô§à §æ§Ý§å§à§â§Ö§ã§è§Ö§ß§ä§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ô§Ú§Ò§â§Ú§Õ§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ in situ §á§à§Ù§Ó§à§Ý§Ú§Ý§Ú
§å§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ú§ä§î §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§î §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §Þ§Ú§Ü§â§à§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§è§Ú§ñ§Þ§Ú §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ §Ú §â§ñ§Õ§à§Þ
§Ó§â§à§Ø§Õ§×§ß§ß§í§ç §ã§Ú§ß§Õ§â§à§Þ§à§Ó. §®§Ú§Ü§â§à§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§è§Ú§ñ§Þ§Ú, §Ó §é§Ñ§ã§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú,
§à§Ò§å§ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§í §Õ§Ñ§Ó§ß§à §à§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö §ã§Ú§ß§Õ§â§à§Þ §±§â§Ñ§Õ§Ö§â§Ñ-
§£§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ú §Ú §ã§Ú§ß§Õ§â§à§Þ §¡§ß§Ô§Ö§Ý§î§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ñ.
§¢§à§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §ã §ã§Ú§ß§Õ§â§à§Þ§Ñ§Þ§Ú: Angelman (§¡-§ã§Ý§Ö§Ó§Ñ )
§Ú Prader-Willi (P-W - §ã§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ñ). A- §ã§Ö§â§î§×§Ù§ß§Ñ§ñ
§å§Þ§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §à§ä§ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§à§ã§ä§î, §á§â§Ú§á§Ñ§Õ§Ü§Ú,
§ß§Ñ§â§å§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §â§Ö§é§Ú, §ß§Ö§å§Þ§Ö§ã§ä§ß§í§Û §ã§Þ§Ö§ç. P-W-
§å§Þ§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §à§ä§ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§à§ã§ä§î, §à§Ø§Ú§â§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö,
§ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§í§Ö §á§à§Ý§à§Ó§í§Ö §Ø§Ö§Ý§Ö§Ù§í, §ß§Ú§Ù§Ü§Ú§Û §â§à§ã§ä
§±§â§Ö§Ù§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ: §·§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§ß§í§Ö §á§Ö§â§Ö§ã§ä§â§à§Û§Ü§Ú §Ú §Ú§ç §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö.
§¥§å§á§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ
§±§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â §Õ§å§á§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú ¡ª §Þ§å§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ Bar §å Drosophila §à§Ò§ß§Ñ§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ó 20-§ç §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ§ç
XX §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ §´. §®§à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§à§Þ §Ú §¡. §³§ä§×§â§ä§Ö§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§à§Þ. §®§å§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §à§Ò§å§ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ñ §Õ§å§á§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ö§Û
§Ý§à§Ü§å§ã§Ñ 57.0 X-§ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§í. §µ §ß§à§â§Þ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §ã§Ñ§Þ§à§Ü (B+/B+) §Ô§Ý§Ñ§Ù §Ú§Þ§Ö§Ö§ä 800
§æ§Ñ§ã§Ö§ä§à§Ü, §å §Ô§Ö§ä§Ö§â§à§Ù§Ú§Ô§à§ä§ß§í§ç §ã§Ñ§Þ§à§Ü (B+/B) §Ô§Ý§Ñ§Ù §Ú§Þ§Ö§Ö§ä 350 §æ§Ñ§ã§Ö§ä§à§Ü,
§å §Ô§à§Þ§à§Ù§Ú§Ô§à§ä §á§à §Þ§å§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú (B/B) ¡ª §Ó§ã§Ö§Ô§à 70 §æ§Ñ§ã§Ö§ä§à§Ü. §°§Ò§ß§Ñ§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§í §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §ã§Ñ§Þ§Ü§Ú
§ã §ä§â§Ú§Ø§Õ§í §á§à§Ó§ä§à§â§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ §Ô§Ö§ß§à§Þ ¡ª double Bar (BD/B+).
§±§â§Ö§Ù§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ: §·§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§ß§í§Ö §á§Ö§â§Ö§ã§ä§â§à§Û§Ü§Ú §Ú §Ú§ç §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö.
§£ 1970 §Ô§à§Õ§å §³§å§ã§å§Þ§à §°§ß§à §Ó §Þ§à§ß§à§Ô§â§Ñ§æ§Ú§Ú ?§¿§Ó§à§Ý§ð§è§Ú§ñ §á§å§ä§Ö§Þ
§Õ§å§á§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Ô§Ö§ß§à§Ó? §â§Ñ§Ù§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ§Ý §Ô§Ú§á§à§ä§Ö§Ù§å §à§Ò §ï§Ó§à§Ý§ð§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§à§Û
§â§à§Ý§Ú §Õ§å§á§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Û, §á§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ë§Ú§ç §ß§à§Ó§í§Ö §Ô§Ö§ß§í, §ß§Ö §Ù§Ñ§ä§â§Ñ§Ô§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ñ
§á§â§Ú §ï§ä§à§Þ §æ§å§ß§Ü§è§Ú§Û §Ú§ã§ç§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §Ô§Ö§ß§à§Ó. §£ §á§à§Ý§î§Ù§å §ï§ä§à§Û §Ú§Õ§Ö§Ú
§Ô§à§Ó§à§â§Ú§ä §Ò§Ý§Ú§Ù§à§ã§ä§î §â§ñ§Õ§Ñ §Ô§Ö§ß§à§Ó §á§à §ß§å§Ü§Ý§Ö§à§ä§Ú§Õ§ß§à§Þ§å §ã§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§å,
§Ü§à§Õ§Ú§â§å§ð§ë§Ú§ç §â§Ñ§Ù§ß§í§Ö §á§â§à§Õ§å§Ü§ä§í.
§¿§ä§à §ä§â§Ú§á§ã§Ú§ß §Ú §ç§Ú§Þ§à§ä§â§Ú§á§ã§Ú§ß, §Ô§Ö§Þ§à§Ô§Ý§à§Ò§Ú§ß §Ú §Þ§Ú§à§Ô§Ý§à§Ò§Ú§ß §Ú §â§ñ§Õ
§Õ§â§å§Ô§Ú§ç §Ò§Ö§Ý§Ü§à§Ó.
§³§â§Ö§Õ§Ú §Ô§à§Þ§Ö§à§Ò§à§Ü§ã-§ã§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ë§Ú§ç §Ô§Ö§ß§à§Ó §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Õ§Ó§Ñ §ä§Ú§á§Ñ:
§à§Õ§Ú§ß §ä§Ú§á §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß §Õ§Ú§ã§á§Ö§â§ã§ß§í§Þ§Ú, §Ú§Ý§Ú §à§Õ§Ú§ß§à§é§ß§í§Þ§Ú
§Ô§Ö§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ú, §ä§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Õ§â§å§Ô§à§Û ¨C§Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö§â§ß§í§Þ§Ú §æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§Þ§Ú. §£
§á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§ß§Ö§Þ §ã§Ý§å§é§Ñ§Ö §Ú§Þ§Ö§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §â§ñ§Õ §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à
§â§Ñ§ã§á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç Hox-§Ô§Ö§ß§à§Ó, §Ó§à§Ù§ß§Ú§Ü§ê§Ú§ç §Ó §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö
§Õ§å§á§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Ú§ã§ç§à§Õ§ß§à§Ô§à §Ñ§ß§è§Ö§ã§ä§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §Ô§Ö§ß§Ñ.
§±§â§Ö§Ù§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ: §·§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§ß§í§Ö §á§Ö§â§Ö§ã§ä§â§à§Û§Ü§Ú §Ú §Ú§ç §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö.
§ª§ß§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§Ú
§µ §Ô§Ö§ä§Ö§â§à§Ù§Ú§Ô§à§ä §á§à §Ú§ß§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§ñ§Þ §ß§Ö §á§â§à§Ú§ã§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §á§à§ä§Ö§â§Ú
§Ô§Ö§ß§Ö§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Þ§Ñ§ä§Ö§â§Ú§Ñ§Ý§Ñ, §á§à§ï§ä§à§Þ§å §Ú§ß§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§Ú, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§à, §ß§Ö
§Ó§Ý§Ú§ñ§ð§ä §ß§Ñ §æ§Ö§ß§à§ä§Ú§á §ß§à§ã§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§ñ. §°§Õ§ß§Ñ§Ü§à, §Ö§ã§Ý§Ú §å §Ô§Ö§ä§Ö§â§à§Ù§Ú§Ô§à§ä §á§à
§Ú§ß§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§ñ§Þ (§å §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Þ§Ñ, §ß§Ö§ã§å§ë§Ö§Ô§à §Ü§Ñ§Ü §ß§à§â§Þ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§å§ð
§ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§å, §ä§Ñ§Ü §Ú §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§å §ã §Ú§ß§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§Ö§Û) §Ó
§á§â§à§è§Ö§ã§ã§Ö §Ô§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ä§à§Ô§Ö§ß§Ö§Ù§Ñ §á§â§Ú §Þ§Ö§Û§à§Ù§Ö §á§â§à§Ú§ã§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Ü§â§à§ã§ã§Ú§ß§Ô§à§Ó§Ö§â §Ó
§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ñ§ç §Ú§ß§Ó§Ö§â§ä§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ü§Ñ, §ä§à §ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§å§Ö§ä
§Ó§Ö§â§à§ñ§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§î §æ§à§â§Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ñ§ß§à§Þ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ, §é§ä§à §Ó
§ã§Ó§à§ð §à§é§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§î §Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ä §á§â§Ú§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§Ú §Ü §é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§é§ß§à§Û §ï§Ý§Ú§Þ§Ú§ß§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú
§á§à§Ý§à§Ó§í§ç §Ü§Ý§Ö§ä§à§Ü, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §æ§à§â§Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú §Ô§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ä §ã
§ß§Ö§ã§Ò§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ß§ã§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Þ §Ô§Ö§ß§Ö§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ §Þ§Ñ§ä§Ö§â§Ú§Ñ§Ý§à§Þ.
§±§â§Ö§Ù§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ: §·§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§ß§í§Ö §á§Ö§â§Ö§ã§ä§â§à§Û§Ü§Ú §Ú §Ú§ç §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö.
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§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ö§â§Ú§Ñ§Ý§Ñ, §Ú§ç §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §ß§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä §ã§Ò§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ß§ã§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Þ§Ú §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§Ý§à§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ§Þ§Ú, §à§ß§Ú,
§Ü§Ñ§Ü §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§à, §ß§Ö §á§â§à§ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §æ§Ö§ß§à§ä§Ú§á§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú. §°§Õ§ß§Ñ§Ü§à, §å §ß§à§ã§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û
§â§Ö§è§Ú§á§â§à§Ü§ß§í§ç §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§Ý§à§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Û §á§à§Ý§à§Ó§Ú§ß§Ñ §Ô§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ä §ß§Ö§ã§×§ä §ß§Ö§ã§Ò§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ß§ã§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Û
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§±§â§Ö§Ù§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ: §·§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§ß§í§Ö §á§Ö§â§Ö§ã§ä§â§à§Û§Ü§Ú §Ú §Ú§ç §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö.

  • 3. §£ 1901-1903 §Ô§Ô. §¿. §£§Ú§Ý§î§ã§à§ß §Ú §£. §³§Ö§ä§ä§à§ß §Ó §³§º§¡ §Ú §´. §¢§à§Ó§Ö§â§Ú §Ó §¤§Ö§â§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú §á§â§Ú§ê§Ý§Ú §Ü §Ù§Ñ§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ð, §é§ä§à §Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§à §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§í §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Þ§Ñ§ä§Ö§â§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ§Ú §ß§à§ã§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§ñ§Þ§Ú §æ§Ñ§Ü§ä§à§â§à§Ó §ß§Ñ§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú, §à§ä§Ü§â§í§ä§í§ç §®§Ö§ß§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§Þ §Ú §á§à§Ù§Õ§ß§Ö§Ö §ß§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §Ô§Ö§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ú. §±§Ö§â§Ó§í§Ö §à§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ §á§à§ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§Ú§ã§î §Ó §ã§ä§Ñ§ä§î§ñ§ç §Ú §Ü§ß§Ú§Ô§Ñ§ç §â§Ñ§Ù§ß§í§ç §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§â§à§Ó §Ó 70-§ç §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ§ç XIX §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ, §Ú §á§â§Ú§à§â§Ú§ä§Ö§ä §à§ä§Ü§â§í§ä§Ú§ñ §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ §à§ä§Õ§Ñ§ð§ä §â§Ñ§Ù§ß§í§Þ §Ý§ð§Õ§ñ§Þ.
  • 4. §£ 1916 §Ô. §£.§²§à§Ò§Ö§â§ä§ã§à§ß (§£§Ö§Ý§Ú§Ü§à§Ò§â§Ú§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ), §è§Ú§ä§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú, §à§Ò§ß§Ñ§â§å§Ø§Ú§Ý §å §ß§Ñ§ã§Ö§Ü§à§Þ§í§ç §é§Ñ§ã§ä§ß§í§Û §ä§Ú§á §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§Ý§à§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Û §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ, §ß§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Û §Ö§Ô§à §Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§Þ. §¡§ß§Ñ§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§ß§í§Ö §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§Ý§à§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Ò§í§Ý§Ú §Ó§í§ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§í §á§à§Ù§Õ§ß§Ö§Ö §å §â§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §Ú §Þ§Ý§Ö§Ü§à§á§Ú§ä§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§ç. §±§â§Ú §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ö §Ô§Ö§ß§Ö§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ü§Ñ§â§ä §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ §Õ§â§à§Ù§à§æ§Ú§Ý§í §¬. §¢§â§Ú§Õ§Ø§Ö§ã§à§Þ §Ó 1917-23 §Ô§Ô. §Ò§í§Ý§Ú §à§Ò§ß§Ñ§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§í §Õ§â§å§Ô§Ú§Ö §ä§Ú§á§í §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§Ý§à§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Û §Ú §Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§è§Ú§Ú §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ, §Ñ §Ó 1926 §Ô. §¡.§³§ä§Ö§â§ä§Ö§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§à§Þ (§³§º§¡) ¡ª§Ú§ß§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§Ú
  • 5. §ª§Õ§Ö§ß§ä§Ú§æ§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §Ú §Ü§Ñ§â§ä§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ §£§á§Ö§â§Ó§í§Ö §Ú§Õ§Ö§ß§ä§Ú§æ§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§ð §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ §â§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §ß§Ñ §ä§à§ä§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §è§Ú§ä§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §á§â§Ö§á§Ñ§â§Ñ§ä§Ñ§ç §Ü§Ý§Ö§ä§à§Ü §Ü§å§Ü§å§â§å§Ù§í (§ã§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§ñ§ð§ë§Ú§ç §è§Ö§Ý§à§ã§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§î §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ) §á§â§à§Ó§Ö§Ý§Ñ §Ó 1929 §¢. §®§Ñ§Ü-§¬§Ý§Ú§ß§ä§à§Ü. §³ 1930-§ç §Ô§Ô. §ä§à§ä§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §á§â§Ö§á§Ñ§â§Ñ§ä§í §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú §ê§Ú§â§à§Ü§à §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î§ã§ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ú§ã§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ü§Ñ§â§Ú§à§ä§Ú§á§à§Ó §Ú, §à§ã§à§Ò§Ö§ß§ß§à, §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§ß§í§ç §á§Ö§â§Ö§ã§ä§â§à§Ö§Ü §å §â§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §Ú §Ø§Ú§Ó§à§ä§ß§í§ç.
  • 7. §£ 1935 §¬. §¢§â§Ú§Õ§Ø§Ö§ã §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§Ý §á§Ö§â§Ó§å§ð §è§Ú§ä§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§å§ð §Ü§Ñ§â§ä§å §á§à§Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ §Õ§â§à§Ù§à§æ§Ú§Ý§í, §ã§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ë§å§ð §ß§å§Þ§Ö§â§Ñ§è§Ú§ð §Ó§ã§Ö§ç §ç§â§à§Þ§à§Þ§Ö§â (§Õ§Ú§ã§Ü§à§Ó).
  • 9. §ª§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §á§à§Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ §Ó §Ô§Ö§ß§Ö§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Þ §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ö §¤§Ö§ä§Ö§â§à§Ù§Ú§Ô§à§ä§ß§í§Ö §Ú§ß§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§Ú §à§é§Ö§ß§î §ç§à§â§à§ê§à §Ó§Ú§Õ§ß§í §Ó §á§à§Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§Ñ§ç
  • 10. §¥§Ú§æ§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ö §à§Ü§â§Ñ§ê§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ, §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§ß§í§Ö §Þ§Ö§ä§à§Õ§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Ô§à §Ò§í§Ý§Ú §â§Ñ§Ù§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ§ß§í §Ó §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§Ö 70-§ç §Ô§à§Õ§à§Ó XX §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ, §ã§ß§Ñ§Ò§Õ§Ú§Ý§à §è§Ú§ä§à§Ô§Ö§ß§Ö§ä§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §Þ§à§ë§ß§Ö§Û§ê§Ú§Þ §Ú§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§à§Þ §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ú§Õ§Ö§ß§ä§Ú§æ§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ú§ß§Õ§Ú§Ó§Ú§Õ§å§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ §Ó §è§Ö§Ý§à§Þ, §ä§Ñ§Ü §Ú §Ú§ç §é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö§Û, §à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Ô§é§Ú§Ó §ä§Ö§Þ §ã§Ñ§Þ§í§Þ §á§â§à§è§Ö§Õ§å§â§å §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ §Ô§Ö§ß§à§Þ§Ñ.
  • 12. §£ 1970-§ç §Ô§Ô. §Ó §á§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§Ü§å §è§Ú§ä§à§Ô§Ö§ß§Ö§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ó§à§ê§Ö§Ý §Þ§Ö§ä§à§Õ §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ý§à§Ü§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Ô§Ö§ß§à§Ó §Ó §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§Ñ§ç §ã §á§à§Þ§à§ë§î§ð §²§¯§¬-§¥§¯§¬ §Ú §¥§¯§¬-§¥§¯§¬ ?§Ô§Ú§Ò§â§Ú§Õ§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú? in situ.
  • 21. §·§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§ß§í§Ö §Þ§å§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú ¡ª §ï§ä§à §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó §ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â§Ö §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ §Ó §á§â§à§è§Ö§ã§ã§Ö §Ü§Ý§Ö§ä§à§é§ß§à§Ô§à §Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ. §°§ß§Ú §ß§Ñ§â§å§ê§Ñ§ð§ä §ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §Ô§â§å§á§á§í §ã§è§Ö§á§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ô§Ö§ß§à§Ó §Ú§Ý§Ú §á§â§Ú§Ó§à§Õ§ñ§ë§Ú§Ö §Ü §Ó§à§Ù§ß§Ú§Ü§ß§à§Ó§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §ß§à§Ó§í§ç §Ô§â§å§á§á §ã§è§Ö§á§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ .
  • 22. §²§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§Ñ§ð§ä §Ó§ß§å§ä§â§Ú§ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§ß§í§Ö, §Þ§Ö§Ø§ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§ß§í§Ö §Ú §Ú§Ù§à§ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§ß§í§Ö §Ñ§Ò§Ö§â§â§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú. §£§ß§å§ä§â§Ú§ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§ß§í§Ö §Ñ§Ò§Ö§â§â§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú ¡ª §Ñ§Ò§Ö§â§â§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Ó §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ñ§ç §à§Õ§ß§à§Û §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§í. §¬ §ß§Ú§Þ §à§ä§ß§à§ã§ñ§ä§ã§ñ §Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§è§Ú§Ú, §Ú§ß§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§Ú §Ú §Õ§å§á§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú. §®§Ö§Ø§ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§ß§í§Ö §Ñ§Ò§Ö§â§â§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú ¡ª §à§Ò§Þ§Ö§ß §æ§â§Ñ§Ô§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §ß§Ö§Ô§à§Þ§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§ß§í§Þ§Ú §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§Ñ§Þ§Ú. §ª§Ù§à§ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§ß§í§Ö §Ñ§Ò§Ö§â§â§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú ¡ª §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §à§Õ§Ú§ß§Ñ§Ü§à§Ó§í§ç, §ß§à §Ù§Ö§â§Ü§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §æ§â§Ñ§Ô§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§à§Ó §Õ§Ó§å§ç §â§Ñ§Ù§ß§í§ç §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ, §ã§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ë§Ú§ç §à§Õ§ß§Ú §Ú §ä§Ö §Ø§Ö §ß§Ñ§Ò§à§â§í §Ô§Ö§ß§à§Ó.
  • 23. §ß§Ö§ç§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ü§Ñ, §Ú§Ý§Ú §Õ§Ö§æ§Ú§ê§Ö§ß§ã§Ú, ¡ª §á§à§ä§Ö§â§ñ §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§Ó§í§ç §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ü§à§Ó §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§í; §Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§è§Ú§ñ ¡ª §Ó§í§á§Ñ§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ü§Ñ §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§í §Ó §ã§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ö§Û §Ö§Ö §é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú; §Õ§å§á§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ ¡ª §Õ§Ó§å§ç- §Ú§Ý§Ú §Þ§ß§à§Ô§à§Ü§â§Ñ§ä§ß§à§Ö §á§à§Ó§ä§à§â§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ô§Ö§ß§à§Ó, §Ý§à§Ü§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §Ó §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§à§Þ §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ü§Ö §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§í; §Ú§ß§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§ñ ¡ª §á§à§Ó§à§â§à§ä §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ü§Ñ §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§í §ß§Ñ 180¡ã, §Ó §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö §é§Ö§Ô§à §Ó §ï§ä§à§Þ §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ü§Ö §Ô§Ö§ß§í §â§Ñ§ã§á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§í §Ó §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú, §à§Ò§â§Ñ§ä§ß§à§Û §á§à §ã§â§Ñ§Ó§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §ã §à§Ò§í§é§ß§à§Û;
  • 25. §¥§Ö§Ý§Ö§è§Ú§Ú: §²§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§Ñ§ð§ä §ä§Ö§â§Þ§Ú§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö (§å§ä§â§Ñ§ä§Ñ §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§Ó§à§Ô§à §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ü§Ñ §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§í) §Ú §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§Ü§Ñ§Ý§ñ§â§ß§í§Ö (§å§ä§â§Ñ§ä§Ñ §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ü§Ñ §ß§Ñ §Ó§ß§å§ä§â§Ö§ß§ß§Ö§Þ §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ü§Ö §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§í) . §´§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ö§Þ§ß§í§Ö §Õ§å§á§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §á§à§ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §á§à§Ý§à§Ó§í§ç §Ü§Ý§Ö§ä§Ü§Ñ§ç §á§â§Ú §Þ§Ö§Û§à§Ù§Ö §Ó §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö §ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ó§ß§à§Ô§à §Ü§â§à§ã§ã§Ú§ß§Ô§à§Ó§Ö§â§Ñ .
  • 26. §ª§ß§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§Ú: §²§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§Ñ§ð§ä §á§Ö§â§Ú§è§Ö§ß§ä§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö (§Ú§ß§Ó§Ö§â§ä§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Û §æ§â§Ñ§Ô§Þ§Ö§ß§ä §Ý§Ö§Ø§Ú§ä §á§à §â§Ñ§Ù§ß§í§Ö §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß§í §à§ä §è§Ö§ß§ä§â§à§Þ§Ö§â§í) §Ú §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§è§Ö§ß§ä§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö (§Ú§ß§Ó§Ö§â§ä§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Û §æ§â§Ñ§Ô§Þ§Ö§ß§ä §Ý§Ö§Ø§Ú§ä §á§à §à§Õ§ß§å §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß§å §à§ä §è§Ö§ß§ä§â§à§Þ§Ö§â§í).
  • 28. §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§Ý§à§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ ¡ª §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ü§Ñ§Ü§à§Ô§à- §Ý§Ú§Ò§à §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ü§Ñ §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§í §Ó §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§ß§à§Þ §ß§Ñ§Ò§à§â§Ö. §Õ§Ú§è§Ö§ß§ä§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ú §Ü§à§Ý§î§è§Ö§Ó§í§Ö §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§í. §Ú§Ù§à§ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§í, §ß§Ö§ã§å§ë§Ú§Ö §Õ§Ó§Ñ §à§Õ§Ú§ß§Ñ§Ü§à§Ó§í§ç §á§Ý§Ö§é§Ñ.
  • 29. §´§â§Ñ§ß§ã§Ý§à§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú: §â§Ö§è§Ú§á§â§à§Ü§ß§í§Ö §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§Ý§à§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú (§Ü§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ §Õ§Ó§Ö §ß§Ö§Ô§à§Þ§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§ß§í§Ö §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§í §à§Ò§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ü§Ñ§Þ§Ú)
  • 30. §²§à§Ò§Ö§â§ä§ã§à§ß§à§Ó§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§Ý§à§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú, §Ú§Ý§Ú §è§Ö§ß§ä§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §ã§Ý§Ú§ñ§ß§Ú§ñ (§á§â§Ú §ï§ä§à§Þ §Õ§Ó§Ö §ß§Ö§Ô§à§Þ§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§ß§í§Ö §Ñ§Ü§â§à§è§Ö§ß§ä§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§í §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §à§Õ§ß§å §ã §å§ä§â§Ñ§ä§à§Û §Þ§Ñ§ä§Ö§â§Ú§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §Ü§à§â§à§ä§Ü§Ú§ç §á§Ý§Ö§é).
  • 33. §ª§Ù§à§ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§í §ã§à§ã§ä§à§ñ§ä §Ú§Ù §Õ§Ó§å§ç §Ü§à§á§Ú§Û §à§Õ§ß§à§Ô§à §á§Ý§Ö§é§Ñ §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§í, §ã§à§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §è§Ö§ß§ä§â§à§Þ§Ö§â§à§Û §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Þ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Þ, §é§ä§à §á§Ý§Ö§é§Ú §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§Ó§ê§Ö§Û§ã§ñ §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§í §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä §ã§à§Ò§à§Û §Ù§Ö§â§Ü§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö ?§à§ä§â§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ? §Õ§â§å§Ô §Õ§â§å§Ô§Ñ
  • 34. §¬§à§Ý§î§è§Ö§Ó§í§Ö §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§í. §¿§ä§à§ä §ä§Ú§á §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§ß§à§Û §Þ§å§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Ó§à§Ù§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ó §ä§à§Þ §ã§Ý§å§é§Ñ§Ö, §Ü§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ §â§Ñ§Ù§â§í§Ó§í §ß§Ñ§Ò§Ý§ð§Õ§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §à§Ò§à§Ú§ç §á§Ý§Ö§é§Ñ§ç §Ü§Ñ§Ü§à§Û-§ä§à §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§í. §¡§è§Ö§ß§ä§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §æ§â§Ñ§Ô§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§í §á§â§Ú §ï§ä§à§Þ §ä§Ö§â§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ, §Ñ §è§Ö§ß§ä§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ñ§ñ §é§Ñ§ã§ä§î §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§í §Ù§Ñ§Þ§í§Ü§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §Ü§à§Ý§î§è§à.
  • 37. §·§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§ß§í§Ö §á§Ö§â§Ö§ã§ä§â§à§Û§Ü§Ú §Ú §Ñ§ß§à§Þ§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ú §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§ñ.
  • 38. §¥§Ö§Ý§Ö§è§Ú§Ú §¦§ã§Ý§Ú §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§è§Ú§Ú §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§Ñ §ã§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ý§Ñ §è§Ö§ß§ä§â§à§Þ§Ö§â§å, §à§ß§Ñ §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§ß§à §Õ§â§å§Ô§Ú§Þ §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§Ñ§Þ §á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §á§â§Ú §Þ§Ú§ä§à§Ù§Ö, §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ü§Ú §Ø§Ö §Ò§Ö§Ù §è§Ö§ß§ä§â§à§Þ§Ö§â§í §ï§Ý§Ö§Þ§Ú§ß§Ú§â§å§ð§ä§ã§ñ. §£§â§à§Ø§Õ§×§ß§ß§í§Ö §Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§è§Ú§Ú §å §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ §â§Ö§Õ§Ü§à §Ù§Ñ§ç§Ó§Ñ§ä§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä §á§â§à§ä§ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ü§Ú §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ, §à§Ò§í§é§ß§à §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ñ§Ò§Ö§â§â§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §á§â§Ú§Ó§à§Õ§ñ§ä §Ü §Ô§Ú§Ò§Ö§Ý§Ú §ï§Þ§Ò§â§Ú§à§ß§Ñ §ß§Ñ §â§Ñ§ß§ß§Ú§ç §ï§ä§Ñ§á§Ñ§ç §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§ñ. §³§Ñ§Þ§í§Þ §ç§à§â§à§ê§à §Ú§Ù§å§é§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ §Ù§Ñ§Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ, §à§Ò§å§ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ §Õ§à§ã§ä§Ñ§ä§à§é§ß§à §Ü§â§å§á§ß§à§Û §Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§è§Ú§Ö§Û, §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ã§Ú§ß§Õ§â§à§Þ §Ü§à§ê§Ñ§é§î§Ö§Ô§à §Ü§â§Ú§Ü§Ñ, §à§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Û §Ó 1963 §Ô§à§Õ§å §¨§Ö§â§à§Þ§à§Þ §­§Ö§Ø§Ö§ß§à§Þ. §£ §Ö§Ô§à §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ö §Ý§Ö§Ø§Ú§ä §Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§è§Ú§ñ §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ü§Ñ §Ü§à§â§à§ä§Ü§à§Ô§à §á§Ý§Ö§é§Ñ 5 §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§í. §¥§Ý§ñ §Ò§à§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§Ö§ß §â§ñ§Õ §à§ä§Ü§Ý§à§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §à§ä §ß§à§â§Þ§í: §ß§Ñ§â§å§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §æ§å§ß§Ü§è§Ú§Û §ã§Ö§â§Õ§Ö§é§ß§à- §ã§à§ã§å§Õ§Ú§ã§ä§à§Û, §á§Ú§ë§Ö§Ó§Ñ§â§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ, §ß§Ö§Õ§à§â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§Ö §Ô§à§â§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú (§ã §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§ß§í§Þ §Ü§â§Ú§Ü§à§Þ, §ß§Ñ§á§à§Þ§Ú§ß§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Þ §Ü§à§ê§Ñ§é§î§Ö §Þ§ñ§å§Ü§Ñ§ß§î§Ö), §à§Ò§ë§Ö§Ö §à§ä§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§ñ, §å§Þ§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §à§ä§ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§à§ã§ä§î, §Ý§å§ß§à§à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§ß§à§Ö §Ý§Ú§è§à §ã §ê§Ú§â§à§Ü§à §â§Ñ§ã§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Ô§Ý§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ú. §³§Ú§ß§Õ§â§à§Þ §Ó§ã§ä§â§Ö§é§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §å 1 §ß§à§Ó§à§â§à§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §Ú§Ù 50000.
  • 39. §³§à§Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §Þ§Ö§ä§à§Õ§í §Ó§í§ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§ß§í§ç §ß§Ñ§â§å§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Û, §á§â§Ö§Ø§Õ§Ö §Ó§ã§Ö§Ô§à §æ§Ý§å§à§â§Ö§ã§è§Ö§ß§ä§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ô§Ú§Ò§â§Ú§Õ§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ in situ §á§à§Ù§Ó§à§Ý§Ú§Ý§Ú §å§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ú§ä§î §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§î §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §Þ§Ú§Ü§â§à§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§è§Ú§ñ§Þ§Ú §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ §Ú §â§ñ§Õ§à§Þ §Ó§â§à§Ø§Õ§×§ß§ß§í§ç §ã§Ú§ß§Õ§â§à§Þ§à§Ó. §®§Ú§Ü§â§à§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§è§Ú§ñ§Þ§Ú, §Ó §é§Ñ§ã§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú, §à§Ò§å§ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§í §Õ§Ñ§Ó§ß§à §à§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö §ã§Ú§ß§Õ§â§à§Þ §±§â§Ñ§Õ§Ö§â§Ñ- §£§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ú §Ú §ã§Ú§ß§Õ§â§à§Þ §¡§ß§Ô§Ö§Ý§î§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ñ. §¢§à§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §ã §ã§Ú§ß§Õ§â§à§Þ§Ñ§Þ§Ú: Angelman (§¡-§ã§Ý§Ö§Ó§Ñ ) §Ú Prader-Willi (P-W - §ã§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ñ). A- §ã§Ö§â§î§×§Ù§ß§Ñ§ñ §å§Þ§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §à§ä§ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§à§ã§ä§î, §á§â§Ú§á§Ñ§Õ§Ü§Ú, §ß§Ñ§â§å§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §â§Ö§é§Ú, §ß§Ö§å§Þ§Ö§ã§ä§ß§í§Û §ã§Þ§Ö§ç. P-W- §å§Þ§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §à§ä§ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§à§ã§ä§î, §à§Ø§Ú§â§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö, §ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§í§Ö §á§à§Ý§à§Ó§í§Ö §Ø§Ö§Ý§Ö§Ù§í, §ß§Ú§Ù§Ü§Ú§Û §â§à§ã§ä
  • 41. §¥§å§á§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §±§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â §Õ§å§á§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú ¡ª §Þ§å§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ Bar §å Drosophila §à§Ò§ß§Ñ§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ó 20-§ç §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ§ç XX §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ §´. §®§à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§à§Þ §Ú §¡. §³§ä§×§â§ä§Ö§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§à§Þ. §®§å§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §à§Ò§å§ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ñ §Õ§å§á§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ö§Û §Ý§à§Ü§å§ã§Ñ 57.0 X-§ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§í. §µ §ß§à§â§Þ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §ã§Ñ§Þ§à§Ü (B+/B+) §Ô§Ý§Ñ§Ù §Ú§Þ§Ö§Ö§ä 800 §æ§Ñ§ã§Ö§ä§à§Ü, §å §Ô§Ö§ä§Ö§â§à§Ù§Ú§Ô§à§ä§ß§í§ç §ã§Ñ§Þ§à§Ü (B+/B) §Ô§Ý§Ñ§Ù §Ú§Þ§Ö§Ö§ä 350 §æ§Ñ§ã§Ö§ä§à§Ü, §å §Ô§à§Þ§à§Ù§Ú§Ô§à§ä §á§à §Þ§å§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú (B/B) ¡ª §Ó§ã§Ö§Ô§à 70 §æ§Ñ§ã§Ö§ä§à§Ü. §°§Ò§ß§Ñ§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§í §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §ã§Ñ§Þ§Ü§Ú §ã §ä§â§Ú§Ø§Õ§í §á§à§Ó§ä§à§â§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ §Ô§Ö§ß§à§Þ ¡ª double Bar (BD/B+).
  • 43. §£ 1970 §Ô§à§Õ§å §³§å§ã§å§Þ§à §°§ß§à §Ó §Þ§à§ß§à§Ô§â§Ñ§æ§Ú§Ú ?§¿§Ó§à§Ý§ð§è§Ú§ñ §á§å§ä§Ö§Þ §Õ§å§á§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Ô§Ö§ß§à§Ó? §â§Ñ§Ù§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ§Ý §Ô§Ú§á§à§ä§Ö§Ù§å §à§Ò §ï§Ó§à§Ý§ð§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§à§Û §â§à§Ý§Ú §Õ§å§á§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Û, §á§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ë§Ú§ç §ß§à§Ó§í§Ö §Ô§Ö§ß§í, §ß§Ö §Ù§Ñ§ä§â§Ñ§Ô§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ñ §á§â§Ú §ï§ä§à§Þ §æ§å§ß§Ü§è§Ú§Û §Ú§ã§ç§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §Ô§Ö§ß§à§Ó. §£ §á§à§Ý§î§Ù§å §ï§ä§à§Û §Ú§Õ§Ö§Ú §Ô§à§Ó§à§â§Ú§ä §Ò§Ý§Ú§Ù§à§ã§ä§î §â§ñ§Õ§Ñ §Ô§Ö§ß§à§Ó §á§à §ß§å§Ü§Ý§Ö§à§ä§Ú§Õ§ß§à§Þ§å §ã§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§å, §Ü§à§Õ§Ú§â§å§ð§ë§Ú§ç §â§Ñ§Ù§ß§í§Ö §á§â§à§Õ§å§Ü§ä§í. §¿§ä§à §ä§â§Ú§á§ã§Ú§ß §Ú §ç§Ú§Þ§à§ä§â§Ú§á§ã§Ú§ß, §Ô§Ö§Þ§à§Ô§Ý§à§Ò§Ú§ß §Ú §Þ§Ú§à§Ô§Ý§à§Ò§Ú§ß §Ú §â§ñ§Õ §Õ§â§å§Ô§Ú§ç §Ò§Ö§Ý§Ü§à§Ó. §³§â§Ö§Õ§Ú §Ô§à§Þ§Ö§à§Ò§à§Ü§ã-§ã§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ë§Ú§ç §Ô§Ö§ß§à§Ó §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Õ§Ó§Ñ §ä§Ú§á§Ñ: §à§Õ§Ú§ß §ä§Ú§á §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß §Õ§Ú§ã§á§Ö§â§ã§ß§í§Þ§Ú, §Ú§Ý§Ú §à§Õ§Ú§ß§à§é§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Ô§Ö§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ú, §ä§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Õ§â§å§Ô§à§Û ¨C§Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö§â§ß§í§Þ§Ú §æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§Þ§Ú. §£ §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§ß§Ö§Þ §ã§Ý§å§é§Ñ§Ö §Ú§Þ§Ö§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §â§ñ§Õ §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à §â§Ñ§ã§á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç Hox-§Ô§Ö§ß§à§Ó, §Ó§à§Ù§ß§Ú§Ü§ê§Ú§ç §Ó §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö §Õ§å§á§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Ú§ã§ç§à§Õ§ß§à§Ô§à §Ñ§ß§è§Ö§ã§ä§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §Ô§Ö§ß§Ñ.
  • 45. §ª§ß§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§Ú §µ §Ô§Ö§ä§Ö§â§à§Ù§Ú§Ô§à§ä §á§à §Ú§ß§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§ñ§Þ §ß§Ö §á§â§à§Ú§ã§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §á§à§ä§Ö§â§Ú §Ô§Ö§ß§Ö§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Þ§Ñ§ä§Ö§â§Ú§Ñ§Ý§Ñ, §á§à§ï§ä§à§Þ§å §Ú§ß§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§Ú, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§à, §ß§Ö §Ó§Ý§Ú§ñ§ð§ä §ß§Ñ §æ§Ö§ß§à§ä§Ú§á §ß§à§ã§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§ñ. §°§Õ§ß§Ñ§Ü§à, §Ö§ã§Ý§Ú §å §Ô§Ö§ä§Ö§â§à§Ù§Ú§Ô§à§ä §á§à §Ú§ß§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§ñ§Þ (§å §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Þ§Ñ, §ß§Ö§ã§å§ë§Ö§Ô§à §Ü§Ñ§Ü §ß§à§â§Þ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§å§ð §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§å, §ä§Ñ§Ü §Ú §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§å §ã §Ú§ß§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§Ö§Û) §Ó §á§â§à§è§Ö§ã§ã§Ö §Ô§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ä§à§Ô§Ö§ß§Ö§Ù§Ñ §á§â§Ú §Þ§Ö§Û§à§Ù§Ö §á§â§à§Ú§ã§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Ü§â§à§ã§ã§Ú§ß§Ô§à§Ó§Ö§â §Ó §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ñ§ç §Ú§ß§Ó§Ö§â§ä§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ü§Ñ, §ä§à §ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§å§Ö§ä §Ó§Ö§â§à§ñ§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§î §æ§à§â§Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ñ§ß§à§Þ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ, §é§ä§à §Ó §ã§Ó§à§ð §à§é§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§î §Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ä §á§â§Ú§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§Ú §Ü §é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§é§ß§à§Û §ï§Ý§Ú§Þ§Ú§ß§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §á§à§Ý§à§Ó§í§ç §Ü§Ý§Ö§ä§à§Ü, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §æ§à§â§Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú §Ô§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ä §ã §ß§Ö§ã§Ò§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ß§ã§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Þ §Ô§Ö§ß§Ö§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ §Þ§Ñ§ä§Ö§â§Ú§Ñ§Ý§à§Þ.
  • 47. §´§â§Ñ§ß§ã§Ý§à§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §²§Ö§è§Ú§á§â§à§Ü§ß§í§Ö §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§Ý§à§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §ß§Ö §ã§à§á§â§à§Ó§à§Ø§Õ§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §å§ä§â§Ñ§ä§à§Û §Ô§Ö§ß§Ö§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Þ§Ñ§ä§Ö§â§Ú§Ñ§Ý§Ñ, §Ú§ç §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §ß§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä §ã§Ò§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ß§ã§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Þ§Ú §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§Ý§à§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ§Þ§Ú, §à§ß§Ú, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§à, §ß§Ö §á§â§à§ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §æ§Ö§ß§à§ä§Ú§á§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú. §°§Õ§ß§Ñ§Ü§à, §å §ß§à§ã§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û §â§Ö§è§Ú§á§â§à§Ü§ß§í§ç §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§Ý§à§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Û §á§à§Ý§à§Ó§Ú§ß§Ñ §Ô§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ä §ß§Ö§ã§×§ä §ß§Ö§ã§Ò§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ß§ã§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Û §Ô§Ö§ß§Ö§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §Þ§Ñ§ä§Ö§â§Ú§Ñ§Ý, §é§ä§à §á§â§Ú§Ó§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Ü §ã§ß§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §æ§Ö§â§ä§Ú§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú, §á§à§Ó§í§ê§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §Ó§Ö§â§à§ñ§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §ã§á§à§ß§ä§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §Ó§í§Ü§Ú§Õ§í§ê§Ö§Û §Ú §â§à§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Õ§Ö§ä§Ö§Û §ã §Ó§â§à§Ø§Õ§×§ß§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Ñ§ß§à§Þ§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ñ§Þ§Ú.
  • 48. §±§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â§à§Þ §â§Ö§è§Ú§á§â§à§Ü§ß§à§Û §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§Ý§à§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ä §ã§Ý§å§Ø§Ú§ä§î §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§Ý§à§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §ä§Ú§á§Ñ ?§æ§Ú§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ö§Ý§î§æ§Ú§Û§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§Ñ? §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§Ñ§Þ§Ú 9 §Ú 22. §£ 95 % §ã§Ý§å§é§Ñ§Ö§Ó §Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§à §ï§ä§Ñ §Þ§å§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §Ó §Ô§Ö§Þ§à§á§à§ï§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ü§Ý§Ö§ä§Ü§Ñ§ç-§á§â§Ö§Õ§ê§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ç §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §á§â§Ú§é§Ú§ß§à§Û §ç§â§à§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Þ§Ú§Ö§Ý§à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§ß§à§Ô§à §Ý§Ö§Û§Ü§à§Ù§Ñ. §£ §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö §ï§ä§à§Û §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§Ý§à§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Ô§Ö§ß ABL1 §Ú§Ù §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§í 9 §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ã §Ô§Ö§ß§à§Þ BCR §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§í 22. §¡§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à§ã§ä§î §ß§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §ç§Ú§Þ§Ö§â§ß§à§Ô§à §Ò§Ö§Ý§Ü§Ñ §á§â§Ú§Ó§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Ü §ß§Ö§é§å§Ó§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ü§Ý§Ö§ä§Ü§Ú §Ü §Ó§à§Ù§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ð §æ§Ñ§Ü§ä§à§â§à§Ó §â§à§ã§ä§Ñ §Ú §Ó§í§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ö§× §Ò§Ö§Ù§å§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§ß§à§Ö §Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö.
  • 49. §²§à§Ý§î §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§ß§í§ç §á§Ö§â§Ö§ã§ä§â§à§Ö§Ü §Ó §ï§Ó§à§Ý§ð§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§à§Þ §á§â§à§è§Ö§ã§ã§Ö §Ú §Ó§Ú§Õ§à§à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú. §®§å§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§í§Û §á§â§à§è§Ö§ã§ã §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§ß§ñ§Ö§ä §Ô§Ö§ß§í §Ú §á§à§â§ñ§Õ§à§Ü §Ú§ç §â§Ñ§ã§á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§Ñ§ç §Ú §ä§Ö§Þ §ã§Ñ§Þ§í§Þ §å§Ó§Ö§Ý§Ú§é§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ô§Ö§ß§Ö§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ö §â§Ñ§Ù§ß§à§à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§Ú§Ö §á§à§á§å§Ý§ñ§è§Ú§Û. §°§ß §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ú§Ù§Ò§í§ä§à§é§ß§í§Ö §Ü§à§á§Ú§Ú §Ô§Ö§ß§à§Ó §Ú §ä§Ö§Þ §ã§Ñ§Þ§í§Þ §à§ä§Ü§â§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§î §å§ã§Ý§à§Ø§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Þ§à§Ó. §®§å§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Ó§à§Ù§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ð§ä §ã§Ý§å§é§Ñ§Û§ß§à §Ú §ß§Ö §ß§Ñ§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§à. §¡§Õ§Ñ§á§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§Ñ§ñ §è§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Ü§Ñ§Ø§Õ§à§Û §Þ§å§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §ß§Ö §á§à§ã§ä§à§ñ§ß§ß§Ñ. §°§ß§Ñ §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ó§Ù§Ñ§Ú§Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö§Þ §Þ§å§ä§Ñ§ß§ä§ß§à§Ô§à §Ñ§Ý§Ý§Ö§Ý§ñ §ã §Õ§â§å§Ô§Ú§Þ§Ú §Ô§Ö§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ú §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Þ§Ñ §Ú §ã §å§ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ú§ñ§Þ§Ú §ã§â§Ö§Õ§í, §Ó §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Û §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ú §Ø§Ú§Ó§Ö§ä §Þ§å§ä§Ñ§ß§ä§ß§í§Û §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Þ. §·§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§ß§í§Ö §á§Ö§â§Ö§ã§ä§â§à§Û§Ü§Ú §Ú§Ô§â§Ñ§ð§ä §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§å§ð §â§à§Ý§î §Ó §ï§Ó§à§Ý§ð§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§à§Þ §á§â§à§è§Ö§ã§ã§Ö §Ú §Ó§Ú§Õ§à§à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú. §Ó §ß§Ñ§â§å§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §æ§Ö§â§ä§Ú§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú, §Ó §à§ß§Ü§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ú §Ó§â§à§Ø§Õ§×§ß§ß§í§ç §ß§Ñ§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ù§Ñ§Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ§ç §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ.
  • 50. §³§é§Ú§ä§Ñ§ð§ä: §²§à§Ò§Ö§â§ä§ã§à§ß§à§Ó§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§Ý§à§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú, §Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§à, §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §á§â§Ú§é§Ú§ß§à§Û §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§Ú§Û §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §é§Ú§ã§Ý§à§Þ §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ §å §Ò§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ü§à§â§à§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ó§Ú§Õ§à§Ó. §±§à§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß§à, §é§ä§à §Õ§Ó§Ñ §á§Ý§Ö§é§Ñ 2-§Û §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§í §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ §ã§à§à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ä 12 §Ú 13 §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§Ñ§Þ §ê§Ú§Þ§á§Ñ§ß§Ù§Ö. §£§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§à, 2-§ñ §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§Ñ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ã§î §Ó §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö §â§à§Ò§Ö§â§ä§ã§à§ß§à§Ó§ã§Ü§à§Û §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§Ý§à§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Õ§Ó§å§ç §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ §à§Ò§Ö§Ù§î§ñ§ß§à§á§à§Õ§à§Ò§ß§à§Ô§à §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ü§Ñ §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ. §´§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Þ §Ø§Ö §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Þ §à§Ò§ì§ñ§ã§ß§ñ§ð§ä §ä§à§ä §æ§Ñ§Ü§ä, §é§ä§à §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§ß§í§Ö §Ó§Ú§Õ§í §Õ§â§à§Ù§à§æ§Ú§Ý§í §Ú§Þ§Ö§ð§ä §à§ä 3 §Õ§à 6 §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ.
  • 52. §³§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§å§Ö§ä §ã§á§Ö§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ñ§ñ §ß§Ñ§å§Ü§Ñ ¨C§Ü§Ñ§â§Ú§à§ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ü§Ñ, §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§Ó§ê§Ñ§ñ§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §ã§ä§í§Ü§Ö §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ú §è§Ú§ä§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§Ú. §°§ß§Ñ §Ú§ã§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§Ö§ä §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§ß§í§Ö §ß§Ñ§Ò§à§â§í §â§Ñ§Ù§ß§í§ç §Ô§â§å§á§á §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Þ§à§Ó §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ó§í§ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú§ç §â§à§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ö§Û §Ú §ä§Ñ§Ü§ã§à§ß§à§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ. §ª§Ù§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ, §á§à§Ù§Ó§à§Ý§Ú§Ý§à §à§ä§Ü§â§í§ä§î, §ß§Ñ§á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â, §Ó§Ú§Õ§í-§Õ§Ó§à§Û§ß§Ú§Ü§Ú. §°§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§Ý§à§ã§î, §é§ä§à §Ó §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ñ§ç §Ó§Ú§Õ§Ñ §é§×§â§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ü§â§í§ã§Ñ (Rattusrattus), §â§Ñ§ß§Ö§Ö §ã§é§Ú§ä§Ñ§Ó§ê§Ö§Ô§à§ã§ñ §Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§í§Þ, §ã§Ü§â§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Õ§Ó§Ñ §Ó§Ú§Õ§Ñ-§Õ§Ó§à§Û§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ: 38-§ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§ß§í§Û §Ó§Ú§Õ §Ú§Ù §¦§Ó§â§à§á§í §Ú §©§Ñ§á§Ñ§Õ§ß§à§Û §¡§Ù§Ú§Ú §Ú 42-§ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§ß§í§Û §Ó§Ú§Õ §Ú§Ù §À§Ô§à- §£§à§ã§ä§à§é§ß§à§Û §¡§Ù§Ú§Ú. §¬§Ñ§â§Ú§à§ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ü§Ñ §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ú§Ý§Ñ, §é§ä§à §Õ§à§Þ§Ñ§ê§ß§ñ§ñ §à§Ó§è§Ñ §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§à§ê§Ý§Ñ §à§ä §Ñ§Ù§Ú§Ñ§ä§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Þ§å§æ§Ý§à§ß§Ñ (Ovisorientalis), §Ñ §Õ§à§Þ§Ñ§ê§ß§ñ§ñ §Ý§à§ê§Ñ§Õ§î §à§ä §ß§í§ß§Ö §Ú§ã§é§Ö§Ù§ß§å§Ó§ê§Ö§Ô§à §ä§Ñ§á§Ñ§ß§Ñ(Equuscaballusgmelini).
  • 53. §±§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â §Ó§Ñ§â§î§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ü§Ñ§â§Ú§à§ä§Ú§á§Ñ §Ó §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ñ§ç §à§Õ§ß§à§Ô§à §Ó§Ú§Õ§Ñ (§£§Ñ§â§î§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ñ §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ ¨C§à§é§Ö§ß§î §â§Ö§Õ§Ü§à§Ö §Ú§ã§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ú§Ù §à§Ò§ë§Ö§Ô§à §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§Ñ §Ö§Ô§à §á§à§ã§ä§à§ñ§ß§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ!) Sorex araneus
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  • 56. §²§Ö§Ü§à§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§è§Ú§ñ §æ§Ú§Ý§à§Ô§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §ß§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ý§î§Ü§Ú§ç §Ó§Ú§Õ§à§Ó §Þ§à§ê§Ö§Ü S. (N.) vernum §Ü§à§Þ§á§Ý§Ö§Ü§ã§Ñ §ß§Ñ §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ö §ç§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§ß§í§ç §á§Ö§â§Ö§ã§ä§â§à§Ö§Ü.
  • 57. §·§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§ß§Ñ§ñ §æ§Ú§Ý§à§Ô§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ß§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ý§î§Ü§Ú§ç §Ó§Ú§Õ§à§Ó §Þ§à§ê§Ö§Ü S.venustum/verecundum §Ü§à§Þ§á§Ý§Ö§Ü§ã§Ñ.
  • 58. §¤§à§Þ§à§Ù§Ú§Ô§à§ä§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ú§ß§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§ñ IS 9-15 §¤§Ö§ä§Ö§â§à§Ù§Ú§Ô§à§ä§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ú§ß§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§ñ IS 9-15 §·§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§ß§í§Ö §á§Ö§â§Ö§ã§ä§â§à§Û§Ü§Ú §Ó §á§à§á§å§Ý§ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§í§ç §Ú§ã§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ§ç
  • 59. §¤§Ö§ä§Ö§â§à§Ù§Ú§Ô§à§ä§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ú§ß§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§ñ 12-15 §Ó§ß§å§ä§â§Ú §Ô§à§Þ§à§Ù§Ú§Ô§à§ä§ß§à§Û §Ú§ß§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§Ú IS 9-15
  • 60. §±§à §ã§â§Ñ§Ó§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §ã §á§à§á§å§Ý§ñ§è§Ú§ñ§Þ§Ú §Ö§Ó§â§à§á§Ö§Û§ã§Ü§à§Û §é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §²§à§ã§ã§Ú§Ú §Ú §µ§Ü§â§Ñ§Ú§ß§í (§±§Ö§ä§â§à§Ó§Ñ, §¹§å§Ò§Ñ§â§Ö§Ó§Ñ, §²§Ú§Ó§Ñ, 2007), §Ñ§â§Þ§ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §á§à§á§å§Ý§ñ§è§Ú§ñ S.(B.) erythrocephalum §è§Ú§ä§à§Ô§Ö§ß§Ö§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú §Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§Ö §á§à§Ý§Ú§Þ§à§â§æ§ß§Ñ. §£ §ß§Ö§Û §à§Ò§ß§Ñ§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§à §Ó§ã§Ö§Ô§à 6 §Ú§ß§Ó§Ö§â§ä§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ü§à§Ó, §é§ä§à §Ó 2-3 §â§Ñ§Ù§Ñ §Þ§Ö§ß§î§ê§Ö, §é§Ö§Þ §ß§Ñ §ã§Ö§Ó§Ö§â§Ö §²§à§ã§ã§Ú§Ú §Ú §Ó 5 §â§Ñ§Ù §Þ§Ö§ß§î§ê§Ö, §é§Ö§Þ §Ó §³§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§â§ã§Ü§à§Û §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §Ú §ß§Ñ §µ§Ü§â§Ñ§Ú§ß§Ö. §µ§â§à§Ó§Ö§ß§î §Ô§Ö§ä§Ö§â§à§Ù§Ú§Ô§à§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ú §é§Ú§ã§Ý§à §Ô§Ö§ä§Ö§â§à§Ù§Ú§Ô§à§ä§ß§í§ç §Ú§ß§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§Û §ß§Ñ §à§ã§à§Ò§î §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à §ß§Ú§Ø§Ö (84,4% §á§â§à§ä§Ú§Ó 88-100% §Ú 1,38 §á§â§à§ä§Ú§Ó 3,2 /§Ó §ã§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ö§Þ/ §ã§à§à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à).
  • 61. §°§ä§ß§à§ã§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à §ß§Ú§Ù§Ü§à§Ö §â§Ñ§Ù§ß§à§à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§Ú§Ö §Ó§ã§ä§â§Ö§é§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ú§ß§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§Û §Ú §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §ß§Ú§Ù§Ü§à§Ö §é§Ú§ã§Ý§à §Ô§Ö§ä§Ö§â§à§Ù§Ú§Ô§à§ä§ß§í§ç §Ú§ß§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§Û, §á§â§Ú§ç§à§Õ§ñ§ë§Ú§ç§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §à§ã§à§Ò§î, §ã§Ó§Ú§Õ§Ö§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ä §à §Ü§â§Ñ§Ö§Ó§à§Þ §á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §á§à§á§å§Ý§ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Ó §Ñ§â§Ö§Ñ§Ý§Ö. §£ §è§Ú§ä§à§Ô§Ö§ß§Ö§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Þ §á§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ö §ã§Ó§à§Ö§à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§Ú§Ö §á§à§á§å§Ý§ñ§è§Ú§Ú §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§Ú§Ù§å§Ö§ä§ã§ñ§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§ð§ë§Ú§Þ: 1. §Ó§í§ã§à§Ü§à§Û §é§Ñ§ã§ä§à§ä§à§Û §Ô§à§Þ§à§Ù§Ú§Ô§à§ä§ß§à§Û §Ú§ß§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§Ú IS 9- 15; 2. §Ó§à§Ù§ß§Ú§Ü§ß§à§Ó§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §ß§Ñ §Ö§× §Ò§Ñ§Ù§Ö §Ú§ß§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§Ú IS 9-15 hom + 12-15 het; 3. §Ó§í§ã§à§Ü§à§Û §é§Ñ§ã§ä§à§ä§à§Û §Ô§à§Þ§à§Ù§Ú§Ô§à§ä§ß§à§Û §Ú§ß§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§Ú IIL 63-69a.
  • 62. §·§â§à§Þ§à§ã§à§Þ§ß§í§Ö §á§Ö§â§Ö§ã§ä§â§à§Û§Ü§Ú §Ú §â§Ö§Ü§à§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§è§Ú§ñ §â§Ñ§ã§ã§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó§Ú§Õ§à§Ó.