The document outlines tasks for students to complete on theories of culture. It instructs students to work in groups to define key terms, with some pairs researching Marxist theories and others researching Functionalist theories. As a group, students are asked to work on Postmodern theory, explaining what it says about culture and evaluating it. The document also provides login details for a Dropbox account for students to save their PowerPoint presentations.
The functionalist view of culture sees culture as essential for holding society together. It views culture as composed of beliefs, values, and norms that dictate social behaviors and link individuals to the wider society. Functionalists believe that all aspects of culture serve important functions that contribute to social stability and solidarity.
The document provides background information on Andreas Vesalius and his work. It discusses that Vesalius lived during the Renaissance period from 1514-1564 and published his famous book "The Fabric of the Human Body" in 1543. This challenged prior theories from Galen, as Vesalius discovered some of Galen's anatomical ideas were incorrect through his own dissections. The document examines factors that allowed Vesalius to develop and promote his theories, as well as the significance of his work in establishing more accurate understandings of human anatomy.
During the Renaissance, major advances were made in medicine through anatomical research and discovery. Leonardo da Vinci's detailed drawings from dissections of human bodies increased anatomical understanding. Andreas Vesalius wrote The Fabric of the Human Body which corrected Galen's anatomical errors and became the authoritative text. Ambroise Pare developed new wound treatment methods like using ointments instead of cauterization that reduced pain and infection. William Harvey discovered the circulation of blood through the heart and veins, though this challenged existing practices like bloodletting.
- Galen was an influential physician in ancient Rome whose medical theories dominated European medicine for over 1,000 years.
- Andreas Vesalius, a 16th century physician, discovered through dissection that some of Galen's anatomical ideas were incorrect, such as the structure of the jawbone and the heart having septums.
- Vesalius' work with detailed anatomical illustrations in his famous book "On the Fabric of the Human Body" challenged Galen's authority and was highly significant as it encouraged doctors to question established theories through direct observation rather than just accept ancient teachings.
This summer's Section A of the Medicine Exam will focus on the 'Development of Renaissance Anatomy.' Key figures to be studied include Galen, Andreas Vesalius, and William Harvey. Vesalius challenged Galen's views through his own dissections and illustrations in works like his 1543 'Fabric of the Human Body,' which offered the first comprehensive study of human anatomy based on dissections rather than ancient texts. William Harvey further advanced anatomy by proving Galen was wrong about blood circulation through experiments showing the heart is a pump and blood flows in one direction through valves.
During the Renaissance, physicians began to study medicine in a more scientific way by dissecting human bodies to learn anatomy. Andreas Vesalius and Leonardo Da Vinci created detailed anatomical drawings that improved understanding of the human body. Doctors also experimented on battlefields to develop new surgical techniques, such as using ligatures instead of cauterization. While some ideas from Galen remained influential, the study of diseases like the plague and syphilis forced doctors to develop new treatments through experimentation.
The document discusses several key figures from the Medical Renaissance period who advanced scientific understanding of human anatomy:
1) Andreas Vesalius proved that some of Galen's anatomical theories were incorrect by performing dissections, establishing anatomy as a field of study.
2) Ambroise Pare developed new wound treatment methods involving dressings rather than cauterization, advancing surgical practices.
3) William Harvey discovered the circulation of blood through experimentation, proving Galen's theory wrong and establishing the heart as a pump.
This document provides information on advances in science and medicine during the Renaissance period from 1500-1700:
- Interest in classical ideas from ancient Greece and Rome led to a "rebirth" or Renaissance of these fields. Figures like Vesalius, da Vinci, and Paracelsus advanced anatomical and medical knowledge through dissections and rejecting past theories like the four humors.
- Printing allowed wider dissemination of new ideas and discoveries. Vesalius' highly illustrated anatomical text of 1543 proved some of Galen's theories from 2000 years prior were incorrect based on human, not animal, dissections.
- Advances continued with figures like Ambroise Pare, who improved wound treatment by using
The Renaissance meant a rebirth of culture, science, and art through examining the works and methods of ancient Greeks and Romans. Artists improved their observation and depiction of the human body through dissections and anatomy studies. Developments like the printing press allowed new ideas to spread more widely and limit the church's authority, enabling more questioning of traditional views. Collectively these factors encouraged advances in medicine through improved understanding of anatomy and a greater willingness to question established authorities like Galen.
The document discusses key figures and developments during the Scientific Revolution. It describes how Ptolemy viewed the universe as geocentric, while Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model contradicting Ptolemy. Galileo used a telescope to observe celestial bodies and confirm Copernicus' theories. Andreas Vesalius and William Harvey used human dissection to disprove some of Galen's principles and describe the circulatory system. The Scientific Revolution changed the deductive approach to the scientific method championed by Sir Francis Bacon, using experimentation and observation. Rene Descartes further changed the view of the universe as mechanical rather than living and spiritual.
This document provides information on key figures from the Renaissance period who contributed to the field of anatomy:
1) Johannes Guinter translated and improved upon an earlier translation of Galen's medical text, which helped disseminate knowledge of anatomy. He also taught Andreas Vesalius.
2) Andreas Vesalius was an anatomist and professor who created detailed anatomical illustrations and corrected some of Galen's theories through dissections, advancing understanding of the human body.
3) William Harvey studied under Vesalius and discovered the circulation of blood and that the heart acts as a pump to circulate blood through the body in one direction.
Charles Drew was a medical researcher born in 1904 who improved blood transfusion processes. He found that using blood plasma alone instead of whole blood for transfusions increased how long blood could be stored and lowered costs. Drew also founded the American Red Cross and helped advance blood banking through his research.
1) The first successful human blood transfusion was performed in 1667 by Jean-Baptiste Denis, transfusing sheep's blood into a 15-year old boy in Paris. However, the practice was controversial and banned within 10 years.
2) In the early 19th century, James Blundell pioneered the use of human-to-human blood transfusions using syringes, establishing it as a viable medical practice.
3) Karl Landsteiner's discovery of the three main blood groups in 1901 was a major breakthrough, allowing safer matching of donor and recipient blood and preventing fatal transfusion reactions.
The document discusses key figures and developments during the Age of Reason (17th-18th centuries) including:
- Hippocrates who rejected disease as supernatural punishment and established the Hippocratic Oath.
- Euclid who founded mathematics and wrote the influential textbook "Elements".
- Copernicus and Galileo who proposed and supported the heliocentric model of the solar system, challenging biblical views.
- Sir Isaac Newton who discovered gravity and laws of motion and developed calculus.
- Advances in many fields including astronomy, chemistry, anatomy through figures like Halley, Herschel, Paracelsus, Vesalius, Harvey, Jenner, Boyle, and Lavoisier.
The document discusses key figures and developments during the Age of Reason (17th-18th centuries) including:
- Hippocrates who rejected disease as supernatural punishment and established the Hippocratic Oath.
- Euclid who founded school of mathematics and wrote influential textbook Elements.
- Copernicus and Galileo who proposed and provided evidence for the Sun-centered solar system, challenging biblical geocentrism.
- Newton who discovered gravity and laws of motion and developed calculus. Jenner who discovered smallpox vaccination.
Blood DisordersCardiovascular System Blood VesselsCardiChantellPantoja184
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The document discusses Michelangelo's depiction of jugular venous distention in his sculptures of David and Moses. The author observed this physical sign in photographs of the sculptures. Jugular venous distention can indicate elevated cardiac pressures. Though cardiovascular physiology was not well understood in Michelangelo's time, he seemed to accurately portray this physical exam finding without knowledge of its clinical significance. The author believes Michelangelo must have noticed temporary jugular venous distention in excited individuals and represented this observation artistically in his sculptures.
The document discusses the history of understanding of blood circulation in various medical traditions. It provides a table listing important figures from Egypt, Greece, Rome and the medieval era who contributed insights into circulation. While many proposed pulmonary and hepatic circulation, William Harvey in 1628 was the first to fully explain the complete systemic circulation. Ayurvedic texts like Charak Samhita and Sushrut Samhita contain descriptions of rasavah srotas and circulation of nutrients through the body but were not included in the table.
1011 What role did the Church have on medical developmentsWatHistory
Ìý
The document provides information about the Church's influence on medieval medicine and attitudes toward disease. It discusses how the Church played an important role in medieval ideas about the causes of disease. During the Black Death, many people believed illness had supernatural causes, while other ideas involved miasma or humoral imbalances. When the plague hit, people lost faith in medical professionals and turned to religious explanations instead. Minority groups were falsely blamed for spreading disease.
During the Renaissance, physicians began to study medicine in a more scientific way by dissecting human bodies to learn anatomy. Andreas Vesalius and Leonardo Da Vinci created detailed anatomical drawings that improved understanding of the human body. Doctors also experimented on battlefields to develop new surgical techniques, such as using ligatures instead of cauterization. While some ideas from Galen remained influential, the study of diseases like the plague and syphilis forced doctors to develop new treatments through experimentation.
The document discusses several key figures from the Medical Renaissance period who advanced scientific understanding of human anatomy:
1) Andreas Vesalius proved that some of Galen's anatomical theories were incorrect by performing dissections, establishing anatomy as a field of study.
2) Ambroise Pare developed new wound treatment methods involving dressings rather than cauterization, advancing surgical practices.
3) William Harvey discovered the circulation of blood through experimentation, proving Galen's theory wrong and establishing the heart as a pump.
This document provides information on advances in science and medicine during the Renaissance period from 1500-1700:
- Interest in classical ideas from ancient Greece and Rome led to a "rebirth" or Renaissance of these fields. Figures like Vesalius, da Vinci, and Paracelsus advanced anatomical and medical knowledge through dissections and rejecting past theories like the four humors.
- Printing allowed wider dissemination of new ideas and discoveries. Vesalius' highly illustrated anatomical text of 1543 proved some of Galen's theories from 2000 years prior were incorrect based on human, not animal, dissections.
- Advances continued with figures like Ambroise Pare, who improved wound treatment by using
The Renaissance meant a rebirth of culture, science, and art through examining the works and methods of ancient Greeks and Romans. Artists improved their observation and depiction of the human body through dissections and anatomy studies. Developments like the printing press allowed new ideas to spread more widely and limit the church's authority, enabling more questioning of traditional views. Collectively these factors encouraged advances in medicine through improved understanding of anatomy and a greater willingness to question established authorities like Galen.
The document discusses key figures and developments during the Scientific Revolution. It describes how Ptolemy viewed the universe as geocentric, while Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model contradicting Ptolemy. Galileo used a telescope to observe celestial bodies and confirm Copernicus' theories. Andreas Vesalius and William Harvey used human dissection to disprove some of Galen's principles and describe the circulatory system. The Scientific Revolution changed the deductive approach to the scientific method championed by Sir Francis Bacon, using experimentation and observation. Rene Descartes further changed the view of the universe as mechanical rather than living and spiritual.
This document provides information on key figures from the Renaissance period who contributed to the field of anatomy:
1) Johannes Guinter translated and improved upon an earlier translation of Galen's medical text, which helped disseminate knowledge of anatomy. He also taught Andreas Vesalius.
2) Andreas Vesalius was an anatomist and professor who created detailed anatomical illustrations and corrected some of Galen's theories through dissections, advancing understanding of the human body.
3) William Harvey studied under Vesalius and discovered the circulation of blood and that the heart acts as a pump to circulate blood through the body in one direction.
Charles Drew was a medical researcher born in 1904 who improved blood transfusion processes. He found that using blood plasma alone instead of whole blood for transfusions increased how long blood could be stored and lowered costs. Drew also founded the American Red Cross and helped advance blood banking through his research.
1) The first successful human blood transfusion was performed in 1667 by Jean-Baptiste Denis, transfusing sheep's blood into a 15-year old boy in Paris. However, the practice was controversial and banned within 10 years.
2) In the early 19th century, James Blundell pioneered the use of human-to-human blood transfusions using syringes, establishing it as a viable medical practice.
3) Karl Landsteiner's discovery of the three main blood groups in 1901 was a major breakthrough, allowing safer matching of donor and recipient blood and preventing fatal transfusion reactions.
The document discusses key figures and developments during the Age of Reason (17th-18th centuries) including:
- Hippocrates who rejected disease as supernatural punishment and established the Hippocratic Oath.
- Euclid who founded mathematics and wrote the influential textbook "Elements".
- Copernicus and Galileo who proposed and supported the heliocentric model of the solar system, challenging biblical views.
- Sir Isaac Newton who discovered gravity and laws of motion and developed calculus.
- Advances in many fields including astronomy, chemistry, anatomy through figures like Halley, Herschel, Paracelsus, Vesalius, Harvey, Jenner, Boyle, and Lavoisier.
The document discusses key figures and developments during the Age of Reason (17th-18th centuries) including:
- Hippocrates who rejected disease as supernatural punishment and established the Hippocratic Oath.
- Euclid who founded school of mathematics and wrote influential textbook Elements.
- Copernicus and Galileo who proposed and provided evidence for the Sun-centered solar system, challenging biblical geocentrism.
- Newton who discovered gravity and laws of motion and developed calculus. Jenner who discovered smallpox vaccination.
Blood DisordersCardiovascular System Blood VesselsCardiChantellPantoja184
Ìý
The document discusses Michelangelo's depiction of jugular venous distention in his sculptures of David and Moses. The author observed this physical sign in photographs of the sculptures. Jugular venous distention can indicate elevated cardiac pressures. Though cardiovascular physiology was not well understood in Michelangelo's time, he seemed to accurately portray this physical exam finding without knowledge of its clinical significance. The author believes Michelangelo must have noticed temporary jugular venous distention in excited individuals and represented this observation artistically in his sculptures.
The document discusses the history of understanding of blood circulation in various medical traditions. It provides a table listing important figures from Egypt, Greece, Rome and the medieval era who contributed insights into circulation. While many proposed pulmonary and hepatic circulation, William Harvey in 1628 was the first to fully explain the complete systemic circulation. Ayurvedic texts like Charak Samhita and Sushrut Samhita contain descriptions of rasavah srotas and circulation of nutrients through the body but were not included in the table.
1011 What role did the Church have on medical developmentsWatHistory
Ìý
The document provides information about the Church's influence on medieval medicine and attitudes toward disease. It discusses how the Church played an important role in medieval ideas about the causes of disease. During the Black Death, many people believed illness had supernatural causes, while other ideas involved miasma or humoral imbalances. When the plague hit, people lost faith in medical professionals and turned to religious explanations instead. Minority groups were falsely blamed for spreading disease.
1013 What happened at the end of the Renaissance period?WatHistory
Ìý
During the Medieval period, medicine was dominated by ancient Greek theories of disease causation such as the humoral theory and miasma theory. At the end of the Medieval period and into the Renaissance, several key changes took place that impacted medicine. Artists studying anatomy improved knowledge of the human body, while universities began applying the scientific method to medicine through experiments. The printing press also allowed new medical ideas to spread more quickly. However, many old beliefs about disease causation still persisted due to the lack of knowledge about germs.
1012 How did Medicine change during the renaissance period?WatHistory
Ìý
Medical understanding of disease in medieval Europe changed little between 500-1350 CE. People generally believed that illness was caused by supernatural forces or an imbalance of humours. While some ideas like miasma and humoral imbalance persisted from ancient Greece, the dominant role of the Christian Church discouraged medical progress and alternative theories of disease. Understanding was largely based on ancient Greek theories with little advancement.
This document discusses sociological theories of socialization. It describes how socialization is the process of learning cultural values, beliefs, and norms. Primary socialization occurs mainly through the family, while secondary socialization involves other groups like schools, peer groups, religion, and mass media. Theories discussed include how Baumeister views family as providing identity and roles learned through play. Morgan discusses how parents use sanctions to reinforce behavior and develop conscience in children. The document also summarizes Marxist and functionalist perspectives on how different institutions like education and religion socialize individuals.
Sociological theories view socialization as the process by which individuals learn the norms, values, roles, and customs of their culture. This document discusses key aspects of socialization according to sociological theories:
- Socialization begins primarily within the family, where children learn language, morals, and rules, and then expands to other institutions like formal education.
- Sociologists identify agencies of socialization as the institutions where people learn culture, like family, education, religion, media, and peers. The influence of these agencies changes throughout life.
- Theories see gender roles as socially learned rather than innate, through the socialization children receive portraying masculinity and femininity in different ways. Socialization
This document discusses definitions of culture and different types of culture. It defines culture as consisting of elements like language, norms, values and beliefs that are learned socially rather than biologically. Culture is shared within a society, though different cultures can exist alongside one another. Global culture refers to people across countries sharing norms, values and attitudes. Folk culture consists of local traditions and beliefs reflecting ordinary people's lives, while mass culture is commercialized and shaped by media.
This document discusses global culture and its relationship to sociology. It defines culture as including elements like language, norms, values and beliefs that are learned from a group rather than genetically transmitted. While not every individual shares the exact same culture, societies can contain different cultural kinds existing alongside one another, such as high culture and folk culture. Global culture refers to people in different countries sharing norms, values, attitudes and products.
1009 The fall of the Roman Empire and its impact.WatHistory
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This document discusses medicine in the ancient world from 500AD to 1700AD and the impact of the fall of the Roman Empire on medicine. It provides learning objectives about assessing the impact of Rome's fall, describes how the wars between kingdoms destroyed Roman advances like public health systems and libraries, and led to limited communication and fewer opportunities for doctors to learn and train. As a result, medicine regressed for 1000 years during the medieval period in Europe.
Revision lesson on the History of medicine, what factors can be identified throughout time. How do they change, are they responsible for progression or regression in your opinion?
The document discusses Roman medicine and factors that influenced its development. It examines the progress made by Romans in public health and asks students to consider where Roman ideas came from and whether they developed their own methods. Students are instructed to create flashcards on Roman medicine and learn about influential figures like Galen.
0904 World War One - Assassination at Sarajevo.WatHistory
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The document provides instructions and background information for students to investigate the events leading up to World War 1. It outlines tasks for students to report on the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary in Sarajevo in 1914 and how this trigger event could have led to World War 1. Students are asked to take on roles, gather relevant information, and assess each other's work. They are also prompted to make a judgment on whether the assassination alone could have caused the war.
Religion played a major role in ancient societies' approaches to health and medicine. In many cultures, illness was believed to be caused by displeased gods or spirits, so treatment involved rituals and sacrifices to satisfy them. Some ancient Greeks consulted temples of gods like Apollo and Asclepius for cures. Places called asclepeia were built as healing temples where the god Asclepius was believed to visit and cure people in their sleep through dreams. The asclepeia were run by priests and some accounts of cures were recorded, with snakes as symbols of healing.
This document provides an overview of a lesson on examining the developments of the Romans. It lists the learning objectives as describing the changes and progress made by the Romans, explaining the changes using factors to determine if they were positive or negative, and evaluating the progress made. It then shows groups of students and a discussion on peer reviewing homework assignments and providing feedback. Examples of questions to be answered about early medicine are also provided.
This document discusses definitions and perspectives on culture and identity. It provides definitions from several sources, including that culture consists of the features like language, symbols, history, norms and values that influence how members of a society live. Another definition describes culture as the collective body of arts and intellectual work within a society, or the whole way of life of a people. The document asks the reader to evaluate these definitions and think about how culture is learned, through different agents and agencies within a society.
This document provides an overview of sociology as a subject. It describes sociology as the study of people in society and their social interactions and relationships. It notes some benefits of studying sociology, such as enhancing communication skills and gaining a better understanding of the world. The document also discusses what sociology is and is not, who might enjoy studying it, and some good and bad points about the subject. Students are given tasks to discuss images related to sociology and describe their perfect utopia.
This document defines key concepts related to culture, including values, norms, and how culture is formed. It discusses that culture refers to the patterns of belief, values, attitudes, and ways of thinking that people use to make sense of their social worlds. It also describes primary and secondary socialization, noting that primary socialization mainly occurs through the family and teaches individuals basic norms, while secondary socialization involves other social institutions and teaches society's broader expectations.
How to create security group category in Odoo 17Celine George
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Mastering Soft Tissue Therapy & Sports Taping: Pathway to Sports Medicine Excellence
This presentation was delivered in Colombo, Sri Lanka, at the Institute of Sports Medicine to an audience of sports physiotherapists, exercise scientists, athletic trainers, and healthcare professionals. Led by Kusal Goonewardena (PhD Candidate - Muscle Fatigue, APA Titled Sports & Exercise Physiotherapist) and Gayath Jayasinghe (Sports Scientist), the session provided comprehensive training on soft tissue assessment, treatment techniques, and essential sports taping methods.
Key topics covered:
✅ Soft Tissue Therapy – The science behind muscle, fascia, and joint assessment for optimal treatment outcomes.
✅ Sports Taping Techniques – Practical applications for injury prevention and rehabilitation, including ankle, knee, shoulder, thoracic, and cervical spine taping.
✅ Sports Trainer Level 1 Course by Sports Medicine Australia – A gateway to professional development, career opportunities, and working in Australia.
This training mirrors the Elite Akademy Sports Medicine standards, ensuring evidence-based approaches to injury management and athlete care.
If you are a sports professional looking to enhance your clinical skills and open doors to global opportunities, this presentation is for you.
Hannah Borhan and Pietro Gagliardi OECD present 'From classroom to community ...EduSkills OECD
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AI and Academic Writing, Short Term Course in Academic Writing and Publication, UGC-MMTTC, MANUU, 25/02/2025, Prof. (Dr.) Vinod Kumar Kanvaria, University of Delhi, vinodpr111@gmail.com
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Research Publication & Ethics contains a chapter on Intellectual Honesty and Research Integrity.
Different case studies of intellectual dishonesty and integrity were discussed.
OOPs Interview Questions PDF By ScholarHatScholarhat
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1016 Renaissance Genius
1. WALT: Discover the
work of Renaissance
Genius’
WILFs:
E – Describe the work of one of the individuals of the Renaissance period.
D – Describe and explain the work of one individual.
C – Explain and compare the work of different individuals.
B – Compare and evaluate the work of Renaissance genius’.
A – Evaluate the significance of individuals during the Renaissance period.
2. Draw Now.
You must draw an image on your Post It note about the
Renaissance period and what you have learnt so far.
You must stick it to someone’s forehead.
They must ask YES/NO Questions and attempt to guess the
image.
3. The impact of Vesalius…
Vesalius showed that some of Galen’s ideas were wrong. Many doctors
refused to believe him, but his work did encourage doctors to question
ancient ideas rather than just accept them.
In the long-term, Vesalius’s work on anatomy was of huge importance
and helped doctors make new discoveries about the way the body
worked.
What impact do you think Vesalius had on ordinary people’s lives?
How much of a difference did he make to the development of medicine?
4. Take Notes
• Who was William Harvey and what did he do?
• Add to your notes from the Textbook.
• What did he do, how did he do it, what was the impact of his work.
5. William Harvey
William Harvey was an English doctor who discovered how the heart
worked and how blood circulated around the body.
Before Harvey, doctors had learnt from Galen that the body used blood like a
fuel. He had written that the liver continually produced blood to replace that
which the body had burnt up.
Harvey’s discoveries included that:
the heart works like a pump
blood flows in one direction only around the body
one-way valves stop the blood going the wrong way
blood is re-circulated and not replaced.
6. Harvey ‘s Methods
Dissecting live, cold-blooded animals. Their very slow heartbeat
allowed him to observe the actions of the heart. He also gained a
good knowledge of the human body through dissection.
Carrying out hundreds of painstaking experiments.
Carefully recording all his findings so that he could prove why he
was right.
Calculating the total volume of blood by measuring the amount of
blood pumped by each heartbeat.
Experimenting with rods in the veins. He found he could only
push them through the valves one way.
7. Impact of Harvey
Harvey couldn’t see the tiny capillaries which carry blood, though he knew
they must exist. With the invention of the microscope in the 17th century,
Harvey was proved right.
Like Vesalius three-quarters of a century before him, Harvey had dared to
challenge Galen and the other ancient writers. Many doctors again regarded
these new ideas as dangerous and carried on with their own methods.
However, Harvey’s discoveries were vital to the understanding of the way
the body works we have today.
What impact do you think Harvey had on ordinary people’s lives?
How much of a difference did he make to the development of medicine?