The document provides an overview of a knee surgeon's elective orthopaedics course on the topic of knees. It includes the surgeon's background and areas of specialty. It also includes sample cases and questions from attendees on topics like evidence-based treatment for osteoarthritis, different types of knee replacements and osteotomies, and principles of knee surgery procedures.
3D printing has various applications in orthopedics including pre-operative planning, creating implants and prosthetics, and patient-specific instrumentation. The document discusses several studies that demonstrate benefits of 3D printing such as improved screw placement accuracy, reduced radiation exposure and operation time, and aiding complex surgical planning. Applications discussed include using 3D printed models and guides for fractures of the acromion, clavicle, humerus, elbow, wrist, and acetabulum.
Diabetic foot infections and ulcers are common complications of diabetes that occur due to peripheral neuropathy, peripheral artery disease, and immune dysfunction caused by hyperglycemia. Risk factors include prior ulcers or amputations, foot deformities, and peripheral artery disease. Evaluation involves assessing infection severity, underlying bone involvement, and vascular status. Management requires wound debridement and dressings, antimicrobial therapy, glycemic control, and possible surgery. Close follow up is needed to monitor treatment response and detect any need for treatment modifications.
Loose bodies are fragments of bone or cartilage that float freely in the joint space, causing symptoms like knee pain, swelling, and locking. They are classified as stable or unstable. Individuals with joint diseases like arthritis are more at risk, as are athletes. Loose bodies are diagnosed by x-ray, CT, MRI or arthrography. Treatment options include NSAIDs, arthroscopic removal of large loose bodies, or open surgery. The focus of rehabilitation is controlling pain and restoring function through gait training and avoiding prolonged immobilization.
This document discusses pes adductus, a congenital foot deformity where the forefoot appears adducted from the line of the Lisfranc joint. It can range from mild to severe. Mild cases are flexible and can be corrected through stretching exercises by parents. Moderate cases may require serial corrective casts. Severe, rigid cases rarely require corrective surgery if other treatments fail. Pes adductus is usually caused by the baby's position in the womb and often resolves on its own, though some cases require treatment and management of the deformity.
This document provides an overview of asepsis and antisepsis in surgery. It discusses:
- The history and pioneers of asepsis including Lister, Neuber, and Bergmann
- Definitions of key terms like asepsis, antisepsis, sterilization, and sanitization
- Methods of achieving asepsis such as sterilizing instruments and materials, preparing the surgical space, and protecting surgeons through handwashing and barriers
- The role of antiseptics in preventing endogenous infections
The document discusses the historical perspectives and principles of limb salvage surgery for malignant bone sarcomas. It notes that before the 1970s, amputation was standard treatment but survival rates were low. Developments in chemotherapy in the 1970s-80s improved outcomes. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy provided pre-op tumor downstaging while the patient awaited surgery. Modern imaging allows better staging and understanding of tumor extent. With multimodal treatment including chemotherapy and improved surgical techniques, 80-85% of patients can now be treated with limb-preserving wide resection. Limb salvage provides similar survival benefits to amputation.
This document discusses methods for measuring alignment in the lower limbs, including the knee and hip joints. It outlines several key anatomical lines used as references, such as the mechanical axis of the femur and tibia. Joint orientation lines and angles are important for assessing malalignment. Measuring these lines and angles helps evaluate deformities and plan corrective procedures like osteotomies, which are performed at the center of rotation angle.
A member of the American Medical Association, Christa Lynn Gray, MD, has served as an anesthesiologist at Centinela Medical Center. Christa Lynn gray, MD, is a co-author of several scientific publications, including Role of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase in the Aggressive Tumor Growth of HT1080 Human Fibrosarcoma Cells.
A rare type of cancer that can spread throughout the body, fibrosarcoma affects certain cells in the body called fibroblasts. Fibroblasts are important for building fibrous tissues in the body, such as tendons and ligaments. When fibrosarcoma occurs, the fibroblasts divide and multiply excessively, resulting in unwanted fibrous tissue or the spreading of fibrous tissues to other parts of the body. It often affects muscle tissues near the bone, such as tendons, and can also develop in bones in rare cases.
Symptoms of fibrosarcoma may include swelling that can occur in various parts of the body, especially the limbs, pain in the abdomen, irregular vaginal bleeding, hematemesis (bloody vomit), and dark stool. When it affects the bone, it can cause tumors in the bone and persistent pain in the tumor area, difficulty in moving a limb or joint, fragile bones, and numbness in the affected area when the tumor presses on surrounding nerves.
Doctors diagnose the condition through imaging technologies such as x-ray, computed tomography (CT) scan, ultrasonography, MRI, and positron emission tomography. Sometimes biopsy, which involves removal and examination of a tissue sample, is done. Treatment for fibrosarcoma varies from therapy (chemical or radiation) to surgical removal of the tumor, depending on the stage of cancer.
This document discusses ankle fractures and the Lauge-Hansen classification system. The Lauge-Hansen system categorizes ankle fractures based on the position of the foot and direction of force at the time of injury. The four main categories are supination-adduction, supination-external rotation, pronation-abduction, and pronation-external rotation. Each category represents a different mechanism of injury and has characteristics regarding the order and nature of bone and ligament injuries. The classification system provides a standardized way to describe ankle fractures based on their mechanism of injury.
The document discusses total hip replacement and dislocation as a complication. It covers the anatomy of the hip joint, movements, biomechanics, the Charnley concept, and factors that can contribute to dislocation such as surgical approach, component malposition, and patient factors like age and prior surgery. Contributory factors are divided into epidemiological, surgical, and anatomical categories. Treatment depends on whether dislocation is acute or recurrent, and may involve closed or open reduction as well as revision surgery in some cases.
This document defines and discusses pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS), a benign tumor of the synovium. It most commonly affects large joints like the knee and hip in adults. While the exact cause is unknown, repetitive trauma is thought to play a role in many cases. PVNS can be either localized or diffuse. Treatment involves complete synovectomy, which can be performed either arthroscopically or via open surgery, with the goal of removing all affected synovial tissue. Radiation therapy may also be used in some cases. Prognosis is generally good for localized PVNS but recurrence is more common when disease is diffuse.
- Total hip arthroplasty involves replacing the hip joint with prosthetic components. It is commonly performed for arthritis and other hip diseases.
- The procedure has evolved significantly since the early attempts in the 1900s using materials like gold foil and glass. Modern THA designs aim to reduce friction and stress on the implants.
- Key considerations in THA include restoring normal hip biomechanics, maximizing stability while allowing a full range of motion, and minimizing wear on the prosthetic components over many years. Proper positioning and design of the femoral stem and acetabular cup are important.
Achilles tendon repair at the Stone Clinic is often performed percutaneously following a torn achilles tendon injury. This method has proven to be as effective as an open surgical technique while reducing recovery time.
Arthroscopy of the ankle and wrist can be used to diagnose and treat several conditions. For the ankle, common indications for arthroscopy include osteochondral lesions, debridement of post-traumatic synovitis, and resection of bony impingement. Precise portal placement and use of small instruments is important to minimize risks such as nerve injury, vascular injury, and cartilage damage. Wrist arthroscopy indications include treatment of TFCC injuries, excision of ganglia, and assistance in treating fractures. Careful patient positioning and distraction is needed to avoid complications like skin lesions, nerve injuries, and compartment syndrome. Both procedures require expertise to safely access the joint and address underlying pathologies.
(1) Genu varum, or bowlegs, is physiologically normal in infants and toddlers as they begin to walk. It typically resolves on its own by age 2-3 years.
(2) Pathological genu varum can be caused by conditions like Blount's disease, rickets, or bone dysplasias. It may involve a sharp angulation below the knee and not improve or get worse with growth.
(3) Evaluation of bowlegs includes a thorough history and physical exam assessing for limb length discrepancy, gait abnormalities, and radiographs to identify the site and characteristics of deformity. Differentiating physiological from pathological bowing guides treatment.
Benjamin Brodie first described Brodie's abscesses in 1832 as chronic bone abscesses surrounded by dense fibrous tissue and sclerotic bone. They are most common in children, usually boys, resulting from incomplete resolution of acute osteomyelitis that is isolated by sclerotic bone. Radiographs show a radiolucent region in the metaphysis connected to the growth plate by a tortuous channel, indicating pyogenic osteomyelitis. Treatment involves antibiotics and surgical drainage or curettage to remove the abscess cavity since antibiotics cannot penetrate it.
This document discusses different options for femoral and acetabular components in total hip replacement surgery. It describes cemented and cementless femoral stem designs, focusing on features that provide stability and reduce stress shielding. For acetabular components, it covers cemented all-polyethylene and cementless porous metal shells with modular liners. It also discusses bearing surface options like highly crosslinked polyethylene, metal-on-metal, ceramic-on-ceramic, and oxidized zirconium, outlining advantages and concerns for wear and reactions to metal ions. The goal is to select components based on the patient's anatomy and expected activity level to optimize fixation and longevity.
Distal radius fractures are the most common fractures seen in orthopaedic trauma. They typically occur due to falls in older populations and can be classified based on the degree of articular involvement and instability. Treatment depends on fracture pattern but generally involves closed reduction and casting for non-displaced fractures, while more displaced or unstable fractures may require operative fixation to restore anatomy and maximize function. Rehabilitation focuses on early range of motion exercises and recovery of grip strength.
This document discusses the epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention and management of osteoporotic fractures in the elderly. It covers common fracture types including the femur, hip, ankle and proximal humerus. For each fracture, it discusses epidemiology, classification systems, radiographic evaluation, treatment options and outcomes. Surgical treatment is often recommended but fixation can be challenging due to osteopenia. The goal is to restore pre-injury function and mobility through prompt treatment and rehabilitation.
accessory navicular is sure is one of foot problems that affect life of teen age group than adult it pull them out of daily activities, knowing a bit of it will enlighten some information about it
Cancer is the abnormal, uncontrollable replication of cells which can lead to tumor formation. Breast cancer forms in the breast tissues and spreads mainly through the lymphatic system. The normal document provides detailed information about breast anatomy, the lymphatic system, types of breast lumps and cancers, signs and symptoms of breast cancer, risk factors, diagnostic tests, staging of breast cancer, and treatment options which include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, targeted drug therapy, and biological therapy.
Neuro Quantology is an international, interdisciplinary, open-access, peer-reviewed journal that publishes original research and review articles on the interface between quantum physics and neuroscience. The journal focuses on the exploration of the neural mechanisms underlying consciousness, cognition, perception, and behavior from a quantum perspective. Neuro Quantology is published monthly.
Neuro Quantology is an international, interdisciplinary, open-access, peer-reviewed journal that publishes original research and review articles on the interface between quantum physics and neuroscience. The journal focuses on the exploration of the neural mechanisms underlying consciousness, cognition, perception, and behavior from a quantum perspective. Neuro Quantology is published monthly.
A member of the American Medical Association, Christa Lynn Gray, MD, has served as an anesthesiologist at Centinela Medical Center. Christa Lynn gray, MD, is a co-author of several scientific publications, including Role of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase in the Aggressive Tumor Growth of HT1080 Human Fibrosarcoma Cells.
A rare type of cancer that can spread throughout the body, fibrosarcoma affects certain cells in the body called fibroblasts. Fibroblasts are important for building fibrous tissues in the body, such as tendons and ligaments. When fibrosarcoma occurs, the fibroblasts divide and multiply excessively, resulting in unwanted fibrous tissue or the spreading of fibrous tissues to other parts of the body. It often affects muscle tissues near the bone, such as tendons, and can also develop in bones in rare cases.
Symptoms of fibrosarcoma may include swelling that can occur in various parts of the body, especially the limbs, pain in the abdomen, irregular vaginal bleeding, hematemesis (bloody vomit), and dark stool. When it affects the bone, it can cause tumors in the bone and persistent pain in the tumor area, difficulty in moving a limb or joint, fragile bones, and numbness in the affected area when the tumor presses on surrounding nerves.
Doctors diagnose the condition through imaging technologies such as x-ray, computed tomography (CT) scan, ultrasonography, MRI, and positron emission tomography. Sometimes biopsy, which involves removal and examination of a tissue sample, is done. Treatment for fibrosarcoma varies from therapy (chemical or radiation) to surgical removal of the tumor, depending on the stage of cancer.
This document discusses ankle fractures and the Lauge-Hansen classification system. The Lauge-Hansen system categorizes ankle fractures based on the position of the foot and direction of force at the time of injury. The four main categories are supination-adduction, supination-external rotation, pronation-abduction, and pronation-external rotation. Each category represents a different mechanism of injury and has characteristics regarding the order and nature of bone and ligament injuries. The classification system provides a standardized way to describe ankle fractures based on their mechanism of injury.
The document discusses total hip replacement and dislocation as a complication. It covers the anatomy of the hip joint, movements, biomechanics, the Charnley concept, and factors that can contribute to dislocation such as surgical approach, component malposition, and patient factors like age and prior surgery. Contributory factors are divided into epidemiological, surgical, and anatomical categories. Treatment depends on whether dislocation is acute or recurrent, and may involve closed or open reduction as well as revision surgery in some cases.
This document defines and discusses pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS), a benign tumor of the synovium. It most commonly affects large joints like the knee and hip in adults. While the exact cause is unknown, repetitive trauma is thought to play a role in many cases. PVNS can be either localized or diffuse. Treatment involves complete synovectomy, which can be performed either arthroscopically or via open surgery, with the goal of removing all affected synovial tissue. Radiation therapy may also be used in some cases. Prognosis is generally good for localized PVNS but recurrence is more common when disease is diffuse.
- Total hip arthroplasty involves replacing the hip joint with prosthetic components. It is commonly performed for arthritis and other hip diseases.
- The procedure has evolved significantly since the early attempts in the 1900s using materials like gold foil and glass. Modern THA designs aim to reduce friction and stress on the implants.
- Key considerations in THA include restoring normal hip biomechanics, maximizing stability while allowing a full range of motion, and minimizing wear on the prosthetic components over many years. Proper positioning and design of the femoral stem and acetabular cup are important.
Achilles tendon repair at the Stone Clinic is often performed percutaneously following a torn achilles tendon injury. This method has proven to be as effective as an open surgical technique while reducing recovery time.
Arthroscopy of the ankle and wrist can be used to diagnose and treat several conditions. For the ankle, common indications for arthroscopy include osteochondral lesions, debridement of post-traumatic synovitis, and resection of bony impingement. Precise portal placement and use of small instruments is important to minimize risks such as nerve injury, vascular injury, and cartilage damage. Wrist arthroscopy indications include treatment of TFCC injuries, excision of ganglia, and assistance in treating fractures. Careful patient positioning and distraction is needed to avoid complications like skin lesions, nerve injuries, and compartment syndrome. Both procedures require expertise to safely access the joint and address underlying pathologies.
(1) Genu varum, or bowlegs, is physiologically normal in infants and toddlers as they begin to walk. It typically resolves on its own by age 2-3 years.
(2) Pathological genu varum can be caused by conditions like Blount's disease, rickets, or bone dysplasias. It may involve a sharp angulation below the knee and not improve or get worse with growth.
(3) Evaluation of bowlegs includes a thorough history and physical exam assessing for limb length discrepancy, gait abnormalities, and radiographs to identify the site and characteristics of deformity. Differentiating physiological from pathological bowing guides treatment.
Benjamin Brodie first described Brodie's abscesses in 1832 as chronic bone abscesses surrounded by dense fibrous tissue and sclerotic bone. They are most common in children, usually boys, resulting from incomplete resolution of acute osteomyelitis that is isolated by sclerotic bone. Radiographs show a radiolucent region in the metaphysis connected to the growth plate by a tortuous channel, indicating pyogenic osteomyelitis. Treatment involves antibiotics and surgical drainage or curettage to remove the abscess cavity since antibiotics cannot penetrate it.
This document discusses different options for femoral and acetabular components in total hip replacement surgery. It describes cemented and cementless femoral stem designs, focusing on features that provide stability and reduce stress shielding. For acetabular components, it covers cemented all-polyethylene and cementless porous metal shells with modular liners. It also discusses bearing surface options like highly crosslinked polyethylene, metal-on-metal, ceramic-on-ceramic, and oxidized zirconium, outlining advantages and concerns for wear and reactions to metal ions. The goal is to select components based on the patient's anatomy and expected activity level to optimize fixation and longevity.
Distal radius fractures are the most common fractures seen in orthopaedic trauma. They typically occur due to falls in older populations and can be classified based on the degree of articular involvement and instability. Treatment depends on fracture pattern but generally involves closed reduction and casting for non-displaced fractures, while more displaced or unstable fractures may require operative fixation to restore anatomy and maximize function. Rehabilitation focuses on early range of motion exercises and recovery of grip strength.
This document discusses the epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention and management of osteoporotic fractures in the elderly. It covers common fracture types including the femur, hip, ankle and proximal humerus. For each fracture, it discusses epidemiology, classification systems, radiographic evaluation, treatment options and outcomes. Surgical treatment is often recommended but fixation can be challenging due to osteopenia. The goal is to restore pre-injury function and mobility through prompt treatment and rehabilitation.
accessory navicular is sure is one of foot problems that affect life of teen age group than adult it pull them out of daily activities, knowing a bit of it will enlighten some information about it
Cancer is the abnormal, uncontrollable replication of cells which can lead to tumor formation. Breast cancer forms in the breast tissues and spreads mainly through the lymphatic system. The normal document provides detailed information about breast anatomy, the lymphatic system, types of breast lumps and cancers, signs and symptoms of breast cancer, risk factors, diagnostic tests, staging of breast cancer, and treatment options which include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, targeted drug therapy, and biological therapy.
Neuro Quantology is an international, interdisciplinary, open-access, peer-reviewed journal that publishes original research and review articles on the interface between quantum physics and neuroscience. The journal focuses on the exploration of the neural mechanisms underlying consciousness, cognition, perception, and behavior from a quantum perspective. Neuro Quantology is published monthly.
Neuro Quantology is an international, interdisciplinary, open-access, peer-reviewed journal that publishes original research and review articles on the interface between quantum physics and neuroscience. The journal focuses on the exploration of the neural mechanisms underlying consciousness, cognition, perception, and behavior from a quantum perspective. Neuro Quantology is published monthly.
Her eyi a巽脹klayan tek bir yasa / Eski Yunan脹n M VII. ve VI. y端zy脹llar脹
B端y端k Birleik Kuram
Fizik tarihinde kavak/birleme noktalar脹
Cultural History of Physics - K叩roly Simonyi
Albert Einstein脹n Hayat脹 National Geographic 聴le Dizi OluyorBilgirazzi
油
Albert Einstein'脹n hayat脹 National Geographic adl脹 belgesel kanal脹 taraf脹ndan Deha (Genius) dizi serisi ile 巽ok yak脹nda bilim severler ile buluacak.
http://bilgirazzi.com/bilim/albert-einsteinin-hayati-national-geographic-ile-dizi-oluyor.html
This chapter introduces the basic elements of Java for programmers familiar with C++, including defining a simple Greeter class with a constructor, method, and field. It demonstrates how to compile and run a "Hello, World" program using this Greeter class, either from the command line or within the BlueJ integrated development environment. The chapter also describes Java's standard format for documentation comments to annotate classes and methods.
The Vow is based on the true story of Kim and Krickitt Carpenter. In the film, a car accident causes Paige to lose her memories of the last two years, including her romance and marriage to Leo. Leo tries various ways to help Paige fall in love with him again and regain her lost memories. After struggling to adapt to her new life with Leo, Paige decides to return to her family. However, she eventually starts to remember aspects of her life with Leo and realizes why she left her family and career originally. In the end, Paige chooses to rebuild her relationship with Leo.
1. Albert Einstein
Doum 14 Mart 1879
Ulm, Alman 聴mparatorluu
l端m 18 Nisan 1955 (76 ya脹nda)
Princeton, New Jersey,ABD
Milliyeti Alman 聴mparatorluu(1879-96, 1914-19)
Weimar Cumhuriyeti(1919-33)
聴svi巽re (1901-55)
ABD (1940-55)
al脹t脹脹 聴svi巽re Patent Ofisi (Bern)
yerler Z端rih niversitesi
Karlova niversitesi (Prag)
Prusya Bilim Akademisi (Berlin)
Kaiser Wilhelm Enstit端s端 (Berlin)
Leiden niversitesi
Princeton niversitesi
renim ETH Z端rih
Ald脹脹 旦d端ller 1921 Nobel Fizik d端l端
Copley Madalyas脹
Max Planck Madalyas脹
聴mza
2. EINSTE聴N ALBERT (Alb脹rt Ayntayn)(14 Mart 1879 - 18 Nisan 1955) , Yahudi as脹ll脹 Alman
teorik fizik巽i.
1879 senesinde Almanyan脹n Ulm kentinde d端nyaya geldi. 端phesiz ki Einstein, yirminci asr脹n en
b端y端k dahiler, bilginler ve mucitlerkategorisindedir. renimini 聴svi巽rede g旦rd端. 1904 senesinde
Z端rich niversitesine profes旦rl端e y端kseldi. 1912 senesinde ayn脹 kentin politeknik profes旦rl端端ne
ge巽ti. 1913 senesinde Berlin Genel Bilimler Akademisi 端yeliine ve Wilhelm Fizik Enstit端s端
M端d端rl端端ne getirildi. 1921 senesinde Nobel Fizik d端l端ne lay脹k g旦r端ld端. Ancak Ayntayn, Yahudi
脹rk脹ndan olduu i巽in ve bu esnada da 脹rk kovuturmas脹na maruz kalarak Almanyay脹 terketmek
zorunda b脹rak脹ld脹. Albert Einstein, Fransa, Bel巽ika ve 聴ngilterede ikamet ettikten sonra son olarak
Birleik Amerika h端k端metnde Priceton kentine giderek fizik bilimleri m端d端r端 oldu. 1940 senesinde
ise Amerikan vatandal脹脹na girdi.1955 senesinde 旦ld端.
Albert Einsteine g旦re evrende madde ile enerjinin toplam脹 sabit kal脹p, madde enerjiye d旦nebilir. Bu
d旦n端端m belirli bir form端le g旦re elde edilir. Alb脹rt Ayntayn, haks脹zl脹脹n kar脹s脹nda ve imanl脹 bir
bar脹sever olduu i巽in atom bombas脹 denemelerine 巽ok kar脹 巽脹kt脹 ve atom enerjisinin uluslararas脹
kontrol projesinin ortaya 巽脹kmas脹n脹 da salad脹.
Albert Einstein, 聴srail'li diplomat ve politikac脹 Abba Eban'la birlikte.
4. 束Annus Mirabillis損
1905, Einstein'脹n hayat脹n脹n en verimli y脹l脹 olmutur ve bu y脹la "annus mirabillis" (Latince
mucizevi y脹l) denmektedir. Bir y脹l i巽erisinde Annalen der Physik dergisinde yay脹nlad脹脹 d旦rt
makale, modern fizik anlay脹脹nda devrim yaratm脹t脹r. Bu makaleler:
Yay脹n
Almanca T端rk巽e Konu nemi
Tarihi
ber Einen die Erzeugung
Enerjinin kuantalardan
und Verwandlung des I脹脹n Oluumu ve
9 Fotoelektrik olutuunu 旦nerdi ve
Lichtes betreffenden D旦n端端m端 zerine
Haziran etki kuantum kuram脹n脹n 旦n端n端
heuristischen Bir G旦r端
a巽t脹.
Gesichtspunkt
Duraan Bir S脹v脹
ber die von der
聴巽indeki As脹lt脹
molekularkinetichen Atomlar脹n varl脹脹na bir
Par巽ac脹klar脹n脹n
17 Theorie der W辰rme Brown kan脹t sundu ve istatistik
Molek端ler Kinetik
Temmuz geoforderte Bewegung von hareketi fizik alan脹na destek
Kuram脹
ruhenden Fl端ssigkeiten salad脹.
er巽evesindeki
suspendierten Teilchen
Hareketleri zerine
Maxwell'in
elektromanyetik
denklemleri ile mekanik
Zur Elektrodynamik Hareketli Cisimlerin zel yasalar脹n脹 badat脹rd脹,
26 Eyl端l
bewegter K旦rper Elektrodinamii g旦relilik 脹脹k h脹z脹n脹n her referansa
g旦re sabit olduunu
旦nerdi, esirin varl脹脹n脹
reddetti.
K端tle enerji eitliini
Ist die Tr辰gheit eines Bir Cismin
21 K端tle-enerji 端nl端 form端l端 ile g旦sterdi,
K旦rpers von seinem Eylemsizlii Enerji
Kas脹m eitlii 脹脹脹n gravitasyon ile
Energieinhalt abh辰ngig? 聴巽eriine Bal脹 m脹d脹r?
b端k端lebileceini a巽脹klad脹.
5. ATOM BOMBASININ TEMEL FORML :
2. D端nya Sava脹'na kesin son salayan atom bombas脹, Ayntayn'脹n 1905 y脹l脹nda
ortaya koyduu bir ger巽ein 端r端n端d端r. Eskiden bir maddenin yarat脹lamayaca脹
ve yok edilemeyecei kuram脹 ge巽erliyken, Ayntayn maddenin enerjiye
,enerjinin de maddeye d旦n端ebileceini ileri s端rm端t端r.
E =enerji M= kitle C=脹脹脹n h脹z脹
olarak kabul edildiinde,bu ger巽ei
E=MC2
form端l端 ile ortaya koymutur.
Politik g旦r端leri :
Bana kal脹rsa kapitalizmin en b端y端k k旦t端l端端 bireylerin
sakatlanmas脹d脹r. T端m eitim sistemimiz bu beladan
musdariptir. Gelecekteki kariyerine haz脹rlanmak i巽in
a巽g旦zl端 bir bi巽imde baar脹ya tapmak 端zere eitilmi
旦renciye abart脹l脹 bir rekabet巽i yakla脹m a脹lan脹r. Ben bu
korkun巽 beladan kurtulman脹n tek yolu olduuna eminim. Bu
yol, toplumsal hedefler dorultusunda y旦nlendirilmi bir
eitim sisteminin elik ettii sosyalist ekonominin
inas脹d脹r. B旦yle bir ekonomide toplumun kendisi 端retim
ara巽lar脹n脹n sahibidir ve 端retim ara巽lar脹 planl脹 bir tarzda
kullan脹l脹r. retimi toplumun gereksinimlerine uyduran
planl脹 bir ekonomi ii 巽al脹abilir durumda olanlara da脹t脹r
ve erkek, kad脹n, 巽ocuk herkesin ge巽imini garanti eder.
Bireyin eitimi, doutan sahip olduu yeteneklerin
gelitirilmesinin yan脹nda, g端n端m端z toplumundaki g端巽 ve
baar脹n脹n y端celtilmesi yerine, bireyin i巽inde
巽evresindekilere kar脹 sorumluluk hissi gelitirmeyi
hedefler.[29]
6. Dini g旦r端leri :
Ben bir ateist deilim. Kendime bir panteist diyebileceimi
d端端nm端yorum. 聴lgili soru bizim k脹s脹tl脹 ak脹llar脹m脹z i巽in 巽ok geni. Biz,
pek 巽ok deiik dilde kitapla doldurulmu bir k端t端phaneye giren k端巽端k
bir 巽ocuun durumunday脹z. ocuk k端t端phanedeki kitaplar脹 birisinin
yazm脹 olmas脹 gerektiini bilir. Nas脹l yaz脹ld脹klar脹n脹 bilmez. Yaz脹ld脹klar脹
dilleri anlamaz. ocuk, kitaplar脹n s脹ralanmas脹nda esrarengiz bir d端zen
olduundan 端phe eder, ama ne olduunu bilmez. Bu durum, bana g旦re,
en zeki insan脹n bile tanr脹ya g旦sterecei yakla脹md脹r. Biz, evrenin
muhteem bir ekilde d端zenlendiini ve belirli kanunlara uyduunu
g旦rmekteyiz, ancak bu kanunlar脹 巽ok bulan脹k bir ekilde
anlayabilmekteyiz.[31]
Kitaplar脹 :
G旦relilik; zel ve Genel Kuram: Pop端ler Bir Yorum, 1920.
1. G旦relilikin Anlam脹, 1921.
2. Tek Atomlu deal Gazlar脹n Kuantum Kuram脹, 1924.
3. Brown Hareketi Kuram脹 zerine Arat脹rmalar, 1926.
4. Siyonizm Hakk脹nda, 1930.
5. Ni巽in Sava, 1933.
6. G旦rd端端m Kadar脹yla D端nya, Denemeler, 1934.
7. Felsefem, 1934.
8. Fiziin Evrimi, Leopold Infield ile birlikte, 1938.
9. Otobiyografik Notlar, Denemeler, 1949.
10. Denemeler, 1950.
7. Makaleleri :
ber Einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen
Gesichtspunkt (I脹脹n Oluumu ve D旦n端端m端 zerine Bir G旦r端), 1905.
ber die von der molekularkinetichen Theorie der W辰rme geoforderte Bewegung
von ruhenden Fl端ssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen (Duraan Bir S脹v脹 聴巽indeki As脹lt脹
Par巽ac脹klar脹n脹n Molek端ler Kinetik Kuram脹 er巽evesindeki Hareketleri zerine), 1905.
Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter K旦rper (Hareketli Cisimlerin Elektrodinamii), 1905.
Ist die Tr辰gheit eines K旦rpers von seinem Energieinhalt abh辰ngig? (Bir Cismin
Eylemsizlii Enerji i巽eriine Bal脹 m脹d脹r?), 1905.
Zur Theorie der Brownischen Bewegung (Brown Hareketi Kuram脹 zerine), 1906.
Zur Theorie der Lichterzeugung und Lichtabsorption (I脹脹n Sal脹n脹m脹 ve Sourumu
Kuram脹 zerine), 1906.
Plancksche Theorie der Strahlung und die Theorie der Spezifischen W辰rme
(I脹n脹m脹n Planck Kuram脹 ve zg端l Is脹 Kuram脹), 1907.
Entwurf einer verallegemeinerten Relativit辰tstheorie und einer Theorie der
Gravitation (Bir K端tle ekimi Kuram脹 ve Genelletirilmi G旦relilik Kuram脹na Bir
G旦nderme), 1913.
Die Grundlagen der allgemeinen Relativit辰tstheorie (Genel G旦relilik Kuram脹'n脹n
Temelleri), 1916.
Quantentheorie der Strahlung (I脹n脹m脹n Kuantum Kuram脹), 1917
11. Alb脹rt Ayntayn hakk脹nda ilgin巽 bilgiler
1. Enstein'in beyni.
1955 de 旦l端m端nden sonra Einsteins beyni
ailesinden Thomas Stoltz Harvey taraf脹ndan
al脹nd脹.Princeton hastanesi patolistleri otopsi yapt脹lar.Daha
sonras脹nda beyin Harvey taraf脹ndan bir jel i巽inde korumaya
al脹nd脹.
Daha sonraki y脹llarda deiik grupar ve bilim adamlar脹
Einstein'in beyni 端zerinde 巽al脹malar yapt脹lar.
Bulunan en 旦nemli 旦zelliklerden birisi normal bir beyinden 巽ok daha b端y端k olmas脹yd脹.
1998 de 85 ya脹ndaki Harvey Einstein'in beynini Princeton 端niversitesindeki Dr.Elliot
Krauss'a verdi.Son s旦yledikleri unlard脹.
bu beyni kutsal bir emanet olarak y脹llarca korudum.Art脹k ona sahip olmaktan 巽ok
yoruldum.1998
2. Einstein 巽oculuunda 巽ok zor konumutu.
Einstein 巽ocukluunda konuma problemleri yaad脹.Konumaya balad脹脹ndada 巽ok yava
konuuyordu.Bu dokuz ya脹na kadar s端rd端.Annesi ve Babas脹 geri zekal脹 olduunu d端端n端p
巽ok korkuyorlard脹.Ama hepimizinde bildii 端zere b旦yle birey ger巽eklemedi.
Gulzada 聴isaeva