This document provides an overview of tariffs as an instrument of trade policy. It discusses:
1) The objectives of understanding tariffs and their effects on trade patterns, welfare, and income distribution.
2) Models used to analyze the effects of tariffs, including partial equilibrium models and examining small vs. large country cases.
3) How tariffs affect prices, consumption, production, trade balances, and welfare in importing and exporting countries through a shift in supply and demand curves. Tariffs create costs through deadweight losses.
4) Concepts of consumer surplus, producer surplus, and total surplus are used to measure and compare the costs and benefits of tariffs, free trade, and autark
Dokumen ini membahas peran penting uang dalam perekonomian sebagai alat tukar dan penyimpan kekayaan, serta hubungan antara jumlah uang yang beredar dengan output dan harga yang dijelaskan melalui teori kuantitas uang. Ditekankan pula tugas Bank Indonesia dalam menjaga stabilitas moneter dan sistem pembayaran, di mana stabilitas ini krusial untuk mendukung pertumbuhan ekonomi. Berbagai teori permintaan uang dan implikasi suku bunga juga diuraikan terkait dengan perekonomian serta tantangan liberalisasi pasar keuangan.
The document discusses theories of international trade when economies of scale and imperfect competition are present. It covers key topics such as:
1) Economies of scale can occur at the firm level (internal) or industry level (external) and influence market structure. Industries with internal economies often have an oligopolistic structure while external economies tend to be perfectly competitive.
2) Under monopolistic competition, firms produce differentiated goods and view competitors' prices as fixed. The equilibrium number of firms and prices are determined by the intersection of average cost and profit curves.
3) Intra-industry trade allows countries to benefit from larger markets and greater product variety. It is an important component of trade between industrialized nations.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang industrialisasi dan pembangunan ekonomi. Terdapat penjelasan mengenai pengertian industri dan tujuan industrialisasi seperti perubahan struktur ekonomi, pendalaman produk, dan peningkatan keterampilan SDM. Dibahas pula strategi industrialisasi seperti industri pengganti impor dan industri promosi ekspor beserta pertimbangan dan kelemahannya.
Creeping inflation refers to a very low rise in prices like that of a snail or creeper. Moderate inflation occurs when prices rise moderately, while runway or galloping inflation describes rapidly rising prices at double or triple digit rates. The main theories of inflation are the quantity theory, demand pull theory, and cost push theory. The quantity theory states that too much money in the economy leads to inflation. Demand pull inflation occurs when aggregate demand increases more than supply, and cost push inflation happens when production costs rise, automatically increasing prices. Both monetary and fiscal measures can be used to reduce inflation.
The document discusses inflation in India, defining it as a sharp rise in price levels caused by an excess of money supply compared to available goods. It outlines different types of inflation including demand-pull and cost-push inflation. Methods for controlling inflation are also presented, such as monetary measures like credit control and fiscal measures like reducing unnecessary spending. Inflation is measured using indices like the Consumer Price Index and Wholesale Price Index, though the CPI better captures inflation's impact on consumers.
Dokumen ini membahas ruang lingkup analisis makroekonomi, termasuk pengertian makroekonomi, masalah utama dalam perekonomian seperti pertumbuhan ekonomi, pengangguran, inflasi, dan neraca pembayaran. Juga diuraikan tentang faktor produksi dan data makroekonomi untuk menilai prestasi kegiatan ekonomi suatu negara. Analisis ini mencakup peran faktor-faktor produksi dan hubungan antara pengeluaran agregat dengan pengangguran dalam perekonomian.
This document discusses how economists define and measure GDP. It provides three main methods for calculating GDP - the production, expenditure, and income methods. It explains how GDP is a measure of the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time. However, GDP has limitations as a measure of economic well-being, as it does not account for non-market activities, environmental factors, inequality, and other social considerations. The document emphasizes using real GDP, which accounts for changes in quantities rather than just current dollar values, when analyzing economic growth over time.
This document provides an overview of tariffs as an instrument of trade policy. It discusses:
1) The objectives of understanding tariffs and their effects on trade patterns, welfare, and income distribution.
2) Models used to analyze the effects of tariffs, including partial equilibrium models and examining small vs. large country cases.
3) How tariffs affect prices, consumption, production, trade balances, and welfare in importing and exporting countries through a shift in supply and demand curves. Tariffs create costs through deadweight losses.
4) Concepts of consumer surplus, producer surplus, and total surplus are used to measure and compare the costs and benefits of tariffs, free trade, and autark
Dokumen ini membahas peran penting uang dalam perekonomian sebagai alat tukar dan penyimpan kekayaan, serta hubungan antara jumlah uang yang beredar dengan output dan harga yang dijelaskan melalui teori kuantitas uang. Ditekankan pula tugas Bank Indonesia dalam menjaga stabilitas moneter dan sistem pembayaran, di mana stabilitas ini krusial untuk mendukung pertumbuhan ekonomi. Berbagai teori permintaan uang dan implikasi suku bunga juga diuraikan terkait dengan perekonomian serta tantangan liberalisasi pasar keuangan.
The document discusses theories of international trade when economies of scale and imperfect competition are present. It covers key topics such as:
1) Economies of scale can occur at the firm level (internal) or industry level (external) and influence market structure. Industries with internal economies often have an oligopolistic structure while external economies tend to be perfectly competitive.
2) Under monopolistic competition, firms produce differentiated goods and view competitors' prices as fixed. The equilibrium number of firms and prices are determined by the intersection of average cost and profit curves.
3) Intra-industry trade allows countries to benefit from larger markets and greater product variety. It is an important component of trade between industrialized nations.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang industrialisasi dan pembangunan ekonomi. Terdapat penjelasan mengenai pengertian industri dan tujuan industrialisasi seperti perubahan struktur ekonomi, pendalaman produk, dan peningkatan keterampilan SDM. Dibahas pula strategi industrialisasi seperti industri pengganti impor dan industri promosi ekspor beserta pertimbangan dan kelemahannya.
Creeping inflation refers to a very low rise in prices like that of a snail or creeper. Moderate inflation occurs when prices rise moderately, while runway or galloping inflation describes rapidly rising prices at double or triple digit rates. The main theories of inflation are the quantity theory, demand pull theory, and cost push theory. The quantity theory states that too much money in the economy leads to inflation. Demand pull inflation occurs when aggregate demand increases more than supply, and cost push inflation happens when production costs rise, automatically increasing prices. Both monetary and fiscal measures can be used to reduce inflation.
The document discusses inflation in India, defining it as a sharp rise in price levels caused by an excess of money supply compared to available goods. It outlines different types of inflation including demand-pull and cost-push inflation. Methods for controlling inflation are also presented, such as monetary measures like credit control and fiscal measures like reducing unnecessary spending. Inflation is measured using indices like the Consumer Price Index and Wholesale Price Index, though the CPI better captures inflation's impact on consumers.
Dokumen ini membahas ruang lingkup analisis makroekonomi, termasuk pengertian makroekonomi, masalah utama dalam perekonomian seperti pertumbuhan ekonomi, pengangguran, inflasi, dan neraca pembayaran. Juga diuraikan tentang faktor produksi dan data makroekonomi untuk menilai prestasi kegiatan ekonomi suatu negara. Analisis ini mencakup peran faktor-faktor produksi dan hubungan antara pengeluaran agregat dengan pengangguran dalam perekonomian.
This document discusses how economists define and measure GDP. It provides three main methods for calculating GDP - the production, expenditure, and income methods. It explains how GDP is a measure of the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time. However, GDP has limitations as a measure of economic well-being, as it does not account for non-market activities, environmental factors, inequality, and other social considerations. The document emphasizes using real GDP, which accounts for changes in quantities rather than just current dollar values, when analyzing economic growth over time.
1. DRDNC BLM
DI T聴CARET TEOR聴S聴 VE
EKONOM聴K BYME ANAL聴Z聴
2. I- FAKTR AZINDAK聴 ARTI
1- Yans脹z B端y端me Durumu
Makine
DD : 聴lk durumda 端retim olanaklar脹 erisi
R
io : 聴lk durumdaki t端ketimi g旦steren
kay脹ts脹zl脹k erisi
T
TTnin eimi : 聴hra巽 mal脹 tekstilin
C0 (makine cinsinden) fiyat脹na eittir.
D P
i0
K
lkenin 端retim dengesi Ao ve t端ketim
B0 dengesi Co noktas脹nda oluur.
A0
T
lke AoBo miktar tekstil ihra巽 eder
BoCo miktar makine ithal eder.
O D Tekstil
Grafik 1: Sapmas脹z B端y端me OP: iki mal脹n ne oranda 端retildiklerini
OR: iki mal脹n ne oranda t端ketildiklerini g旦sterir
2
3. I- FAKTR AZINDAK聴 ARTI
1- Yans脹z B端y端me Durumu
Makine
DD : Yans脹z b端y端menin ger巽eklemesi
R
durumunda oluan 端retim olanaklar脹 erisi
T1 (Paralel olarak d脹a kaym脹t脹r.)
T
CN 聴1: Yans脹z b端y端meden sonraki kay脹ts脹zl脹k
D i1
erisidir.
C0
D P
i0 T1T1 dorusu TT dorusuna paraleldir
K ve ayn脹 fiyat oran脹na eittir.
B0 AN
A0
T1
CN : Yeni t端ketim dengesi
T
AN : Yeni 端retim dengesi
O D D Tekstil
Grafik 1: Sapmas脹z B端y端me
Yeni durumda 端lke
K-AN miktar tekstil ihra巽 eder
K-CN miktar makine ithal eder.
3
4. I- FAKTR AZINDAK聴 ARTI
1- Yans脹z B端y端me Durumu
Makine
AN noktas脹n脹n OP dorusu, CN noktas脹n脹n OR
R
dorusu 端zerinde olmas脹 b端y端me sonras脹nda
T1 端retim ve t端ketim oranlar脹n脹n deimediini
T g旦sterir.
CN
D i1
C0
D P
i0 Yans脹z b端y端menin iki koulu vard脹r.
K
B0 A0
AN
Fakt旦rlerin ayn脹 oranda art脹脹 ve
T T1 end端strilere da脹l脹脹n脹n ayn脹 oranda
O D D Tekstil olmas脹
Grafik 1: Sapmas脹z B端y端me
T端ketimin ayn脹 oranda
s端rd端r端lebilmesi
4
5. I- FAKTR AZINDAK聴 ARTI
2- Ticareti Art脹r脹c脹 Y旦nl端 B端y端me
R
Makine T DD : 聴lk durumda 端retim olanaklar脹 erisi
i : 聴lk durumdaki t端ketimi g旦steren
kay脹ts脹zl脹k erisi
TTnin eimi : 聴hra巽 mal脹 tekstilin
D i P (makine cinsinden) fiyat脹na eittir.
D
聴hracat kesiminde youn olarak
kullan脹lan fakt旦r端n, ithal edilebilir mal
A0 end端strisinde kullan脹lan fakt旦rden daha
T h脹zl脹 artt脹脹n脹 varsayal脹m.
O D D
Tekstilin emek youn bir sekt旦r
Grafik 2: Ticareti art脹r脹c脹 Y旦nl端 B端y端me Tekstil
olduunu ve emek fakt旦r端n端n daha h脹zl脹
artt脹脹 durumda 端retim olanaklar脹 erisi
tekstil y旦n端nde daha fazla d脹a doru
geniler.
5
6. I- FAKTR AZINDAK聴 ARTI
2- Ticareti Art脹r脹c脹 Y旦nl端 B端y端me
R
Makine T 聴ki mal aras脹ndaki fiyat oran脹 deimedi
varsay脹ld脹脹ndan yeni 端retim
noktas脹ndaki makine / tekstil oran脹 daha
d端端k olacakt脹r.
D i P Yeni 端retim denge noktas脹 Ao noktas脹n脹n
D
旦tesinde OP dorusunun alt脹nda
1 olacakt脹r. Bu durum OP dorusu aa脹
AE doru hareket etmesi anlam脹na gelir.
A0 2
T
O D D Yeni 端retim denge noktas脹n脹n bulunaca脹
Grafik 2: Ticareti art脹r脹c脹 Y旦nl端 B端y端me Tekstil iki b旦lge vard脹r.
1. B旦lge AoP ve AoAE dorular脹
aras脹nda
kalan b旦lge
2. B旦lge AoAE dorusunun alt脹nda
kalan b旦lge
6
7. I- FAKTR AZINDAK聴 ARTI
2- Ticareti Art脹r脹c脹 Y旦nl端 B端y端me
R
Makine T Yeni 端retim noktas脹
1. B旦lgede ise tekstil ve
makine 端retimi artm脹t脹r
D i P
fakat tekstil 端retimindeki
D art脹, makine 端retimindeki
1
AE
art脹tan fazlad脹r.
A0 2
T
O D D
Yeni 端retim noktas脹
Grafik 2: Ticareti art脹r脹c脹 Y旦nl端 B端y端me Tekstil 2. B旦lgede ise tekstil
端retimi artarken makine
端retimi azal脹r.
7
8. I- FAKTR AZINDAK聴 ARTI
2- Ticareti Art脹r脹c脹 Y旦nl端 B端y端me
R retim farkl脹l脹klar脹n脹n nedeni:
Makine T
Yeni 端retim noktas脹ndaki 端r端n
bileimi, sermayedeki art脹
miktar脹n脹n emekteki art脹 miktar脹na
i
oran脹na bal脹d脹r.
D P
D Bu oran tekstil 端retiminde
1 kullan脹lan sermaye/emek oran脹 ile
AE ayn脹 ise 端retim noktas脹 AoAE
A0 2 端zerinde olur. Tekstil 端retimi
T
artarken motor 端retimi sabit kal脹r.
O D D
Grafik 2: Ticareti art脹r脹c脹 Y旦nl端 B端y端me Tekstil Bu oran tekstil 端retiminde
kullan脹lan sermaye/emek oran脹ndan
b端y端k ise 端retim noktas脹 1. B旦lgede
olur. Tekstil ve motor 端retimi artar
fakat tekstildeki 端retim daha fazla
artar 8
9. I- FAKTR AZINDAK聴 ARTI
2- Ticareti Art脹r脹c脹 Y旦nl端 B端y端me
R zel bir durum :
Makine T
EMEK ARTARKEN SERMAYEN聴N
SAB聴T KALMASI
Bu durumda da tekstil 端retimi
D i P geniler ve motor 端retimi d端er. Bu
D
durum Rybczynski Teoremi ile
1 a巽脹klanmaktad脹r.
AE
A0 2
T
O D D
Grafik 2: Ticareti art脹r脹c脹 Y旦nl端 B端y端me Tekstil
9
10. I- FAKTR AZINDAK聴 ARTI
2- Ticareti Art脹r脹c脹 Y旦nl端 B端y端me
R Sonu巽 olarak
Makine T
聴hracat kesiminde youn olarak
D i P kullan脹lan fakt旦r端n daha y端ksek bir
D
oranda art脹脹na dayanan b端y端me
1 koullar脹 alt脹nda ihra巽 edilebilir
AE
mallar脹n 端retimi, ithal edilebilir
A0 2
T mallar脹n 端retiminden g旦receli
O D D
olarak daha fazla artacak ve uluslar
Grafik 2: Ticareti art脹r脹c脹 Y旦nl端 B端y端me Tekstil aras脹 ticaret de GSMHdaki art脹tan
daha b端y端k olacakt脹r.
10
11. I- FAKTR AZINDAK聴 ARTI
3- Ticarete Kar脹t Y旦nl端 B端y端me
Fakt旦r stokundaki art脹, k脹t olan fakt旦r端n daha h脹zl脹
b端y端mesi eklinde kendini g旦sterir.
Sermaye, ithal edilebilir mal olan makine 端retiminde
daha youn kullan脹ld脹脹ndan makine 端retimi tekstil
端retiminden daha fazla artar. (belki de tekstil 端retimi
daralabilir.)
T端ketimin ekonomideki b端y端me oran脹 ile ayn脹 h脹zda
artmas脹 varsay脹m脹 alt脹nda, 端lkenin ticaret hacmi
daral脹r.
Ticarete kar脹t y旦nl端 b端y端me, ulusal ekonomide
端retim ile t端ketim eitlenene kadar devam eder.
11
12. II- TEKNOLOJ聴K GEL聴ME
Teknolojik gelime ile ortaya 巽脹kan yeni 端retim
y旦ntemleri ile ayn脹 miktar girdi kullan脹larak daha
fazla mal 端retilebilir.
Sabit verimler varsay脹m脹 alt脹nda (端retim
fonksiyonlar脹n脹n dorusal olmas脹) teknolojik
yenilikler 端巽e ayr脹l脹r:
Sapmas脹z (Yans脹z) Yenilikler
Emek Tasarrufu Salayan Yenilikler
Sermaye Tasarrufu Salayan Yenilikler
12
13. II- TEKNOLOJ聴K GEL聴ME
1- Sapmas脹z Teknolojik Gelime
Emek ve sermayenin marjinal verimliliinin
Sermaye
ayn脹 oranda artt脹脹 yeniliklerdir.
b 聴ki fakt旦rden ayn脹 oranda tasarruf salan脹r.
F b1
X Fakt旦r oranlar脹 FF iken 端retici bb e-端r端n
erisi 端zerinde B noktas脹nda fakt旦r bileimini
F
1
kullan脹r.
B
B1 Sapmas脹z bir teknolojik gelimeden sonra e-端r端n erisi b1b1
b eklinde sola kayar. Fakt旦r fiyatlar脹n脹n deimemesi durumunda
denge noktas脹 yine OX dorusu 端zerinde bulunur.
b1
O F1 F
Grafik 3: Sapmas脹z Teknik Yenilik Emek
Ayn脹 miktarda mal 端retimi i巽in kullan脹lan girdi
miktar脹 azalmakta fakat fakt旦r younluu
deimemektedir.
13
14. II- TEKNOLOJ聴K GEL聴ME
2- Emek Tasarrufu Salayan
Teknolojik 聴lerleme
Sermayenin marjinal verimliliini
Sermaye
emee g旦re daha fazla art脹ran
b yeniliklerdir.
F Emek fakt旦r端 a巽脹a 巽脹kar.
b1
X
F
X1
Grafikte bb e-端r端n erisinin b1b1 olarak
1
b1 B sol 端st y旦nde kaymas脹 bu durumu
g旦sterir.
b
SERMAYE/EMEK oran脹 OX ten OX1 e
y端kselmitir.
O F1 F Emek
Grafik 3: Emek ve Sermaye Tasarrufu
Salayan Yenilik Tipleri
Bu durumda birim emek ba脹na
daha fazla sermaye kullan脹lmaktad脹r.
14
15. II- TEKNOLOJ聴K GEL聴ME
3- Sermaye Tasarrufu Salayan
Teknolojik 聴lerleme
Emein marjinal verimliliini
Sermaye
sermayeye g旦re daha fazla art脹ran
b yeniliklerdir.
F Sermaye fakt旦r端 a巽脹a 巽脹kar.
b1
X
F
X1
Grafikte bb e-端r端n erisinin b2b2 olarak
1
b1 B sol aa脹 y旦nde kaymas脹 bu durumu
b2 g旦sterir.
b
SERMAYE/EMEK oran脹 OX ten OX2 e
X2 d端m端t端r..
b2
O F1 F Emek
Grafik 3: Emek ve Sermaye Tasarrufu
Salayan Yenilik Tipleri
Bu durumda birim sermaye ba脹na
daha fazla emek kullan脹lmaktad脹r.
15
16. II- TEKNOLOJ聴K GEL聴ME
Teknoloji gelimeleri daha 巽ok emek
tasarrufu salay脹c脹 tipte olmaktad脹r.
Eer bir sekt旦rde yans脹z teknik gelime
olursa o sekt旦rde 端retim hacmi geniler,
dier sekt旦rde ise daral脹r.
Teknik yenilik bir sekt旦rde youn olarak
kullan脹lan fakt旦rden tasarruf salay脹c脹 t端rde
ise, o sekt旦rde 端retimi art脹r脹c脹 ve dier
sekt旦rde azalt脹c脹 etkileri vard脹r. (Rybczynski
Teoremi)
16
17. III- BYME, T聴CARET HADLER聴 VE
REFAH 聴L聴K聴LER聴
Bu noktaya kadar g旦r端len analizlerde k端巽端k
端lke varsay脹m脹 yap脹lm脹t脹r.
D端nya pazar脹nda a脹rl脹kl脹 yeri bulunan bir
端lkenin b端y端mesi, uluslararas脹 fiyatlar脹 olumsuz
etkiler. Ticaret hadlerindeki bozulma,
b端y端menin b端y端menin salad脹脹 refah脹n bir
k脹sm脹n脹n kaybolmas脹na neden olur.
Buradaki 旦nemli bir varsay脹m ise b端y端k 端lkedeki
ekonomik gelimeye kar脹l脹k, 旦teki 端lkelerde bir
deime olmad脹脹 varsay脹lmaktad脹r.
17
18. BYME, T聴CARET HADLER聴 VE
REFAH 聴L聴K聴LER聴
Motor Grafik ile g旦stermek gerekirse:
TR2 TR TR1 TR: T端rkiyenin motor kar脹l脹脹 tekstil teklif
US erisi
C1 D US: Amerikan脹n tekstil kar脹l脹脹 motor
C E erisidir.
C2 H Denge E noktas脹ndad脹r.
OEnin eimi ise tekstilin motor cinsinden
fiyat脹n脹 verir. Ticaret Haddi.
B端y端me sonras脹nda ticaret hacmi OE den
OD ye genilemi olsun.
lkenin motor talebi CC1 kadar
lkenin tekstil arz脹 SS1 kadar artm脹t脹r.
ABDnin talep ve arz脹 sabit kald脹脹ndan
O S2 S S1 motor talebindeki ve tekstil arz脹ndaki art脹
Grafik 5: B端y端me ve Ticaret Hadleri Tekstil nedeniyle ticaret hadleri T端rkiyenin
aleyhine d旦ner.
Ticarete kar脹t y旦nl端 b端y端mede ise ticaret hacmi daral脹r ve ticaret hadleri iyileir.
Teklif erisinin OTR2 bi巽iminde sola kaymas脹 sonucu teklif edilen tekstil ve talep edilen
motor azal脹r ve ticaret hadleri OHden ge巽ecek bi巽imde T端rkiye lehine deiir.
18
19. YOKSULLATIRAN BYME
Bir b端y端k 端lkedeki 端retim art脹lar脹n脹n
birbirine ters iki etkisinin bulunduu
belirtilmiti.
Ticaret hadlerinde meydana gelen
olumsuz etkinin, b端y端me nedeniyle
oluan refah art脹脹ndan b端y端k olduu
durumlarda b端y端me yoksullamaya
neden olur.
19
20. YOKSULLATIRAN BYME
Makine Balang脹巽ta 端lkenin
T A0 端retim noktas脹
C0 C0 t端ketim noktas脹
T1 TT ilk durum ticaret hadleridir.
C1
i1 lkede b端y端k bir ticaret art脹r脹c脹 y旦nl端
b端y端menin ortaya 巽脹kt脹脹n脹 varsayal脹m.
D1
i2 Tekstil 端retiminde y端ksek bir art脹
salayacak ekilde 端retim olanaklar脹 erisi
D0
d脹a doru geniler.
A1
Bu 端lkenin daha 巽ok tekstil ihra巽 edip, daha 巽ok
makine ithal etmeyi arzulamas脹 ticaret hadlerini
bozarak T1T1 haline getirir.
A0 T1
Ticaret hadlerindeki bozulma o derece iddetlidir ki
T bundan doan refah kayb脹, 端retim genilemesinden
O D0 D1 doan refah kazanc脹ndan y端ksektir.
Tekstil
Grafik 6: Yoksullat脹ran B端y端me
20
21. EKONOM聴K KALKINMA VE
KARILATIRMALI STNLKLER
Fakt旦r arz脹ndaki b端y端me, artan fakt旦r端
g旦receli ucuzlatarak onu youn bi巽imde
kullanan end端strilerde maliyet
d端端端ne ve 端retim genilemesine yol
a巽ar.
Bu ise kar脹lat脹rmal脹 端st端nl端k yap脹s脹n脹n
o y旦nde deimesi demektir.
21
22. Az gelimi 端lkeler 巽ounlukla, kalk脹nman脹n ilk
aamalar脹nda, sahip olduklar脹 zengin n端fus
potansiyeline kar脹l脹k sermaye k脹tl脹脹 巽ekerler.
O bak脹mdan zorunlu olarak emek youn mallar
ihra巽 ederler. Ancak bu 端lkelerin kalk脹nma
planlar脹n脹n ana amac脹, h脹zl脹 bir sanayileme ile
sermaye k脹tl脹脹n脹 gidermek ve uzun d旦nemde ileri
teknoloji ve sermeye youn mallar ihra巽 eden bir
端lke konumuna gelmektir.
Bir 巽ok sanayilemi 端lkenin ge巽mite buna
benzer deiimler g旦sterdii g旦r端lmektedir.
22
23. DI T聴CARET聴N D聴NAM聴K
YARARLARI
retim ve kaynak a巽脹脹n脹 kar脹lama
聴巽 ekonomideki 端r端n fazlas脹na 巽脹k脹
(pazar) salama
Geni bir piyasa hacmi
Rekabet
聴巽 piyasa talebini gelitirme
Ekonomik dinamizm
23
