This document discusses OSPF, load balancing, and ECMP. It begins with an overview of OSPF as an intra-AS routing protocol that uses the Dijkstra algorithm to find the shortest path. It then discusses the load balancing problem and how ECMP can provide a solution by equally splitting traffic across multiple equal-cost paths. The benefits of ECMP include load balancing, improved bandwidth utilization, and congestion mitigation. Traditional ECMP has drawbacks, but weighted ECMP can optimize end-to-end delay by distributing traffic based on pre-determined weight ratios.
This document discusses geographical routing in mobile ad hoc networks. It describes traditional routing approaches like next-hop routing, source routing, and flooding, and their disadvantages. It then introduces geographical routing, which uses location information to route packets. Key geographical routing protocols discussed include LAR, DREAM, and GRID. LAR and DREAM disseminate location information and forward packets towards the destination's expected zone. GRID partitions the area into grids and elects gateways to route between grids towards the destination. The document also categorizes geographical routing algorithms based on their use of location services, forwarding strategies, and recovery schemes.
This document discusses OSPF, load balancing, and ECMP. It begins with an overview of OSPF as an intra-AS routing protocol that uses the Dijkstra algorithm to find the shortest path. It then discusses the load balancing problem and how ECMP can provide a solution by equally splitting traffic across multiple equal-cost paths. The benefits of ECMP include load balancing, improved bandwidth utilization, and congestion mitigation. Traditional ECMP has drawbacks, but weighted ECMP can optimize end-to-end delay by distributing traffic based on pre-determined weight ratios.
This document discusses geographical routing in mobile ad hoc networks. It describes traditional routing approaches like next-hop routing, source routing, and flooding, and their disadvantages. It then introduces geographical routing, which uses location information to route packets. Key geographical routing protocols discussed include LAR, DREAM, and GRID. LAR and DREAM disseminate location information and forward packets towards the destination's expected zone. GRID partitions the area into grids and elects gateways to route between grids towards the destination. The document also categorizes geographical routing algorithms based on their use of location services, forwarding strategies, and recovery schemes.
Dynamic Source Routing uses route discovery to find routes between nodes. When a node receives a route request (RREQ) message, if it is the destination it returns a route reply (RREP) with the accumulated route record to the sender. If it is an intermediate node, it discards the RREQ if it has the same ID or finds its own address in the route, otherwise it appends its address to the route record and propagates the RREQ to neighbors to continue finding a path to the destination.
DSR is a source routing protocol for wireless ad hoc networks. It uses source routing whereby the source specifies the complete path to the destination in the packet header. Route discovery is done through route request broadcasts, and routes are cached for future use. Route maintenance is done through acknowledgements; if a link breaks, a route error is sent back to the source. Simulation results showed high packet delivery ratios even with high node mobility. DSR performs well for dynamic wireless networks.
Cisco Systems was founded in 1984 by computer scientists Len Bosack and Sandy Lerner from Stanford University. It now has over 60,000 employees and annual revenue of $40 billion. The document lists the names and employee IDs of six Cisco employees. It provides background on Cisco's history, vision, mission, global facts, business segments, and strategies for human resources, finance, and operations. It also discusses Cisco's presence and market leadership in India.
We suddenly live in a strange and wonderful nexus of digital and physical. Touchscreens let us hold information in our hands, and we touch, stretch, crumple, drag, and flick data itself. Our sensor-packed phones even reach beyond the screen to interact directly with the world around us. While these digital interfaces are becoming physical, the physical world is becoming digital, too. Objects, places, and even our bodies are lighting up with with sensors and connectivity. Were not just clicking links anymore; were creating physical interfaces to digital systems. This requires new perspective and technique for web and product designers. The good news: its all within your reach. With a rich trove of examples, Designing for Touch author Josh Clark explores the practical, meaningful design opportunities for the webs newly physical interfaces.