BpSM 2014.09. - Sebestyén Endre: Alternatív splicing változások elemzése rákg...Budapest Science MeetupAlternatív splicing változások elemzése rákgenom projektekben
Sebestyén Endre - Computational Genomics, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Dr. Aiguader 88, E08003 Barcelona, Spain
Az elmúlt évtizedben a rákkutatást jelentősen elősegítette a különféle genomszekvenáló módszerek szédületes fejlődése, és az egyszerre előállítható adatmennyiség. Az e módszerekre alapuló tanulmányok nagy része azonban csak a DNS mutációk katalogizálásával foglalkozik, kevés figyelmet fordítva más változásokra. Az alternatív splicing mechanizmusa, amely lehetővé teszi, hogy egy génről több különböző mRNS változat, majd fehérje is képződjön, valószínűleg fontos szerepet játszik a rák kialakulásában, azonban átfogóan eddig nem vizsgálták. Munkánk során 9 ráktípushoz tartozó mintegy 4000 mintában kerestünk alternatív splicing változásokat, és elemeztük ezek kapcsolatát a DNS-ben fellépő mutációkkal. Több mint 250, mutációktól általában független, adott rákra jellemző, vagy több ráktípusban is előforduló konzisztens változást írtunk le, amelyek lehetséges jövőbeli terápiás célpontok, esetleg diagnosztikai módszerek fejlesztésében is felhasználhatók.
Budapest Science Meetup, 2014. szeptember 11.
MICROTESTER - A redox-potenciál mérésen alapuló gyors vizsgálati módszer elmé...Olivér ReichartA redox-potenciál mérésen alapuló modszer részletes bemutatása:
* Gyors módszer, különösen nagy mikroba-számú minták esetében.
* Egyszerű mérési technika.
* Szabványos táptalajok használhatók.
* A redox-görbe alakjából következtetni lehet a mikroba-csoportra.
* Nagyon széles (100-108) sejtszám-tartományban hígítás nélkül alkalmazható.
* Különösen célszerű membrán-szűréses módszer kiértékelésére.
* Élelmiszeripari vizsgálatokra validált és akkreditált módszer.
In vitro models of hepatotoxicityimprovemedThis document describes various in vitro models and methods that can be used to study hepatotoxicity, including hepatocyte cell cultures, assays to measure cell viability and metabolic activity (trypan blue dye exclusion test, MTT assay), staining to visualize lipid accumulation (Oil Red O), and techniques to examine gene and protein expression changes (RT-PCR, western blotting). Specifically, it discusses using these methods to establish models of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by treating hepatocyte cultures with fatty acids like palmitic and oleic acid, and models of drug-induced hepatotoxicity by treating with acetaminophen or amiodarone. Key readouts include lipid accumulation, apoptosis levels
Etiology of liver diseasesimprovemedThis document summarizes various liver diseases and their etiologies. It discusses alcoholic liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, viral hepatitis infections from hepatitis B, C, and D viruses, autoimmune disorders like autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis, genetic disorders, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The liver's important functions are outlined. Causes, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment approaches are described for each disease.
An introduction to experimental epidemiology improvemedThis document provides an overview of experimental epidemiology methods. It discusses the key features and types of experimental epidemiology studies, including controlled field trials and community trials. Controlled field trials involve dividing healthy subjects into an exposed group that receives an active substance (like a vaccine) and an unexposed control group that receives a placebo. Community trials involve entire exposed and unexposed communities. Randomized controlled trials, which assign individual subjects randomly to intervention or control groups, are described as the most common experimental method but are covered in more depth separately. Overall, the document outlines the design and purpose of various experimental epidemiology study types.
Genotyping methods of nosocomial infections pathogenimprovemedNosocomial infections afflict around 2 million patients in the US each year, resulting in around 88,000 deaths and $4.5 billion in excess healthcare costs. Understanding the distribution and relatedness of pathogens that cause these infections is important for designing effective control methods. Historically, phenotypic characterization was used, but increasingly molecular or genotyping techniques are being used, including pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, multilocus sequence typing, and polymerase chain reaction-based methods. Studies have shown that integrating molecular typing into infection control programs can significantly reduce infection rates and healthcare costs.
Use of MALDI-TOF in the diagnosis of infectious diseasesimprovemedMALDI-TOF MS has revolutionized clinical microbiology by drastically improving the time needed to identify bacterial cultures from over 24 hours to just a few minutes. Whereas the entire process from sampling to results previously took 2-3 days or more, new methods like MALDI-TOF MS and molecular technology have reduced this to just a few hours or one day. MALDI-TOF MS is a powerful, cost-effective, and easy to implement technique that provides rapid and reliable identification of bacteria and yeast from clinical samples at the genus and species level through analysis of their protein mass spectral signatures.
Molecular microbiology methodsimprovemed1. Molecular microbiology methods like PCR and hybridization have revolutionized clinical diagnostics by enabling fast and direct detection of pathogens from clinical samples.
2. PCR in particular has become a mainstay technique, allowing amplification of specific DNA sequences from small amounts of input DNA. Variations like real-time PCR, multiplex PCR, and broad-range PCR further expanded diagnostic capabilities.
3. Emerging technologies like DNA microarrays promise even greater multiplexing, with the ability to simultaneously genotype large genomic regions or measure expression of many genes, positioning them as promising future molecular diagnostic tools.
Isolated vascular ringsimprovemedThis document provides information about setting up and conducting experiments with isolated organs and tissue rings, including:
1. Describing the mechanical setup for a four-channel system bath for isolated organs.
2. Explaining the preparation of Krebs-Hanseleit solution and common drugs used.
3. Outlining typical experiment protocols, including stabilizing tissues, pre-contraction testing, and assessing endothelial function.
4. Noting that each experiment begins by preparing Krebs-Hanseleit solution and activating the system before surgery and setting rings in wells.
Isolated blood vesselsimprovemedThis document describes the components, work principles, and experimental protocols for using a pressure myograph system to study isolated blood vessels. The system allows measuring vessel diameter in response to drugs and stimuli while maintaining constant temperature. Experiments involve isolating small arteries from rats and attaching them to glass micropipettes in a chamber filled with physiological salt solution. Vessel diameter is recorded under varying pressures and drug exposures to study endothelial function and vasoactive mechanisms. Statistical analysis of diameter changes under different conditions uses repeated measures ANOVA to compare responses between experimental groups.
Notes for Measuring blood flow and reactivity of the blood vessels in the ski...improvemedThis document describes the laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) method for measuring blood flow in the microcirculation of skin. Specifically, it discusses post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH) testing using LDF to assess microvascular reactivity by inducing a brief occlusion of blood vessels. It also covers iontophoresis of acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside combined with LDF to evaluate endothelium-dependent and independent vasodilation respectively. Standardization of methods like occlusion duration and probe placement is important for reproducibility. LDF provides a general index of microvascular function rather than direct flow measurements.
Notes for STAINING AND ANALYSIS of HISTOLOGICAL PREPARATIONSimprovemedThis document provides an overview of histological staining techniques. It discusses how histological preparations are stained using interactions between dyes, solvents, and tissue components. Different staining methods result in different colors that highlight various structures. A classic example is hematoxylin and eosin staining, where hematoxylin stains acidic components blue and eosin stains basic components pink. Specialized staining techniques also exist, such as immunohistochemistry. Proper staining selection depends on the tissue and research goals. Histological preparations are then analyzed under a microscope to study cell and tissue morphology.
Notes for Fixation of tissues and organs for educational and scientific purposesimprovemedFixation of tissues and organs is done to preserve them for scientific and educational purposes. Various chemical fixatives are used including formaldehyde, alcohols, and acids. Formaldehyde cross-links proteins to harden the tissue while maintaining the original structure. Several fixation protocols are used for different purposes, balancing preservation of color and long-term durability. Key steps include diffusion or injection of fixatives, followed by storage in preservative solutions. Proper fixation and storage are necessary to prevent degradation over time.
Notes for improvemedThe document summarizes the process of preparing tissue samples for histological analysis, including fixation, dehydration, infiltration/embedding, sectioning, staining, and examination. Key steps involve fixing tissues to prevent degradation, dehydrating using increasing alcohol concentrations, infiltrating with paraffin wax or resin for structural support during sectioning, precisely cutting thin sections, mounting them to glass slides, staining, and examining under a microscope. The quality of prepared samples depends on carefully following each step of the preparation process.
Notes for The principle and performance of capillary electrophoresisimprovemedThis document provides an overview of capillary electrophoresis (CE). It begins by introducing CE and its advantages over other separation techniques. It then describes the basic theory behind CE, including electrophoretic mobility, electroosmotic flow, and how samples migrate through the capillary when an electric field is applied. The document details the key components of a CE instrument and various CE separation techniques such as capillary zone electrophoresis, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, and capillary isoelectric focusing. It focuses on the principles and applications of CE.
Notes for The principle and performance of liquid chromatography–mass spectro...improvemedThis document provides an overview of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). It describes the basic components and functioning of an LC-MS system, including the liquid chromatograph and mass spectrometer connected by an interface. The document discusses various ionization sources like electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, as well as mass analyzers like quadrupoles and time-of-flight analyzers. It also covers detectors used in LC-MS like electron multipliers and photomultipliers. Overall, the document serves as a technical introduction to the principles and components of LC-MS.
Notes for Cell Culture Basic TechniquesimprovemedThis document provides an overview of basic cell culture techniques. It discusses the history of cell culture, defining primary and secondary cell cultures. It describes different types of cell lines and how cells grow as monolayers or in suspension. The document outlines the key equipment needed for a cell culture laboratory, including biosafety cabinets, CO2 incubators, centrifuges, microscopes, and supplies. It emphasizes the importance of aseptic technique to prevent microbial contamination when working with cell cultures.
Big datasetsimprovemedThis document discusses systems biology and its goals of understanding how biological molecules interact and systems function as a whole. It covers:
1) Systems biology uses large datasets from "omics" experiments and computational models to understand complex biological interactions beyond individual molecules.
2) Pioneering work used microarrays to measure thousands of genes in serum-stimulated cells, finding over 500 changed in proliferation.
3) The field aims to discover emergent system properties and functions not evident from separate parts, like switches that change cell behavior.
Systems biology for Medicine' is 'Experimental methods and the big datasetsimprovemedThis document discusses experimental methods used in systems biology to generate large datasets, including microarrays, sequencing-based methods, mass spectrometry, and liquid chromatography. It explains that systems biology studies must be quantitative and enable computational modeling. Key methods covered are microarrays, RNA-seq, ChIP-seq, whole-genome sequencing, whole-exome sequencing, proteomics using mass spectrometry, and combining liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry for lipidomics, metabolomics and glycomics. Sources of variation are also discussed for genomic and proteomic studies.
Systems biology for medical students/Systems medicineimprovemedSystems biology takes a holistic approach to studying biological systems by considering all the interactions within a system and how they generate complex behaviors. Lecture 1 introduces key concepts in systems biology like how increasing levels of biological organization give rise to new system properties like robustness. Lecture 2 discusses experimental methods like genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics that generate large data sets for systems analysis. Lecture 3 covers mathematical and statistical tools for analyzing these data sets, such as using differential equations to model signaling networks. Lecture 4 provides examples of medical applications of systems biology in finding diagnostic markers, personalizing therapy, and predicting disease interactions from human disease networks, with the future of medicine taking a more predictive, preventive, and personalized approach
Use casesimprovemedThe document discusses several use cases for applying data mining and machine learning techniques in healthcare and biomedical research. Three examples are:
1) Early diagnosis of cancers like lung cancer and breast cancer through predictive modeling of patient data to detect cancers at earlier stages when survival rates are higher.
2) Predicting patient responses to drug therapies for cancers like breast cancer by combining different types of molecular profiling data using techniques like support vector machines and random forests.
3) Using imaging data and temporal analysis of metrics like medication purchases to better understand and predict chronic diseases like diabetes and associated health complications.
In vitro models of hepatotoxicityimprovemedThis document describes various in vitro models and methods that can be used to study hepatotoxicity, including hepatocyte cell cultures, assays to measure cell viability and metabolic activity (trypan blue dye exclusion test, MTT assay), staining to visualize lipid accumulation (Oil Red O), and techniques to examine gene and protein expression changes (RT-PCR, western blotting). Specifically, it discusses using these methods to establish models of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by treating hepatocyte cultures with fatty acids like palmitic and oleic acid, and models of drug-induced hepatotoxicity by treating with acetaminophen or amiodarone. Key readouts include lipid accumulation, apoptosis levels
Etiology of liver diseasesimprovemedThis document summarizes various liver diseases and their etiologies. It discusses alcoholic liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, viral hepatitis infections from hepatitis B, C, and D viruses, autoimmune disorders like autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis, genetic disorders, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The liver's important functions are outlined. Causes, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment approaches are described for each disease.
An introduction to experimental epidemiology improvemedThis document provides an overview of experimental epidemiology methods. It discusses the key features and types of experimental epidemiology studies, including controlled field trials and community trials. Controlled field trials involve dividing healthy subjects into an exposed group that receives an active substance (like a vaccine) and an unexposed control group that receives a placebo. Community trials involve entire exposed and unexposed communities. Randomized controlled trials, which assign individual subjects randomly to intervention or control groups, are described as the most common experimental method but are covered in more depth separately. Overall, the document outlines the design and purpose of various experimental epidemiology study types.
Genotyping methods of nosocomial infections pathogenimprovemedNosocomial infections afflict around 2 million patients in the US each year, resulting in around 88,000 deaths and $4.5 billion in excess healthcare costs. Understanding the distribution and relatedness of pathogens that cause these infections is important for designing effective control methods. Historically, phenotypic characterization was used, but increasingly molecular or genotyping techniques are being used, including pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, multilocus sequence typing, and polymerase chain reaction-based methods. Studies have shown that integrating molecular typing into infection control programs can significantly reduce infection rates and healthcare costs.
Use of MALDI-TOF in the diagnosis of infectious diseasesimprovemedMALDI-TOF MS has revolutionized clinical microbiology by drastically improving the time needed to identify bacterial cultures from over 24 hours to just a few minutes. Whereas the entire process from sampling to results previously took 2-3 days or more, new methods like MALDI-TOF MS and molecular technology have reduced this to just a few hours or one day. MALDI-TOF MS is a powerful, cost-effective, and easy to implement technique that provides rapid and reliable identification of bacteria and yeast from clinical samples at the genus and species level through analysis of their protein mass spectral signatures.
Molecular microbiology methodsimprovemed1. Molecular microbiology methods like PCR and hybridization have revolutionized clinical diagnostics by enabling fast and direct detection of pathogens from clinical samples.
2. PCR in particular has become a mainstay technique, allowing amplification of specific DNA sequences from small amounts of input DNA. Variations like real-time PCR, multiplex PCR, and broad-range PCR further expanded diagnostic capabilities.
3. Emerging technologies like DNA microarrays promise even greater multiplexing, with the ability to simultaneously genotype large genomic regions or measure expression of many genes, positioning them as promising future molecular diagnostic tools.
Isolated vascular ringsimprovemedThis document provides information about setting up and conducting experiments with isolated organs and tissue rings, including:
1. Describing the mechanical setup for a four-channel system bath for isolated organs.
2. Explaining the preparation of Krebs-Hanseleit solution and common drugs used.
3. Outlining typical experiment protocols, including stabilizing tissues, pre-contraction testing, and assessing endothelial function.
4. Noting that each experiment begins by preparing Krebs-Hanseleit solution and activating the system before surgery and setting rings in wells.
Isolated blood vesselsimprovemedThis document describes the components, work principles, and experimental protocols for using a pressure myograph system to study isolated blood vessels. The system allows measuring vessel diameter in response to drugs and stimuli while maintaining constant temperature. Experiments involve isolating small arteries from rats and attaching them to glass micropipettes in a chamber filled with physiological salt solution. Vessel diameter is recorded under varying pressures and drug exposures to study endothelial function and vasoactive mechanisms. Statistical analysis of diameter changes under different conditions uses repeated measures ANOVA to compare responses between experimental groups.
Notes for Measuring blood flow and reactivity of the blood vessels in the ski...improvemedThis document describes the laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) method for measuring blood flow in the microcirculation of skin. Specifically, it discusses post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH) testing using LDF to assess microvascular reactivity by inducing a brief occlusion of blood vessels. It also covers iontophoresis of acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside combined with LDF to evaluate endothelium-dependent and independent vasodilation respectively. Standardization of methods like occlusion duration and probe placement is important for reproducibility. LDF provides a general index of microvascular function rather than direct flow measurements.
Notes for STAINING AND ANALYSIS of HISTOLOGICAL PREPARATIONSimprovemedThis document provides an overview of histological staining techniques. It discusses how histological preparations are stained using interactions between dyes, solvents, and tissue components. Different staining methods result in different colors that highlight various structures. A classic example is hematoxylin and eosin staining, where hematoxylin stains acidic components blue and eosin stains basic components pink. Specialized staining techniques also exist, such as immunohistochemistry. Proper staining selection depends on the tissue and research goals. Histological preparations are then analyzed under a microscope to study cell and tissue morphology.
Notes for Fixation of tissues and organs for educational and scientific purposesimprovemedFixation of tissues and organs is done to preserve them for scientific and educational purposes. Various chemical fixatives are used including formaldehyde, alcohols, and acids. Formaldehyde cross-links proteins to harden the tissue while maintaining the original structure. Several fixation protocols are used for different purposes, balancing preservation of color and long-term durability. Key steps include diffusion or injection of fixatives, followed by storage in preservative solutions. Proper fixation and storage are necessary to prevent degradation over time.
Notes for improvemedThe document summarizes the process of preparing tissue samples for histological analysis, including fixation, dehydration, infiltration/embedding, sectioning, staining, and examination. Key steps involve fixing tissues to prevent degradation, dehydrating using increasing alcohol concentrations, infiltrating with paraffin wax or resin for structural support during sectioning, precisely cutting thin sections, mounting them to glass slides, staining, and examining under a microscope. The quality of prepared samples depends on carefully following each step of the preparation process.
Notes for The principle and performance of capillary electrophoresisimprovemedThis document provides an overview of capillary electrophoresis (CE). It begins by introducing CE and its advantages over other separation techniques. It then describes the basic theory behind CE, including electrophoretic mobility, electroosmotic flow, and how samples migrate through the capillary when an electric field is applied. The document details the key components of a CE instrument and various CE separation techniques such as capillary zone electrophoresis, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, and capillary isoelectric focusing. It focuses on the principles and applications of CE.
Notes for The principle and performance of liquid chromatography–mass spectro...improvemedThis document provides an overview of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). It describes the basic components and functioning of an LC-MS system, including the liquid chromatograph and mass spectrometer connected by an interface. The document discusses various ionization sources like electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, as well as mass analyzers like quadrupoles and time-of-flight analyzers. It also covers detectors used in LC-MS like electron multipliers and photomultipliers. Overall, the document serves as a technical introduction to the principles and components of LC-MS.
Notes for Cell Culture Basic TechniquesimprovemedThis document provides an overview of basic cell culture techniques. It discusses the history of cell culture, defining primary and secondary cell cultures. It describes different types of cell lines and how cells grow as monolayers or in suspension. The document outlines the key equipment needed for a cell culture laboratory, including biosafety cabinets, CO2 incubators, centrifuges, microscopes, and supplies. It emphasizes the importance of aseptic technique to prevent microbial contamination when working with cell cultures.
Big datasetsimprovemedThis document discusses systems biology and its goals of understanding how biological molecules interact and systems function as a whole. It covers:
1) Systems biology uses large datasets from "omics" experiments and computational models to understand complex biological interactions beyond individual molecules.
2) Pioneering work used microarrays to measure thousands of genes in serum-stimulated cells, finding over 500 changed in proliferation.
3) The field aims to discover emergent system properties and functions not evident from separate parts, like switches that change cell behavior.
Systems biology for Medicine' is 'Experimental methods and the big datasetsimprovemedThis document discusses experimental methods used in systems biology to generate large datasets, including microarrays, sequencing-based methods, mass spectrometry, and liquid chromatography. It explains that systems biology studies must be quantitative and enable computational modeling. Key methods covered are microarrays, RNA-seq, ChIP-seq, whole-genome sequencing, whole-exome sequencing, proteomics using mass spectrometry, and combining liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry for lipidomics, metabolomics and glycomics. Sources of variation are also discussed for genomic and proteomic studies.
Systems biology for medical students/Systems medicineimprovemedSystems biology takes a holistic approach to studying biological systems by considering all the interactions within a system and how they generate complex behaviors. Lecture 1 introduces key concepts in systems biology like how increasing levels of biological organization give rise to new system properties like robustness. Lecture 2 discusses experimental methods like genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics that generate large data sets for systems analysis. Lecture 3 covers mathematical and statistical tools for analyzing these data sets, such as using differential equations to model signaling networks. Lecture 4 provides examples of medical applications of systems biology in finding diagnostic markers, personalizing therapy, and predicting disease interactions from human disease networks, with the future of medicine taking a more predictive, preventive, and personalized approach
Use casesimprovemedThe document discusses several use cases for applying data mining and machine learning techniques in healthcare and biomedical research. Three examples are:
1) Early diagnosis of cancers like lung cancer and breast cancer through predictive modeling of patient data to detect cancers at earlier stages when survival rates are higher.
2) Predicting patient responses to drug therapies for cancers like breast cancer by combining different types of molecular profiling data using techniques like support vector machines and random forests.
3) Using imaging data and temporal analysis of metrics like medication purchases to better understand and predict chronic diseases like diabetes and associated health complications.
1. Improved Medical Education in Basic
Sciences
for Better Medical Practicing
ImproveMEd
Rendszerbiológia orvostudományhoz
II. Kísérleti módszerek és nagy adathalmazok
2. A rendszerbiológiában végzett kísérleteknek nem kell omic-skála ahhoz, hogy megfeleljenek a rendszerbiológia
kritériumainak!
Gondoljunk olyan alrendszerekre irányuló kísérleteket, mint pl. az energia metabolizmus szempontjából releváns mRNS
követése különböző táplálási minták alatt, vagy több időpontban az táplálá kezdetétől.
Amiben a rendszerbiológia különbözik a közös tudományos kutatásoktól:
1. Mennyiségi adatok - hol, mekkora és milyen gyorsan változik (dinamikus, időbeli eltartottság) egy entitás?
2. Számítógépes modellek - pontos számszerűsítésen és időzítésen alapuló szimulációk
Továbbá igényli a pozitív és negatív kontrollokra és legalább 3 ismétlésre van szükség!
2. Hipotézis által vezérelt
tanulmányok, amelyek a molekulák
(vagy a célzott sejtszervecske)
célzott részhalmazát követik - a
kisméretű rendszerek biológiája.
1. Hypothesis generating studies!
3. Molekulák:
• DNS-ek mikroarray-ja és szekvenálás alapú technológiák
RNS-ek mRNS-szekvenálása
Fehérjék Tömegspektrometria-alapú proteomika
Lipidek folyadékkromatográfiás és tömegspektrometriája
Metabolitok folyadékkromatográfiás tömegspektrometria
4. Átlagnépesség technikák
• A sejtek vagy szövetminta
populációja ≈ 1 millió sejt vagy
több
• Álagos sok sejten
Egyedi sejt technikák
• Egysejtes minta
sejt-sejt variabilitás
HepaRG stabil sejtvonalMájszövet Hepatocyte spheroids
5. Microarray - differenciál
expresszió
• A domináns technika a 2000-es években
• Főleg a transzkriptumok szintjének mérésére szolgál
• Egyéb alkalmazások: genotipizálás, DNS-feltérképezés
(kópiaszám variáció), DNS-metiláció
• A Microarray különböző oligonukleotidokkal
nyomtatott foltokból áll
• A fluoreszcensen jelzett minta (próbák) és a
kinyomtatott oligonukletidek közötti hibridizáció
• GEO adatbázis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/info/qqtutorial.ht
ml
6. Array CGH összehasonlító genomi
hibridizáció
• molekuláris citogenetikai módszer / kariotipizálás
• CNV relatív a minta teszteléséhez
• Abban a feltételezésen alapul, hogy a szorosan
összefüggő egyénekből származó minták két
különböző (egészséges és beteg) különböznek a
kromoszóma vagy a kromoszómális régió
nyereségében vagy elvesztésében
• A daganat-specifikus DNS kiegyensúlyozatlan
átrendeződések nagy léptékű analízise 5-10
megabázis rezolúcióval
• OMIM adatbázis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim
7. Microarrays Methylation Assay -
epigenom
• The final nucleoA génexpresszió epigenetikus szabályozása fontos a
fejlődésben, a genetikai lenyomatban, tumorogenezisben ...
• Genom széles CpG metilációs szint 30 000-től 500 000 CpG lokusig, amely az
egész genomot lefedi
• Az első lépés a minták biszulfit átalakítása - a nem metilezett helyek C-t U-be
konvertálják, míg a metilezett metilációt vesztít
• Az átalakított DNS-t tovább erősítjük (és U-t T-re cserélünk)
• A fragmentált és denaturált oligonukleotidokat hibridizálják kétféle allél
specifikus gyöngyökkel minden egyes lokusz esetében
• Az aneloid allél specifikus oligonukleotid végső nukleotidját tovább emeljük
a jelölt dDNT-vel
• A szoftver az egyes helyek és osztályok relatív fluoreszcenciáját 0, 0,5 vagy 1
(homozigóta nem metilezett, heterozigóta vagy homozigóta metilezett)
• ENCODE
https://genome.ucsc.edu/encode/dataMatrix/encodeChipMatrixHuman.htm
l
8. Szekvenálás alapú technológiák
• DNS- vagy RNS-elkülönítéssel kezdődik,
amelyet DNS fragmentáció vagy cDNS-
szintézis követ
• A következő lépés az amplifikáció
(klónfragmentumok vektorba, transzformáló
baktériumok vektorokkal és amplifikálással)
• Sok rövid DNS-darab párhuzamos
szekvenálása
• Összefüggő töredékek összeállítása
9. Egész genom szekvenálás (WGS) vs.
teljes egzóma szekvenálás (WES)
• A WGS megpróbálja az egész genomot szekvenálni. Egyes
szekvenciák technikailag kihívást jelentenek a szekvenciák
(telomerek, centromerek, magas CG tartalom vagy ismétlődő
lókuszok) számára, és azokat a közös szekvenáló platformnak nem
fogadták el, ami a genom lefedettségének 95-98% -át jelenti, de
uniformizált módon.
• A WES szekvencia csak exomes (kódoló szekvenciák) vagy a genom
2% -a, mindegyik exomes szekvencia 30-100x (nagy mélység). A
DNS-RNS hibridizációt a kódoló régiók kiválasztására használják,
ami az úgynevezett "forró pontok" túlreprezentáltáságt és a
kimaradt variánsok alulreprezentációját okozza. Gyorsabb,
aprólékosabb és könnyebb adatelemzés, de alacsony általános
lefedettség.
uniform
bias
10. Az exome szekvenálás során dúsítási
lépést alkalmaznak a célzott DNS
kiválasztására
• A mendel-rendellenességek gyakran megzavarják a
fehérjét kódoló régiókat
• Az Exom a ritka betegségek változatainak jó forrása
• A fragmentumok izolálására a Microarreys használható
• A WES nagy mélységű szekvenciát ad
• Bamshat et al. (2011) Nature Review Genetika
11. A genomonkénti költség megnyerte a versenyt,
és a WGS vált laginkább alkalmazott
módszerré, különösen a tumor-specifikus
átrendeződések esetén
A szekvenálási módszerek fejlődése
1. Az első generációs Sanger szekvenálás;
lánclezáró technológia - a lánc szintézis
megszüntetésére használt ddNTP-k kapilláris
elektroforéziseivel (egy szál egyszerre, lassú,
pontos, drága)
2. A második (következő) generációs
szekvenálás - szekvenálás szintézissel - nano-
technologia bevezetése - párhuzamos
szekvenálás és nincs szükség szétválasztási
lépésre - korlátozások az olvasási hosszban
3. A harmadik generációs szekvencia -
immobilizált polimeráz + fluoreszcens dNTP +
kiváló optika - a bázis beépítés és a bázis
módosítása
12. A WGS vagy a WES-ből érkező
adatoknak nagyszámú populáción
végzett verifikációra van szükségük!
(több mint 1000 egyénen) •
Genotípusok és fenotípusok
adatbázis (dbGaP)? https:
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gap?
Genommal összefüggő
tanulmányok
Foo et al. (2012) Nature Review Neurology
13. RNS-Seq
Transzkriptom
• Az mRNS, az rRNS, a miRNS párhuzamos szekvenálása ...
• Gén expressziós profil
• Kvantitatív módszer ideális a rendszerbiológiai kísérletekhez
• Alternatív összekapcsolási változatok és új transzkripciós
változatok azonosítása
• GEO adatbázis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/info/qqtutorial.html
• Target Scan adatbázisok (miRNS)
http://www.targetscan.org/vert_71/
Wang et al.(2009) Nature Reviews Genetics
14. Az RNS-szekvencia domináns transzkripciós
módszerré válik, és helyettesíti a microarray-ot
Wang et al.(2009) Nature
Reviews Genetics
15. ChIP-seq? Chromatin Immunprecipitációs
szekvenálás
• Kombinálja a transzkripciós faktorok vagy
egyéb DNS-kötő fehérjék kicsapódását
(specifikus antitestek alkalmazásával) vagy a
hiszton módosításait és a
koimmuniprecipitált DNS mély szekvenciáját
• Megtalálja a szabályozó szekvenciákat,
promotereket, erősítőket, halkítókat,
távtartókat ...
• A genom funkcionális szervezése
16. A Western Blot volt az első módszer egynél
több fehérje mennyiségi meghatározására
és azonosítására
• Semi-kvantitatív az enzim mögötti nemlineáris
kinetika miatt - másodlagos antitestek és szubsztrát
reakció
• A nem-lineáris kinetikát kemilumineszcens reakció
vagy röntgenkészítési film esetében is mutatják
• A LICOR olyan infravörös fluoreszcencia, amely kevés
hátteret biztosít és a fluoreszcens jel lineárisan
arányos az antitest mennyiségével
• https://www.licor.com/bio/applications/quantitative_
western_blots/
17. Előremenő és fordított fázisú
fehérje array (FPPA & RPPA)
• Kísérletet tesz az alacsony átbocsátási sebességű
Western blot módszer (8-16 sávok minták) nagy
átbocsátási módszerré történő átalakítására
• Előretekintő változatban egy ellenanyagot észlelünk a
csúszdán, és a főbb mintákat megvizsgáljuk az epitóp
jelenlétére
• Fordított változatban számos ellenanyagot (nagy
fajlagossággal) látunk el a csúszdán, és egy mintát
vizsgálunk az összes antitest számára.
• Nagy fajsúlyú antitesteket igényel, drága.
18. Tömegspektrometria, proteomika,
lipidomika, metabolomika
• A proteomika gyakran tandem tömegspektrometriát használ
(két tömegspecifikáció párhuzamosan)
• Mennyiségi, mivel a fehérjék teljes szintjét méri
• Részleteket ad a poszttranszlációs módosításokról
• Ha immunprecipitációval kombináljuk, információt nyújt a
fehérje kölcsönhatásokról
• Számos lépést foglal magában: elválasztás, emésztés,
dúsítás, ismételt elválasztás, ionizáció, tömegszűrés (MS1),
fragmentáció és tömegelemzés (MS2), azonosítás,
mennyiségi meghatározás
• Sok változat
19. Tömegspektrometria (MS),
proteomika, lipidomika,
metabolomika
Az utolsó lépés az ismert peptidek nagy
adatbázisán és a bioinformatikai keresésen
alapul.
Az MS és a különböző adatbázisok eltérő
verzióját alkalmazzák a lipidomikra és a
metabolomikára.
UniProtKB
adatbázishttps://web.expasy.org/docs/swiss-
prot_guideline.html
20. Proteomikai analízis dekódolt különbségeket a MAPK
pathway között a normál és a tumorsejtekben.
Choudhary & Mann (2010) Nature Reviews Molecular and Cell Biology
21. proteomika, lipidomika,
metabolomika
Az utolsó lépés az ismert peptidek nagy
adatbázisán és a bioinformatikai keresésen
alapul.
Az MS és a különböző adatbázisok eltérő
verzióját alkalmazzák a lipidomikra és a
metabolomikára.
UniProtKB
adatbázishttps://web.expasy.org/docs/swiss-
prot_guideline.html
22. Folyadékkromatográfia (LC) és LC /
MS
lipidomikumok, metabolomika
Palermo et al. (2017) Analytica Chimica Acta
Nagyon gyakran LC és MS
eljáráoskat kombinálva és
szekvenciában használatják.
Ugyanezeken a mintákon a
lipidomikus és metabolomikus
vizsgálatok egymás után is
elvégezhetők unyanazon a mintán.
Az LC-t arra használják, hogy a
mintát frakciók formájában osztják
mint elválasztási technika, míg az
MS molekulák azonosítására
szolgálnak.
23. A rendszer biológiai kísérletei nagy
adathalmazt használnak nagy áteresztő
képességű módszerek alkalmazásával :
• DNS-ek mikroarrayjei és szekvenálás alapú technológiái (NGS) exome / genom
• DNS + szabályozó fehérjék ChIP-seq ReMap
• RNS-ek RNS-szekvenciát tartalmaznak
• Proteinek MS proteom
• Lipidek LC / MS lipidom
• Metabolitok LC / MS metabolom