Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) include unstable angina and myocardial infarction, which are forms of coronary heart disease caused by reduced blood flow due to plaque rupture and clot formation in the coronary arteries. The document discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of ACS. It provides details on evaluating patients using biomarkers, ECG, risk scores, restoring blood flow through procedures like PCI or fibrinolysis, and employing antiplatelet and anticoagulant medications in the early treatment of ACS.
This document discusses venous thromboembolism (VTE) in intensive care medicine. It covers the pathophysiology of thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, diagnostics for pulmonary embolism, and therapeutic approaches to VTE including prophylaxis, anticoagulation therapies, and thrombolytics. It highlights several key risk factors for VTE in critically ill and trauma patients.
- STEMI is a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally and in Saudi Arabia due to increasing risk factors. Only 42% of STEMI patients undergo primary PCI (PPCI) in Saudi Arabia, with only 62% achieving door-to-balloon times under 90 minutes. Mortality is influenced by factors like age, time to treatment, and presence of STEMI networks. PPCI is the preferred reperfusion strategy over fibrinolytics when possible. Guidelines recommend antiplatelet and anticoagulation medications during PPCI and secondary prevention medications like statins long-term.
Coronary microvascular disease (CMVD), also known as cardiac syndrome X, can present with chest pain despite normal coronary arteries. It is classified into several types depending on whether structural heart disease is present. CMVD may be caused by abnormalities in the coronary microcirculation that lead to localized myocardial ischemia. Diagnosis involves stress tests showing ischemia without contractile abnormalities. Treatment focuses on lifestyle modification, medications like calcium channel blockers and ranolazine, and alternative therapies for pain management. In rare cases of microvascular "variant angina", coronary microvascular spasm can cause transient ST elevation resembling epicardial coronary spasm.
The document provides the 2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation (AF) developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). It was created by the AF Task Force of the ESC with contributions from the EHRA. The Task Force included experts from various European countries who provided recommendations for the definition of AF, screening, diagnosis, assessment, and integrated management of AF patients. The guidelines represent an update based on recent clinical evidence and aim to improve diagnosis and optimize treatment strategies for AF.
This document discusses chronic coronary syndrome (CCS), previously known as stable coronary artery disease. It defines CCS and outlines the six entities it can be classified into. It discusses the natural history, pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnosis and management of CCS. Key changes from 2013 guidelines include exercise stress testing now recommended for assessing symptoms and risk rather than diagnosis, and several new second-line treatment options for angina added based on heart rate, blood pressure and tolerance. Invasive testing guidelines were also updated.
MWEBAZA VICTOR - Oxford American Handbook of Cardiology.pdfDr. MWEBAZA VICTOR
Ìý
The document provides an overview of the Oxford American Handbook of Cardiology. It discusses the purpose and features of the Oxford American Handbook series. It lists the current and forthcoming titles in the Oxford American Handbook series that cover various medical specialties, including the Oxford American Handbook of Cardiology. It also provides brief biographies of the editors of the Oxford American Handbook of Cardiology.
This document discusses ECG changes that occur due to cardiac chamber enlargement, including left atrial, right atrial, biatrial, left ventricular, right ventricular, and biventricular abnormalities. For each type of chamber enlargement, the document outlines the mechanisms, diagnostic ECG criteria, and examples of ECG patterns. Key findings include prolonged P waves and biphasic P waves in leads indicating left and right atrial enlargement, increased QRS voltages and ST-T wave changes indicating left ventricular pressure overload, and tall R waves in right-sided leads indicating right ventricular hypertrophy. The document provides a detailed reference for understanding ECG manifestations of different cardiac structural abnormalities.
Dr. Rikesh Tamrakar's document discusses two types of chest pain conditions: Prinzmetal angina and microvascular angina. Prinzmetal angina, also known as variant angina, is caused by transient spasms of the coronary arteries and presents with chest pain at rest, often between midnight and dawn. Microvascular angina presents with chest pain on exertion despite no blockages in the coronary arteries, and may be caused by endothelial dysfunction or small vessel disease. Both conditions can cause ischemia and be diagnosed through ECG changes and stress testing, and are generally treated with calcium channel blockers, nitrates, and lifestyle modifications.
Fourth Universal Definition Of Myocardial Infarction (2018)magdy elmasry
Ìý
The document discusses the definition and diagnosis of heart attacks. It notes that there has been confusion over how to diagnose heart attacks, but that new 2018 guidelines aim to provide clarity. The guidelines define myocardial infarction based on elevated troponin levels, as well as symptoms and other diagnostic criteria. They distinguish between types of heart attacks based on their underlying causes, such as plaque rupture or an imbalance of oxygen supply and demand. The guidelines emphasize integrating clinical findings, electrocardiograms, imaging, and lab results over time to arrive at an accurate diagnosis.
catheter based management of pulmonary embolismAmit Verma
Ìý
Catheter-based therapy for acute pulmonary embolism involves the use of devices in the pulmonary artery with or without low-dose thrombolysis. Recent literature does not prove that ultrasound-accelerated thrombolysis is superior to other catheter-directed methods. Guidelines recommend catheter-directed thrombolysis for massive pulmonary embolism or intermediate-high risk patients who cannot receive systemic thrombolysis due to bleeding risk. The procedure involves placing infusion catheters in the pulmonary arteries to deliver low-dose thrombolytics over several hours.
This document defines and describes sick sinus syndrome, which is a dysfunction of the sinoatrial node that can cause abnormal heart rhythms like bradycardia, tachycardia, and alternating slow and fast rhythms. It may be caused by certain drugs, aging, or underlying heart conditions. Symptoms can include fatigue, dizziness, and fainting. Diagnosis involves an electrocardiogram showing arrhythmias. Treatment options include medications or a pacemaker if symptoms are severe. The document also briefly discusses different types of heart block.
1. Congenital pulmonary stenosis can range from mild to critical severity depending on the right ventricular pressure and pressure gradient across the pulmonary valve.
2. For mild pulmonary stenosis, the natural history is benign and no intervention is typically needed. Moderate stenosis may progress during periods of growth and intervention is considered for gradients over 40-50 mmHg.
3. Balloon valvuloplasty is now the standard intervention for pulmonary stenosis and provides good long-term outcomes, though 20-30% of patients may require an additional procedure.
Heart Failure - What to expect from the Investigations?Praveen Nagula
Ìý
This document discusses investigations for a 65-year-old male patient presenting with worsening shortness of breath. On physical examination, the patient was sweating profusely and in respiratory distress. Investigations that may be useful include laboratory tests to rule out heart failure like BNP or NT-proBNP levels, echocardiography to assess cardiac structure and function, chest X-ray to check for pulmonary congestion, electrocardiography to check for abnormalities, and biomarkers to assess prognosis and guide therapy. The document outlines the role and findings of these various diagnostic tests in evaluating the patient's condition and determining if heart failure is present and the underlying etiology.
The document presents the 2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. It was developed by a task force of experts and provides updated recommendations based on evidence levels. New recommendations include structured characterization of AF, screening recommendations, use of patient-reported outcomes, reassessment of stroke and bleeding risk, and considerations for rhythm control including catheter ablation.
ECG interpretation in emergency settingsAimanSaleh5
Ìý
The document provides an overview of ECG interpretation in emergency settings. It discusses how to identify and diagnose common ECG changes seen in emergencies, including tachyarrhythmias, bradyarrhythmias, acute coronary syndrome, pulmonary embolism, hyperkalemia, and pericardial effusion. Specific ECG patterns are described for conditions like sinus tachycardia, supraventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, heart block, myocardial infarction, and more. The goal is to help emergency clinicians rapidly identify and manage critical ECG findings.
Natural history and treatment of aortic stenosisKunal Mahajan
Ìý
This document discusses the natural history and treatment of aortic stenosis. It defines the severity classifications based on aortic jet velocity, mean gradient, and valve area. Symptoms rarely occur with severe aortic stenosis if left ventricular function is normal. The document reviews progression rates in asymptomatic patients and risk factors for more rapid progression. Exercise testing may help identify higher risk asymptomatic patients but is not routinely recommended. Biomarkers like BNP levels can also predict outcomes. The prognosis is poor once patients become symptomatic, so surgical intervention is recommended for symptomatic severe aortic stenosis.
The document discusses the use of echocardiography to evaluate aortic regurgitation, including assessing the severity, mechanism, and hemodynamic consequences of AR using various echo modalities and parameters. It describes the normal anatomy of the aortic valve and root as well as the causes and classifications of AR, and outlines the echocardiographic techniques for evaluating AR severity, such as color flow imaging, vena contracta width, pressure half-time, and PISA radius measurements.
This document discusses various non-coronary causes of ST-elevation on electrocardiograms (ECGs) including ventricular aneurysms, pericarditis, early repolarization patterns, left ventricular hypertrophy, left bundle branch block, hypothermia, cardioversion, intraventricular hemorrhage, hyperkalemia, Brugada pattern, type 1C antiarrhythmic drugs, hypercalcemia, pulmonary embolism, hypothermia, myocarditis, and tumor invasion of the left ventricle. It then discusses left ventricular aneurysms, early repolarization, acute pericarditis, hyperkalemia, hypothermia, increased intracranial pressure, Brugada syndrome, Tak
This document discusses the assessment of mitral regurgitation (MR) severity using echocardiography. It begins with the anatomy of the mitral valve and then discusses the etiology, morphology, and assessment of MR. Methods for assessing MR severity include structural features, color flow Doppler, pulsed wave Doppler of the mitral inflow and pulmonary veins, and continuous wave Doppler of the regurgitant jet. Quantitative Doppler methods like PISA and regurgitant volume are also covered. The document concludes with an algorithm for integrating multiple echocardiographic parameters to grade MR severity.
Miss Sathi was treated by many anti-hypertensive drugs. But her hypertension was not being controlled. Latter it was diagnosed as a case of Coarctation of Aorta. It was then operated on. Post op events were uneventful. Now she is fine and no more anti-hypertensive drugs needed.
The document discusses electrocardiograms (ECGs) in the context of acute coronary syndrome. It begins by describing the normal conduction system and the 12 standard ECG leads. It then explains how ECGs are recorded and the positioning of limb and precordial leads. The document discusses ST segments, T waves, and how to evaluate for ST elevations. It defines acute coronary syndrome and describes the classifications of ST-elevation MI, non-ST-elevation MI, and unstable angina based on ECG and cardiac enzyme findings. Specific ECG patterns for lateral, inferior, septal, and posterior wall MIs are also shown.
The document provides information on understanding rhythm strips and ECG patterns, including:
- It defines the common waveforms that make up the ECG pattern (P, QRS, T, U waves) and segments between waves.
- Normal values are provided for waveform durations and amplitudes, as well as heart rate.
- Abnormal characteristics of the ECG pattern are described, such as abnormal P waves, PR interval, ST segment, T waves, and QT interval.
- A 5-step process is outlined for analyzing rhythm strips, including evaluating P waves and QRS complexes, calculating heart rates, assessing rhythm regularity, and measuring PR intervals.
The document discusses various electrocardiogram (ECG) criteria for differentiating between ventricular tachycardia (VT) and supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) with aberrancy presenting with a wide QRS complex tachycardia. It outlines criteria from Sandler and Marriott (1965), Wellens (1978), Kindwall (1988), Brugada (1991), Vereckei (2008) and Pava (2010). Key criteria that favor VT include QRS duration >140ms, extreme left axis, AV dissociation, monophasic R wave in V1, R/S ratio <1 in V6, and notching of the S wave in V1.
MWEBAZA VICTOR - Oxford American Handbook of Cardiology.pdfDr. MWEBAZA VICTOR
Ìý
The document provides an overview of the Oxford American Handbook of Cardiology. It discusses the purpose and features of the Oxford American Handbook series. It lists the current and forthcoming titles in the Oxford American Handbook series that cover various medical specialties, including the Oxford American Handbook of Cardiology. It also provides brief biographies of the editors of the Oxford American Handbook of Cardiology.
This document discusses ECG changes that occur due to cardiac chamber enlargement, including left atrial, right atrial, biatrial, left ventricular, right ventricular, and biventricular abnormalities. For each type of chamber enlargement, the document outlines the mechanisms, diagnostic ECG criteria, and examples of ECG patterns. Key findings include prolonged P waves and biphasic P waves in leads indicating left and right atrial enlargement, increased QRS voltages and ST-T wave changes indicating left ventricular pressure overload, and tall R waves in right-sided leads indicating right ventricular hypertrophy. The document provides a detailed reference for understanding ECG manifestations of different cardiac structural abnormalities.
Dr. Rikesh Tamrakar's document discusses two types of chest pain conditions: Prinzmetal angina and microvascular angina. Prinzmetal angina, also known as variant angina, is caused by transient spasms of the coronary arteries and presents with chest pain at rest, often between midnight and dawn. Microvascular angina presents with chest pain on exertion despite no blockages in the coronary arteries, and may be caused by endothelial dysfunction or small vessel disease. Both conditions can cause ischemia and be diagnosed through ECG changes and stress testing, and are generally treated with calcium channel blockers, nitrates, and lifestyle modifications.
Fourth Universal Definition Of Myocardial Infarction (2018)magdy elmasry
Ìý
The document discusses the definition and diagnosis of heart attacks. It notes that there has been confusion over how to diagnose heart attacks, but that new 2018 guidelines aim to provide clarity. The guidelines define myocardial infarction based on elevated troponin levels, as well as symptoms and other diagnostic criteria. They distinguish between types of heart attacks based on their underlying causes, such as plaque rupture or an imbalance of oxygen supply and demand. The guidelines emphasize integrating clinical findings, electrocardiograms, imaging, and lab results over time to arrive at an accurate diagnosis.
catheter based management of pulmonary embolismAmit Verma
Ìý
Catheter-based therapy for acute pulmonary embolism involves the use of devices in the pulmonary artery with or without low-dose thrombolysis. Recent literature does not prove that ultrasound-accelerated thrombolysis is superior to other catheter-directed methods. Guidelines recommend catheter-directed thrombolysis for massive pulmonary embolism or intermediate-high risk patients who cannot receive systemic thrombolysis due to bleeding risk. The procedure involves placing infusion catheters in the pulmonary arteries to deliver low-dose thrombolytics over several hours.
This document defines and describes sick sinus syndrome, which is a dysfunction of the sinoatrial node that can cause abnormal heart rhythms like bradycardia, tachycardia, and alternating slow and fast rhythms. It may be caused by certain drugs, aging, or underlying heart conditions. Symptoms can include fatigue, dizziness, and fainting. Diagnosis involves an electrocardiogram showing arrhythmias. Treatment options include medications or a pacemaker if symptoms are severe. The document also briefly discusses different types of heart block.
1. Congenital pulmonary stenosis can range from mild to critical severity depending on the right ventricular pressure and pressure gradient across the pulmonary valve.
2. For mild pulmonary stenosis, the natural history is benign and no intervention is typically needed. Moderate stenosis may progress during periods of growth and intervention is considered for gradients over 40-50 mmHg.
3. Balloon valvuloplasty is now the standard intervention for pulmonary stenosis and provides good long-term outcomes, though 20-30% of patients may require an additional procedure.
Heart Failure - What to expect from the Investigations?Praveen Nagula
Ìý
This document discusses investigations for a 65-year-old male patient presenting with worsening shortness of breath. On physical examination, the patient was sweating profusely and in respiratory distress. Investigations that may be useful include laboratory tests to rule out heart failure like BNP or NT-proBNP levels, echocardiography to assess cardiac structure and function, chest X-ray to check for pulmonary congestion, electrocardiography to check for abnormalities, and biomarkers to assess prognosis and guide therapy. The document outlines the role and findings of these various diagnostic tests in evaluating the patient's condition and determining if heart failure is present and the underlying etiology.
The document presents the 2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. It was developed by a task force of experts and provides updated recommendations based on evidence levels. New recommendations include structured characterization of AF, screening recommendations, use of patient-reported outcomes, reassessment of stroke and bleeding risk, and considerations for rhythm control including catheter ablation.
ECG interpretation in emergency settingsAimanSaleh5
Ìý
The document provides an overview of ECG interpretation in emergency settings. It discusses how to identify and diagnose common ECG changes seen in emergencies, including tachyarrhythmias, bradyarrhythmias, acute coronary syndrome, pulmonary embolism, hyperkalemia, and pericardial effusion. Specific ECG patterns are described for conditions like sinus tachycardia, supraventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, heart block, myocardial infarction, and more. The goal is to help emergency clinicians rapidly identify and manage critical ECG findings.
Natural history and treatment of aortic stenosisKunal Mahajan
Ìý
This document discusses the natural history and treatment of aortic stenosis. It defines the severity classifications based on aortic jet velocity, mean gradient, and valve area. Symptoms rarely occur with severe aortic stenosis if left ventricular function is normal. The document reviews progression rates in asymptomatic patients and risk factors for more rapid progression. Exercise testing may help identify higher risk asymptomatic patients but is not routinely recommended. Biomarkers like BNP levels can also predict outcomes. The prognosis is poor once patients become symptomatic, so surgical intervention is recommended for symptomatic severe aortic stenosis.
The document discusses the use of echocardiography to evaluate aortic regurgitation, including assessing the severity, mechanism, and hemodynamic consequences of AR using various echo modalities and parameters. It describes the normal anatomy of the aortic valve and root as well as the causes and classifications of AR, and outlines the echocardiographic techniques for evaluating AR severity, such as color flow imaging, vena contracta width, pressure half-time, and PISA radius measurements.
This document discusses various non-coronary causes of ST-elevation on electrocardiograms (ECGs) including ventricular aneurysms, pericarditis, early repolarization patterns, left ventricular hypertrophy, left bundle branch block, hypothermia, cardioversion, intraventricular hemorrhage, hyperkalemia, Brugada pattern, type 1C antiarrhythmic drugs, hypercalcemia, pulmonary embolism, hypothermia, myocarditis, and tumor invasion of the left ventricle. It then discusses left ventricular aneurysms, early repolarization, acute pericarditis, hyperkalemia, hypothermia, increased intracranial pressure, Brugada syndrome, Tak
This document discusses the assessment of mitral regurgitation (MR) severity using echocardiography. It begins with the anatomy of the mitral valve and then discusses the etiology, morphology, and assessment of MR. Methods for assessing MR severity include structural features, color flow Doppler, pulsed wave Doppler of the mitral inflow and pulmonary veins, and continuous wave Doppler of the regurgitant jet. Quantitative Doppler methods like PISA and regurgitant volume are also covered. The document concludes with an algorithm for integrating multiple echocardiographic parameters to grade MR severity.
Miss Sathi was treated by many anti-hypertensive drugs. But her hypertension was not being controlled. Latter it was diagnosed as a case of Coarctation of Aorta. It was then operated on. Post op events were uneventful. Now she is fine and no more anti-hypertensive drugs needed.
The document discusses electrocardiograms (ECGs) in the context of acute coronary syndrome. It begins by describing the normal conduction system and the 12 standard ECG leads. It then explains how ECGs are recorded and the positioning of limb and precordial leads. The document discusses ST segments, T waves, and how to evaluate for ST elevations. It defines acute coronary syndrome and describes the classifications of ST-elevation MI, non-ST-elevation MI, and unstable angina based on ECG and cardiac enzyme findings. Specific ECG patterns for lateral, inferior, septal, and posterior wall MIs are also shown.
The document provides information on understanding rhythm strips and ECG patterns, including:
- It defines the common waveforms that make up the ECG pattern (P, QRS, T, U waves) and segments between waves.
- Normal values are provided for waveform durations and amplitudes, as well as heart rate.
- Abnormal characteristics of the ECG pattern are described, such as abnormal P waves, PR interval, ST segment, T waves, and QT interval.
- A 5-step process is outlined for analyzing rhythm strips, including evaluating P waves and QRS complexes, calculating heart rates, assessing rhythm regularity, and measuring PR intervals.
The document discusses various electrocardiogram (ECG) criteria for differentiating between ventricular tachycardia (VT) and supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) with aberrancy presenting with a wide QRS complex tachycardia. It outlines criteria from Sandler and Marriott (1965), Wellens (1978), Kindwall (1988), Brugada (1991), Vereckei (2008) and Pava (2010). Key criteria that favor VT include QRS duration >140ms, extreme left axis, AV dissociation, monophasic R wave in V1, R/S ratio <1 in V6, and notching of the S wave in V1.
Prevenzione del tromboembolismo venoso (TEV) in medicina internaPlinio Fabiani
Ìý
The majority of hospitalized patients have risk factors for VTE.
DVT is common in many groups of hospitalized patients.
DVT and PE acquired in hospital are often clinically silent.
DVT and symptomatic PE → fatal PE.
Costs of exams in symptomatic patients.
Risks and costs of the treatment of VTE is not prevented, eg .: bleeding.
The future increase in risk of VTE recurrence.
Thromboprophylaxis is highly effective in the prevention of DVT and proximal DVT.
The Cost/Effectiveness of prophylaxis has been repeatedly demonstrated.
Anemo 2014 - Bianchi - Allarmine: come il sistema immunitario influenza il s...anemo_site
Ìý
1) HMGB1 is a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) that is released by necrotic cells and acts as a danger signal to recruit and activate immune cells.
2) Activated platelets secrete HMGB1 which activates neutrophils and causes them to produce neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), contributing to thrombosis.
3) HMGB1 signaling through receptors like RAGE and TLR4 promotes inflammation through increased cytokine and chemokine production, further activating immune responses.
This document discusses pleural effusions, which occur when fluid accumulates in the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall. A small amount of fluid is normal but excess fluid can accumulate if the rate of fluid formation exceeds drainage by lymphatics. Effusions are classified as transudative or exudative based on their protein content and cell characteristics. Common causes of transudative effusions include heart failure and cirrhosis, while exudative effusions have infectious or inflammatory causes like pneumonia or cancer. Diagnosis involves physical exam, imaging like chest x-ray, and analyzing pleural fluid obtained via thoracentesis.
Descrizione della ventilazione non invasiva, delle patologie dove è indicata, del monitoraggio, dell'assistenza infermieristica e delle interfacce da usare.
This document discusses several risk scoring systems used to predict surgical outcomes, including mortality and morbidity. It provides information on POSSUM, P-POSSUM, O-POSSUM, and other models. Users can input patient data online to calculate predicted risks using these models. Studies have found POSSUM tends to underestimate mortality and morbidity in certain surgeries like pancreatic surgery, but it provides a standardized means of assessing surgical risk.
L'evoluzione dell'interfaccia paziente in NIV - Robert ParentelaRobert Parentela
Ìý
L'evoluzione dell'interfaccia paziente in NIV , Corso sul corretto uso e gestione dell'interfaccia paziente in NIV sia per terapia CPAP ad alto flusso che per NPPV ( pressure support ventilation)
Hokusai vte cancer per edoxaban efficacia non inferiore alla dalteparina trat...Media For Health, Milano
Ìý
Roma, 13 dicembre 2017 – Nei pazienti con cancro e tromboembolia venosa (TEV), la terapia con anticoagulante orale edoxaban (LIXIANA®), risulta non inferiore allo standard di cura a base di dalteparina iniettabile per via sottocutanea, nella prevenzione delle recidive di TEV o dei sanguinamenti maggiori. A dimostrarlo sono i primi risultati del trial Hokusai-VTE Cancer, pubblicati sul New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) e presentati durante il Congresso dell’American Society of Hematology (ASH) che si è appena concluso ad Atlanta.
Scompenso cardiaco a frazione di eiezione preservata - Heart failure with pre...Plinio Fabiani
Ìý
HFpEF (heart failure with preserved ejection fraction) is a challenge for cardiologists, internists and geriatricians since virtually no treatment demonstrated significant improvement of hard end-points in many multicentric interventional clinical trials. HFpEF is as relevant as HFrEF (heart failure with reduced ejection fraction) in terms of epidemiological aspects, i.e incidence, prevalence, mortality, hospital admission.
The pivotal approach to HFpEF seems to be treatment and prevention of comorbidities, more than a pharmacological approach merely directed to heart failure, while in HFrEF beta-blockers, ACEI/ARBs, Mineralcorticoid Antagonists clearly demonstrated to improve prognosis.
Le comorbilità nel paziente con scompenso cardiacoPlinio Fabiani
Ìý
Comorbidities affect clinical hystory and life expectancy in people with chronic heart failure (CHF). Hospital re-admissions are direct consequence of difficulties in management of CHF. Appropriate pathways are essential following an episode of acute heart failure. Chronic renal failure, diabetes and anemia are significantly connected with mortality and hospital admission in patients with chronic heart failure. Most of the patients (74%) have three or more comorbidieties. Hospital admissions mainly explain the economic burden of CHF. Non-cardiac comorbidities increase preventable hospitalizations (i.e. ambulatory care sensitive conditions). It's mandatory to ensure a seamless transition from inpatient to outpatient care for all patients, and transfer logistic and professional management from hospital to territory to improve quality of life, life expectancy and reduce economic burden of CHF.
Although stress hyperglycemia typically resolves as the acute illness or surgical stress abates, it is important to identify and track patients because 60% of patients admitted with new hyperglycemia had confirmed diabetes at 1 year. Furthermore stress induced by acute illness definitely impair metabolic control in known diabetic patients. Insulin is the therapy of choice in acutely ill hospitalised patients. You have to respect some important rules and algorithms, such as the Yale protocol, approaching insulin therapy in these patients, expecially to avoid the rollercoaster glycemic profile which subtends dangerous hypoglycemias and the increased risk of mortality. Use basal-bolus insulin regimens or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and tailor insulin regimens to the individual’s treatment.
New rapid-acting and long-acting insulin analogues profiles help to reach better glycemic control.
The influence of thyroid function on hemodynamic balance, heart rate and rhythm is well known by every clinical practitioner. But which is the real impact of different conditions, both clinical and subclinical, on cardiovascular risk? What are the evidence based data supporting thyroid responsibility? Are they weak or strong? This is the issue of the presentation.
Il ruolo dell’ecocardiografia nell’ictus acutoPlinio Fabiani
Ìý
What can we expect from echocardiography in the acute phase of stroke ? We can seek not only for clots in the heart chambers , vegetations adherent to valves, or aortic arch atheromas, but any favorable condition that can facilitate atrial fibrillation , the leading cause of cardioembolic stroke .
Antiaggregazione per la prevenzione secondaria dopo ictus ischemico: mono o d...Plinio Fabiani
Ìý
Antiaggregazione per la prevenzione secondaria dopo ictus ischemico: mono o doppia?
Rassegna dei trials clinici e metanalisi sulla singola o doppia antiaggrgazione piastrinica nella prevenzione delle recidive di ictus, in rapporto al rischio emorragico.
Il rischio tromboembolico nelle patologie arteriose e venose della donna 3Plinio Fabiani
Ìý
This document discusses risk factors for thromboembolism in women, including reproductive factors and diseases that are more common in women. It provides statistics on the incidence of venous thromboembolism and notes that women are at higher risk during pregnancy and postpartum, as well as when using oral contraceptives or undergoing hormone replacement therapy. The document also examines differences in stroke risk factors and outcomes between men and women.
Il rischio tromboembolico nelle patologie arteriose e venose della donna 3Plinio Fabiani
Ìý
Linee guida ESC per l'embolia polmonare Elba 2015
1. Le linee guida ESC sul management
dell’embolia polmonare: quali novità ?
Plinio Fabiani
Portoferraio
GIORNATE ELBANE
DI MEDICINA INTERNA
II edizione
Portoferraio 29-30 Maggio 2015
3. Epidemiologia dell’EP
• L’epidemiologia è difficile:
– Asintomatica
– Diagnosi incidentale
– Morte improvvisa come prima presentazione
• Germany-based Management Strategy and
Prognosis of Pulmonary Embolism Registry
(MAPPET) 1001 pazienti con embolia polmonare
acuta, mortalità intraospedaliera:
– 8.1% (emodinamicamente stabili)
– 25% (shock cardiogeno)
– 65% (rianimazione cardiopolmonare)
4. Primo stadio: stratificazione clinica del rischio
NoSI
Alto rischio Non alto rischio
Sospetta Embolia Polmonare
Shock o Ipotensione?
• PAS < 90 mmHg o
• Calo PA≥ 40 mmHg per > 15’
(se non causato da nuova aritmia,
ipovolemia o sepsi)
5% dei pazienti con sospetta EP
7. Linee guida sulla diagnosi di EP
• D-Dimero e regole di predittività clinica
8. Punteggio di Wells
Punteggio clinico per Embolia Polmonare
Punteggio clinico
Punteggio di Wells Vers. originale Vers. semplificata
Precedente EP o TVP 1.5 1
FC ≥ 100/m’ 1.5 1
Chirurgia o immobilizzazione prec. 4 sett. 1.5 1
Emottisi 1 1
Cancro attivo 1 1
Segni clinici di TVP 3 1
Diagnosi alternativa meno probabile di EP 3 1
Probabilità Clinica
Punteggio a tre livelli
basso 0-1 ND
intermedio 2-6 ND
alto ≥7 ND
Punteggio a due livelli
EP improbabile 0-4 0-1
EP probabile ≥5 ≥2
9. Punteggio di Ginevra riveduto
Punteggio di Ginevra riveduto Vers. originale Vers. semplificata
Precedente EP o TVP 3 1
FC
75-94/m’ 3 1
≥95/m’ 5 2
Chirurgia o frattura entro il mese precedente 2 1
Emottisi 2 1
Cancro attivo 2 1
Dolore monolaterale arto inferiore 3 1
Dolore alla palpazione di una vena profonda
e edema unilaterale 4 1
Età > 65 anni 1 1
Probabilità Clinica
Punteggio a tre livelli
basso 0-3 0-1
intermedio 4-10 2-4
alto ≥11 ≥5
Punteggio a due livelli
EP improbabile 0-5 0-2
EP probabile ≥6 ≥3
10. Variabile WELLS
originale
WELLS
semplificato
GINEVRA
rivisto
GINEVRA
rivisto
semplificato
EP improbabile 72% 62% 69% 71%
EP prevalente in EP
improbabile
15% 13% 16% 17%
EP prevalente in EP
probabile
43% 39% 38% 39%
EP improbabile e
DD normale
23% 22% 23% 24%
EP preval. in EP
improb. e DD nor.
0,5% 0,6% 0,5% 0,5%
Confronto dei 4 punteggi clinici
Pazienti con probabile o improbabile EP basata su 4 tipi di
punteggio clinico con o senza il test del D-Dimero (n 807)
Ann Intern Med. 2011;154:709-718
Simile accuratezza classificativa, simile resa e sicurezza diagnostica
11. Validazione prospettica di un nuovo valore
di cut-off per il D-dimero. L’Adjust Study
• Il D-dimero incrementa fisiologicamente con l’età e la
probabilità di un risultato negativo clinicamente utile si
riduce drasticamente dopo gli 80 anni (1:20).
• E’ stato proposto un nuovo valore di cut-off basato
sull’analisi retrospettiva di 2 coorti di 5132 pazienti
consecutivi con sospetta embolia polmonare
• Nuovo valore di cut-off
– Età ≤ 50 anni: 500 ng/ml
– Età > 50 anni: età del paziente x 10 ng/ml
• es. Età 78 anni: cut-off 780 ng/ml
• Questo consente un incremento assoluto della resa
diagnostica del 10% (dal 25% al 35%)
Righini et al. JAMA 2014 311(11): 1694
15. APPROCCIO A 3 STEP DELL’EP ACUTA
SOSPETTO
STRATIFICAZIONE
CLINICA INIZIALE
EP AD ALTO RISCHIO
EP NON AD ALTO
RISCHIO
Algoritmo diagnostico
specifico
EP ad alto rischio
confermata
Algoritmo diagnostico
specifico
EP NON ad alto rischio
confermata
ULTERIORE STRATIFICAZIONE
DEL RISCHIO
TERAPIA TERAPIA TERAPIA TERAPIA
22. • Dilatazione del VD e/o aumento del rapporto diametro
TD VD/VS (valore soglia 0,9 or 1,0);
• Ipocinesia della parete libera del VD;
• Aumento della velocità del Jet di rigurgito tricuspidale;
• Criteri combinati
Criteri ecocardiografici di disfunzione VD
aumento del rapporto diametro TD VD/VS (valore
soglia 0,9 or 1,0);
Criteri TC di disfunzione VD
26. Trattamento dell’Embolia Polmonare: linee guida ESC 2008
Trombolisi
EBPM
Fondeparinux
Eparina non frazionata Antagonisti della Vitamina K
INR 2.0-3.0 2.0-3.0 0 1.5-1.9Trattamento iniziale
Trattamento a lungo termine
Trattamento esteso
≥ 5 giorni almeno 3 mesi indefinito*
* Con rivalutazione del rapporto rischio-beneficio periodicamente
28. As an alternative to the combination of parenteral
anticoagulation with a VKA, anticoagulation with
rivaroxaban (15 mg twice daily for 3 weeks, followed by
20 mg once daily) is recommended.
I B
As an alternative to the combination of parenteral
anticoagulation with a VKA, anticoagulation with
apixaban (10 mg twice daily for 7 days, followed by 5 mg
twice daily) is recommended.
I B
As an alternative to VKA treatment, administration of
dabigatran (150 mg twice daily, or 110 mg twice daily for
patients >80 years of age or those under concomitant
verapamil treatment) is recommended following
acutephase parenteral anticoagulation.
I B
As an alternative to VKA treatment, administration of
edoxaban* is recommended following acute-phase
parenteral anticoagulation.
I B
New oral anticoagulants (rivaroxaban, apixaban,
dabigatran, edoxaban) are not recommended in patients
with severe renal impairment.f
III A
29. All four NOAs are non-inferior to warfarin in reducing the
risk of recurrences
Rivaroxaban and apixaban do not require initial LMWH
All four NOAs reduce the risk of bleeding (major for
rivaroxaban and apixaban)
.
NOAs for VTE (initial and long-term treatment)
34. Trattamento dell’Embolia Polmonare: anno 2014
Alto rischio
Trombolisi
Trattamento iniziale
Trattamento esteso
Trattamento estesoTrattamento iniziale
AVK o NAO
Intermedio-basso rischio
EBPM/AVK o EBPM/NAO o NAO (single drug approach)
Editor's Notes
#11: Questo lavoro del gruppo olandese di Douma,
ha investigato in modo prospettico un gruppo di 807 pazienti con sospetta embolia polmonare
Tutti sottoposti a dosaggio del D-Dimero ultra sensibile
L’angioTC fu effettuata se uno o più degli score dava come probabile l’EP
Così i pazienti che non venivano sottoposti a TC ma solo a follow-up dovevavo avere un punteggio che dava l’EP come improbabile a tutti e 4 gli score.
L’applicazione degli score è in grado di stratificare i pazienti: EP improbabileïƒ prevalenza di EP 15%; EP probabile ïƒ prevalenza dell’EP 40%
Applicando contemporaneamente gli score ed il dosaggio del D-dimero la percentuale di soggetti con EP improbabile e D-dimero normale si riduce ad 1/3 di quella individuata con i soli score e la prevalenza di un evento tromboembolico al follow-up di 3 mesi si ridice ad 1/30 di quella individuata dai soli score, rendendo l’EP in questi soggetti un evento estremamente improbabile.