際際滷

際際滷Share a Scribd company logo

Mike Clearwater

A
Avocados Australia

This document summarizes a study that measured the water use of avocado flowers during flowering. The researchers found that avocado inflorescences can contribute up to 35% of the total surface area available for transpiration during flowering. Inflorescences were also found to contribute up to 15% of total tree water loss through transpiration during flowering. However, the study found that under normal conditions with adequate rainfall and soil moisture, the water used by flowers did not significantly impact soil moisture or plant water stress. Therefore, water use by flowers is unlikely to be a primary cause of alternate bearing in avocados if soil moisture is carefully managed.

1 of 17
Transpiration during avocado flowering: How much water do the flowers use? Mike Clearwater, Sam Ong, Mary Black, Bill Snelgar, Peter Minchin 1
Water stress during flowering? What are the causes of alternate bearing? Does water stress contribute to poor fruit set? Flowers use 80% of the water Pollen tube growth is sensitive to water potential 2
Previous studies Whiley et al. (1988) Inflorescences increase canopy surface area of Fuerte by 90% Estimated that flowers add 13% to tree transpiration Blanke and Lovatt (1993) Compared the surface morphology and transpiration of leaves and flowers No estimates of total water use Our hypothesis: Inflorescences add significantly to tree transpiration, leading to soil moisture deficits and plant water stress 3
Methods Hass Avocado in the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand Flower and leaf removal from whole trees and branches Measured - inflorescence and leaf area - inflorescence and leaf stomatal conductance - tree and branch transpiration using sap flow - soil moisture, water potentials, photosynthesis Compared transpiration estimated from surface area and conductance with transpiration measured using sap flow 4
Measuring inflorescence surface area Fluidized bed of Ballotini beads Dip in glue weigh dip in beads reweigh Area = change in weight added by coating of glass beads 5
Inflorescence surface area correlated with fresh weight 35 Inflorescence surface area (cm2) 30 25 20 15 10 5 y = 18.84x R族 = 0.94 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 Inflorescence fresh weight (g) 6
Inflorescence area as a proportion of total surface area 0.6 0.5 Inflorescence area / Total area 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 Total One-sided inflorescence area inflorescence area 7
Measuring stomatal conductance Stomatal conductance was measured using a gas exchange system Response to humidity was measured as an indicator of the level of stomatal control over transpiration 8
Stomatal response to humidity 0.35 Stomatal conductance (molm-2s-1) 0.3 leaves 0.25 0.2 0.15 inflorescences 0.1 0.05 0 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 Vapour Pressure Deficit (kPa) High humidity Low humidity Low temperature High temperature 9
Transpiration response to humidity 5 4.5 Transpiration (molm-2s-1) 4 leaves 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 inflorescences 1 0.5 0 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 Vapour Pressure Deficit (kPa) High humidity Low humidity Low temperature High temperature 10
Measuring transpiration in the field Heat pulse sap flow probes Paired branches, deflowering and deleafing 11
Transpiration (L hour-1) Transpiration from sap flow 10 Tree 2 deflowered tree 1 tree 2 8 6 Tree 1 deleafed 4 2 0 300 305 310 315 320 Day of the year 12
Transpiration (L hour-1) 10 Tree 2 deflowered tree 1 tree 2 8 6 Tree 1 deleafed 4 2 0 300 305 310 315 320 2 Ratio (Tree 1 / Tree 2) Day of the year 1.5 De-flowering = 8% reduction in transpiration 1 0.5 De-leafing = 78% reduction in transpiration 0 300 305 310 315 320 Day of the year 13
Comparison Area vs Transpiration Infl. Transp. / Total Transp. 0.2 0.16 0.12 0.08 0.04 y = 0.53x 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 Infloresecence area / Total area 14
Soil moisture and plant water potentials Experiment conducted under mild conditions with adequate rainfall No significant decline in soil water content over flowering Plant water potentials and stomatal conductance were unaffected by flower removal, even with heavy flowering 15
Conclusions Inflorescences contribute up to 35% of the total transpirational surface area during flowering Inflorescence surface conductance is half or less that of leaves Inflorescences contribute up to 15% of the total transpirational water loss during flowering The flowers do not use 80% of the water, but soil moisture and irrigation management still matter Soil moisture deficits and tree water stress are unlikely to contribute to alternate bearing if carefully managed Flower water relations may still be a factor in fruit set 16
Acknowledgements NZ Avocado Industry Council Jonathan Dixon NZ Foundation for Research, Science and Technology Mike Clearwater m.clearwater@waikato.ac.nz 17

More Related Content

Mike Clearwater

  • 1. Transpiration during avocado flowering: How much water do the flowers use? Mike Clearwater, Sam Ong, Mary Black, Bill Snelgar, Peter Minchin 1
  • 2. Water stress during flowering? What are the causes of alternate bearing? Does water stress contribute to poor fruit set? Flowers use 80% of the water Pollen tube growth is sensitive to water potential 2
  • 3. Previous studies Whiley et al. (1988) Inflorescences increase canopy surface area of Fuerte by 90% Estimated that flowers add 13% to tree transpiration Blanke and Lovatt (1993) Compared the surface morphology and transpiration of leaves and flowers No estimates of total water use Our hypothesis: Inflorescences add significantly to tree transpiration, leading to soil moisture deficits and plant water stress 3
  • 4. Methods Hass Avocado in the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand Flower and leaf removal from whole trees and branches Measured - inflorescence and leaf area - inflorescence and leaf stomatal conductance - tree and branch transpiration using sap flow - soil moisture, water potentials, photosynthesis Compared transpiration estimated from surface area and conductance with transpiration measured using sap flow 4
  • 5. Measuring inflorescence surface area Fluidized bed of Ballotini beads Dip in glue weigh dip in beads reweigh Area = change in weight added by coating of glass beads 5
  • 6. Inflorescence surface area correlated with fresh weight 35 Inflorescence surface area (cm2) 30 25 20 15 10 5 y = 18.84x R族 = 0.94 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 Inflorescence fresh weight (g) 6
  • 7. Inflorescence area as a proportion of total surface area 0.6 0.5 Inflorescence area / Total area 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 Total One-sided inflorescence area inflorescence area 7
  • 8. Measuring stomatal conductance Stomatal conductance was measured using a gas exchange system Response to humidity was measured as an indicator of the level of stomatal control over transpiration 8
  • 9. Stomatal response to humidity 0.35 Stomatal conductance (molm-2s-1) 0.3 leaves 0.25 0.2 0.15 inflorescences 0.1 0.05 0 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 Vapour Pressure Deficit (kPa) High humidity Low humidity Low temperature High temperature 9
  • 10. Transpiration response to humidity 5 4.5 Transpiration (molm-2s-1) 4 leaves 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 inflorescences 1 0.5 0 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 Vapour Pressure Deficit (kPa) High humidity Low humidity Low temperature High temperature 10
  • 11. Measuring transpiration in the field Heat pulse sap flow probes Paired branches, deflowering and deleafing 11
  • 12. Transpiration (L hour-1) Transpiration from sap flow 10 Tree 2 deflowered tree 1 tree 2 8 6 Tree 1 deleafed 4 2 0 300 305 310 315 320 Day of the year 12
  • 13. Transpiration (L hour-1) 10 Tree 2 deflowered tree 1 tree 2 8 6 Tree 1 deleafed 4 2 0 300 305 310 315 320 2 Ratio (Tree 1 / Tree 2) Day of the year 1.5 De-flowering = 8% reduction in transpiration 1 0.5 De-leafing = 78% reduction in transpiration 0 300 305 310 315 320 Day of the year 13
  • 14. Comparison Area vs Transpiration Infl. Transp. / Total Transp. 0.2 0.16 0.12 0.08 0.04 y = 0.53x 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 Infloresecence area / Total area 14
  • 15. Soil moisture and plant water potentials Experiment conducted under mild conditions with adequate rainfall No significant decline in soil water content over flowering Plant water potentials and stomatal conductance were unaffected by flower removal, even with heavy flowering 15
  • 16. Conclusions Inflorescences contribute up to 35% of the total transpirational surface area during flowering Inflorescence surface conductance is half or less that of leaves Inflorescences contribute up to 15% of the total transpirational water loss during flowering The flowers do not use 80% of the water, but soil moisture and irrigation management still matter Soil moisture deficits and tree water stress are unlikely to contribute to alternate bearing if carefully managed Flower water relations may still be a factor in fruit set 16
  • 17. Acknowledgements NZ Avocado Industry Council Jonathan Dixon NZ Foundation for Research, Science and Technology Mike Clearwater m.clearwater@waikato.ac.nz 17