![The density of information conveyed
伝達される情報の密度
The etch rates were measured using quartz
crystal microbalances.
[T]he interparticle collisions, although also*
electromagnetic in character, occur on space and
time scales that are usually much shorter than
those of the applied fields or the fields due to the
average motion of the particles.
* この also はこの前の?を受けてのもの](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/scientificenglish2016j-2-200227110333/85/Mindset-and-Learning-Tools-for-Scientific-English-Proficiency-10-320.jpg)
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科学技術英語の考え方と学習ツール Mindset and Learning Tools for Scientific English Proficiency
- 1. 第10回プラズマエレクトロニクスインキュベーションホール 2016.8.31 ? 9.2 科学技術英語の考え方と学習ツール Mindset and Learning Tools for Scientific English Proficiency 国立研究開発法人 物質?材料研究機構 国際ナノアーキテクトニクス研究拠点 ポスドク研究員 松? 朝彦 SCreative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike
- 2. Outline 1. English as the World Language 2. Mindset for… Reading, Writing, Presentation 3. Make full use of new tools!
- 3. 英語は第??語話者が圧倒的に多いのが特徴！ World?s top languages by number of speakers (Ethnologue 18th ed., 2015) No. Language 1st (native) 1st + 2nd 1 Chinese 中文 900 M 1310 M 2 English 339 M 942 M 3 Spanish Espa?ol 472 M 570 M 4 Arabic ?????????????????????????????? 295 M 385 M 5 Hindi ??M?? 260 M 380 M 14 Japanese 日本語 130 M 130 M
- 4. Braj Kachru’s “Three Circle of English” Majority of the English speakers are NOT native speakers
- 5. * Not to scale 2004–13: Kyoto U Plasma Engineering, Aero/Astronautics 1993–97: Elementary School in South Carolina 2013–15 Postdoc at NIST Semiconductor Reliability 2015– NIMS GaN interface characterization My experience on English as a Second Language Darwinek cba
- 6. This talk will cover… ? Mindset ? Tools ? Hints ? This talk will NOT cover… ? English expressions ? Grammar lessons
- 7. 2.1 Mindset for Reading
- 8. “The plasma medium is complicated in that the charged particles are both affected by external electric and magnetic fields and contribute to them. The resulting self-consistent system is nonlinear and very difficult to analyze. Furthermore, the interparticle collisions, although also electromagnetic in character, occur on space and time scales that are usually much shorter than those of the applied fields or the fields due to the average motion of the particles.” ? 専??語 ? 複雑な構? B4の輪講で受けた衝撃 難しい!
- 9. 論?英語だからといって いつもそんなにややこしいわけではない “The etch rates were measured using quartz crystal microbalances. Thin films were deposited by conventional vapor deposition methods. All experiments were conducted at room temperature. The experiments reported in this paper involve the use of XeF2, F2, and Cl2.”
- 10. The density of information conveyed 伝達される情報の密度 The etch rates were measured using quartz crystal microbalances. [T]he interparticle collisions, although also* electromagnetic in character, occur on space and time scales that are usually much shorter than those of the applied fields or the fields due to the average motion of the particles. * この also はこの前の?を受けてのもの
- 11. ? ?章の構成要素は文法?論理?修辞 Grammar Logic Rhetoric ? ?法は、学ぶしかないとして…（学んできたはず） ? なじみのないトピックに、なじみのない修辞 ? 英語の教科書の難しさ ? 知りたいのは論理の部分
- 12. Papers Patents Textbooks Reviews News Magazines Novels Poetry 1. Arturo Donate 2. Dhscommtech Ali Moore 3. 4. Antonio Litterio Facts Logic Rhetoric Sentiment Overview Commentary 媒体の性質と想定読者
- 13. ? 対象読者は?学教育修了者 ? Native speaker の英語はこなれた修辞 ? 教科書を書いた?は native speaker であり、 second language speakers にとってわかりや すい英語とそうでない英語の区別は彼らに はつかない。 ? 逆に我々は、外国?が?本語を学ぶときにどういう順番で 学ぶか考えたことはあるか？ ? Non-native speaker の英語の?が シンプルで論理が?えやすい傾向
- 14. 英?の順序を意識し、前から読んでいく Sentence Statement A Statement Band Sentence Statement A Condition Bwhen Sentence Statement (SVO)
- 15. The plasma medium is complicated in that the charged particles are both affected by external electric and magnetic fields and contribute to them. The interparticle collisions, although also electromagnetic in character, occur on space and time scales that are usually much shorter than those of the applied fields or the fields due to the average motion of the particles. Interparticle collisions are also electromagnetic in character. They occur on space and time scales that are usually much shorter than (the space/time scales of) the electromagnetic fields applied (externally) or (the space/time scales of) the electromagnetic fields due to the average motion of the particles. Collisions are also elec-mag Interparticle Collision (τ, λ) Previous sentence compare Applied field (τ, λ) Field by particle motion (τ, λ)
- 16. 2.2 Mindset for Writing
- 17. Most of our writings are papers & patents. Don?t worry about the rhetoric. ? 論?や特許などにはこなれた英語はなじまない。 ? 簡単な構?の組み合わせで書けるはず。 ? 書けないポイントが現れたら、論理の?躍を疑う。 ? 科学?書は基本的な論理の積み重ねのはず ? 英?法の厳密性が良い?向に働く。 ? 主語の省略が不可であること ? ?較の対象は?致していないといけないこと (例: Comparing A of B to that of C… ) ? など
- 18. 段落 vs. Paragraph ? 英語の paragraph は、?本語の「段落」よりも 意味のまとまりと構造のルールが厳密 Paragraph Sentence Fact A Fact B Topic Sentence Main idea Fact C Logic(A,B,C)
- 19. ?本語の「段落」になれた?徒たちに 英語の “paragraph” を意識させるための 指導ガイドラインより 1. A paragraph is a completely different unit of organization from danraku. 2. The topic sentence makes an assertion and supporting sentences explain or prove that assertion in detail. 3. All of the sentences in a paragraph discuss the same idea. If the writer wants to discuss a new idea, start a new paragraph. 4. Make an outline with a topic sentence and main supporting sentences before starting to write a draft. This will help the writer to keep coherence and unity. 5. Emphasize the aim of English essay writing is to effectively convey information to readers rather than to move readers' feelings. “Effective writing instruction: From Japanese danraku to English paragraphs” Proc. 3rd Ann. JALT Pan-SIG Conf. (2004) http://jalt.org/pansig/2004/HTML/KimKon.htm
- 20. Paper Paragraph Sentence Fact A Fact B Topic Sentence Main idea Fact C Logic(A,B,C) 論?を読むときに意識すべきもの: ロジックの階層構造
- 21. 2.3 Mindset for Presentations
- 22. Talk 狠狠撸 Sentence Fact A Fact B Topic Sentence Main idea Fact C Logic(A,B,C) ロジックの階層構造はプレゼンでも同じ！
- 23. Results 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 Series1 Series2 Series3 ? Fact A ? Observation B ? Observation C Main message of this slide プレゼンを作るときにも?分をそれを意識すると ?然と良いスライドになる 他?のスライドでそれがわかりやすかったらよし、 わかりにくくても、main message が何かを考えながら聞こう
- 24. 英語の質疑応答 ? プレゼン本体は練習できるが、質疑応答はできない ? 質問を聞き取れずに、かみ合わない会話になる 対策 ? 想定される表現を覚えておく ? 便利な表現をストックしておく ? 遠慮せず聞き返す ? 質問を噛み砕いてもらう ? 同僚などと練習 ? 科学英語の聞き取りに慣れておく “I didn’t quite follow…” “What is the key reason for…?” “Sorry, but what is your question?” “Could you rephrase it simpler?”
- 25. 3. Make full use of new tools!
- 26. Dictionary 英語は英語で！ 英?の構造を?につける ? おすすめ英英辞典 Collins COBUILD Advanced Dictionary Oxford Dict. study: The devotion of time and attention to gaining knowledge of an academic subject, especially by means of books COBUILD study: If you study, you spend time learning about a particular subject or subjects. COBUILD fruition: If something comes to fruition, it starts to succeed and produce the results that were intended or hoped for. 「定義?」より「説明?」
- 27. 専??語には ? 『JST科学技術?語?英対訳辞書』 Weblio ( ejje.weblio.jp ) ? 英辞郎 on the WEB ( www.alc.co.jp )
- 29. ?章の种类の设定机能
- 30. 英?校正ツール ? Microsoft Word 内蔵チェッカー ? お決まりのチェックのみ。論?英語では誤判定多い ? Ginger ? ブラウザ上で動作するモード／Officeとシームレスに連携するモード ? ブラウザモードでは300ワードまで ? ?本語対応 ? Grammarly ? ブラウザ上で動作するモード／Officeとシームレスに連携するモード ? ?章構成や?い回しも含めた強?チェック ? 有料（超?い！ $30/month, $140/year） ? プロの?間による校正サービス ? ピンキリ ? 早くても数?かかる ? その他?較： http://rcmdnk.github.io/blog/2016/02/22/computer-english/
- 31. Wikipediaを読むなら英語版を 定義と概論 ↑?本語版では 不?分 記事の構造が しっかりしている ?献引?が 徹底されている 記事の規模が桁違い Wikipedia editors, CC BY-SA license
- 32. C bnd
- 33. TED, CC BY-SA-NC license
- 35. Bill Hammack, EngineerGuy.com, CC-BY license YouTubeの字幕機能で リスニングを鍛える
- 37. 厂颈谤颈で発?练习
- 38. 厂颈谤颈で発?练习
- 39. iPhoneをお持ちでなくても ? macOS Sierra — Siri ? Windows 10 — Cortana ? Android — Google Now
- 40. Maximize your exposure to English and try to make it fun wordclouds.com
- 42. ? 映画は英語で / Netflix / 対訳シナリオ本 ? ニュースの副?声 ? 英語ニュース動画 NHK World / BBC / CNN etc. ? ポッドキャスト（ラジオのようなもの） ? YouTube ? etc 参考：ベンジャミン?ボアズ 『??のためのやり直し英会話』（?学館）
- 45. In conclusion ? Scientific English has a clear logical structure. Remembering this will help you read quicker, write more effective papers, and structure better presentations. ? Make full use of new tools to improve your English. These include specialized dictionaries, grammar correction services, and speech recognition interfaces. ? Always maximize your exposure to English. Try to find a method that’s fun for you.
- 46. Credits / Copyright Title Author Source License Flag-map of South Carolina Darwinek Wikimedia Commons CC BY-SA Research Arturo Donate flickr CC BY Textbook.JPG Ali Moore English Wikipedia CC BY-SA Power of Words Antonio Litterio Wikimedia Commons CC BY-SA Apollo: The Alignment Optical Telescope Bill Hammack & Wyatt Richter EngineerGuy.com CC BY-ND What will be the next big scientific breakthrough? Eric Haseltine TED CC BY-NC-ND Word Cloud Zygomatic wordclouds.com PD Plasma polymerization Wikipedia editors English Wikipedia CC BY-SA