Ορόσημο Φροντιστήριο (Αθήνα). Βοήθημα μαθηματικών Α' λυκείου 2015 |Ορόσημο Φροντιστήριο (Αθήνα) Μέσης ΕκπαίδευσηςΒοήθημα μαθηματικών Α' λυκείου 2015 από το φροντιστήριο Μέσης Εκπαίδευσης Ορόσημο στην Αθήνα. Μάθετε περισσότερα στο http://www.frontistiria.edu.gr/
Price determination under oligopolysukhpal0015Price determination under oligopoly can occur through independent pricing, collusive pricing, or price leadership. There are several classical models of oligopoly including Cournot's model of duopoly, Bertrand's model of duopoly, and Edgeworth's duopoly model. Non-collusive oligopolies may lead to price wars if firms produce homogeneous goods. Under collusion, firms can jointly set prices or output to increase their bargaining power against consumers. Price leadership is a means for oligopolists to coordinate prices without explicit collusion, with the dominant firm initiating price changes that other firms follow.
Monopolistic CompetitionJohanThis document discusses monopolistic competition, including its key characteristics, assumptions, and how firms determine costs, revenues, and profits in the short and long run. Some key aspects of monopolistic competition include firms differentiating their similar products through branding and advertising, barriers to entry being relatively low, and both consumers and producers having some degree of sovereignty. In the short run, firms can earn supernormal profits, but long-run profits tend towards normal as competition increases. Examples given include soft drink companies and sports shoe brands.
6 monopolistic competitionRajesh NeithilathMonopolistic competition is an imperfect market structure between perfect competition and pure monopoly. It is characterized by many small sellers offering differentiated products, free entry and exit into the market, and firms facing downward-sloping demand curves. In the short run, firms can make profits or losses, but in the long run free entry and exit will cause the number of firms to adjust until all firms earn zero economic profits and price equals average total cost.
Monopolistic CompetitionanneclaireramserMonopolistic competition is a market structure with many small businesses that sell similar but differentiated products. While firms have some control over pricing, they face significant competition and low profit margins due to the elastic demand curve and ease of market entry. To be successful, businesses must focus on cost efficiency, advertising, and differentiating their unique product offerings from competitors.
Economics of Monopolytutor2uStudents should be able to:
Understand the characteristics of this model and be able to use them to explain the behaviour of firms in this market structure
Explain and evaluate the differences in efficiency between perfect competition and monopoly
Explain and evaluate the potential costs and benefits of monopoly to both firms and consumers
Monopolistic Competitiontutor2uA2 Microeconomics: This is a revision presentation on aspects of monopolistic competition designed for A2 business economics students
price-determined-under-oligopolyRajat Sharma1) An oligopoly is characterized by a market with few sellers that are interdependent. Each firm monitors and reacts to the actions of other firms in the industry.
2) Prices in an oligopoly are determined through interdependent pricing, price wars between firms trying to gain market share, price leadership where one dominant firm sets prices that others follow, or formal agreements like cartels to limit competition.
3) The kinked demand curve model suggests firms in an oligopoly face a discontinuous demand curve, leading to price rigidity as raising or lowering prices would decrease total revenue along the elastic or inelastic portions of the demand curve.
гайдарклуб 10302013 преображенскgaidar_fundПрезентация Владимира Преображенского, показанная на дискуссии "Гайдар-клуба" 30 октября 2013 года в кафе "Март" http://club.gaidarfund.ru/articles/1806
Ορόσημο Φροντιστήριο (Αθήνα). Βοήθημα μαθηματικών Α' λυκείου 2015 |Ορόσημο Φροντιστήριο (Αθήνα) Μέσης ΕκπαίδευσηςΒοήθημα μαθηματικών Α' λυκείου 2015 από το φροντιστήριο Μέσης Εκπαίδευσης Ορόσημο στην Αθήνα. Μάθετε περισσότερα στο http://www.frontistiria.edu.gr/
Price determination under oligopolysukhpal0015Price determination under oligopoly can occur through independent pricing, collusive pricing, or price leadership. There are several classical models of oligopoly including Cournot's model of duopoly, Bertrand's model of duopoly, and Edgeworth's duopoly model. Non-collusive oligopolies may lead to price wars if firms produce homogeneous goods. Under collusion, firms can jointly set prices or output to increase their bargaining power against consumers. Price leadership is a means for oligopolists to coordinate prices without explicit collusion, with the dominant firm initiating price changes that other firms follow.
Monopolistic CompetitionJohanThis document discusses monopolistic competition, including its key characteristics, assumptions, and how firms determine costs, revenues, and profits in the short and long run. Some key aspects of monopolistic competition include firms differentiating their similar products through branding and advertising, barriers to entry being relatively low, and both consumers and producers having some degree of sovereignty. In the short run, firms can earn supernormal profits, but long-run profits tend towards normal as competition increases. Examples given include soft drink companies and sports shoe brands.
6 monopolistic competitionRajesh NeithilathMonopolistic competition is an imperfect market structure between perfect competition and pure monopoly. It is characterized by many small sellers offering differentiated products, free entry and exit into the market, and firms facing downward-sloping demand curves. In the short run, firms can make profits or losses, but in the long run free entry and exit will cause the number of firms to adjust until all firms earn zero economic profits and price equals average total cost.
Monopolistic CompetitionanneclaireramserMonopolistic competition is a market structure with many small businesses that sell similar but differentiated products. While firms have some control over pricing, they face significant competition and low profit margins due to the elastic demand curve and ease of market entry. To be successful, businesses must focus on cost efficiency, advertising, and differentiating their unique product offerings from competitors.
Economics of Monopolytutor2uStudents should be able to:
Understand the characteristics of this model and be able to use them to explain the behaviour of firms in this market structure
Explain and evaluate the differences in efficiency between perfect competition and monopoly
Explain and evaluate the potential costs and benefits of monopoly to both firms and consumers
Monopolistic Competitiontutor2uA2 Microeconomics: This is a revision presentation on aspects of monopolistic competition designed for A2 business economics students
price-determined-under-oligopolyRajat Sharma1) An oligopoly is characterized by a market with few sellers that are interdependent. Each firm monitors and reacts to the actions of other firms in the industry.
2) Prices in an oligopoly are determined through interdependent pricing, price wars between firms trying to gain market share, price leadership where one dominant firm sets prices that others follow, or formal agreements like cartels to limit competition.
3) The kinked demand curve model suggests firms in an oligopoly face a discontinuous demand curve, leading to price rigidity as raising or lowering prices would decrease total revenue along the elastic or inelastic portions of the demand curve.
гайдарклуб 10302013 преображенскgaidar_fundПрезентация Владимира Преображенского, показанная на дискуссии "Гайдар-клуба" 30 октября 2013 года в кафе "Март" http://club.gaidarfund.ru/articles/1806
Доклад Дмитрия Макарова "Турниры паевых фондов"gaidar_fundДоклад Дмитрия Макарова "Турниры паевых фондов" по статье Difference in Interim Performance and Risk Taking with Short-sale Constraints
Мог ли Советский Союз пойти по китайскому пути?gaidar_fundПрезентация к лекции профессора Марка Харрисона "Спотыкающийся медведь, парящий дракон: Мог ли Советский Союз пойти по китайскому пути?", прочитанной в рамках цикла "Экономическая история России ХХ века", организованного Фондом Егора Гайдара.
Экономические реформы в России: 20 лет спустяgaidar_fundДоклад Якова Уринсона, прочитанный в летнем лагере молодого экономиста "ECO Future", организованного Фондом Егора Гайдара.
Сайт лагеря:
Презентация проекта "ВелоЯр"gaidar_fundПроект, занявший 2-е место в летнем лагере молодого экономиста "ECO Future: экономическое будущее страны", организованного Фондом Егора Гайдара.
Алексей Кудрин "Российская армия: непосильное время или нераскрытое преимущес...gaidar_fundПрезентация выступления Алексея Кудрина на дискуссии "Российская армия: непосильное бремя или нераскрытое преимущество".
23 мая 2012 года.
Полный текст выступления: http://gaidarfund.ru/public.php?id=157
Андрей Нечаев. Предотвращенная катастрофаgaidar_fundПрезентация к лекции Андрея Нечаева "Предотвращенная катастрофа", прочитанной 10 ноября 2011 года в Политехническом музее в рамках цикла лекций "Реформы 90-х. Как это было"
Михаил Блинкин. Концептуальные проблемы преодоления территориальной разобщенн...gaidar_fundВыступление Михаила Блинкина на открытом заседании экспертной группы "Стратегии 2020" "Реальный федерализм, местное самоуправление, междбюджетная политика" в рамках Гайдаровских чтений в Арзамасе.
Яков Уринсон. Перспективы развития экономики: Россия и мирgaidar_fundДоклад, прочитанный Яковом Уринсоном на открытии Гайдаровских чтений в октябре 2011 года в Арзамасе.
6. Ââåäåíèå: èñòîðèÿ èäåè ìîíîïîëèñòè÷åñêîé êîíêóðåíöèè
Chamberlin(1929): áàçîâàÿ èäåÿ: íåïîëíàÿ âçàèìîçàìåíÿåìîñòü
òîâàðîâ è ôèðìû-öåíîîáðàçîâàòåëè, âîçðàñòàþùàÿ îòäà÷à
ìàñøòàáà, ñâîáîäíûé âõîä â îòðàñëü
Dixit and Stiglitz(1977): ñôîðìóëèðîâàíà ìîäåëü è óñëîâèÿ
ñîöèàëüíîé (íå)ýôôåêòèâíîñòè, Krugman (1979): - ñðàâíåíèå
ðàâíîâåñèé, è äëÿ ÷àñòíîãî ñëó÷àÿ CES - ðàçâèòî ñåìåéñòâî
ìîäåëåé ìåæä. òîðãîâëè è àããëîìåðàöèè
= ¾Íîâûå¿ òåîðèè: Ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî ðîñòà (Aghion, Howitt),
Ìåæäóíàðîäíîé òîðãîâëè (Helpman, Krugman), Ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé
ãåîãðàôèè (Fujita, Krugman, Thisse, Venables, Combes, Mayer) -
äëÿ äâóõ ñëó÷àåâ ôóíêöèè ïîëåçíîñòè: ñòåïåííîé xa (CES -
òûñÿ÷è ñòàòåé) è êâàäðàòè÷íîé (OTT - ñîòíè ñòàòåé). Íàøà
çàäà÷à - îáùàÿ òåîðèÿ.
7. Ââåäåíèå: íåóäîâëåòâîðåííîñòü ÷àñòíûìè ñëó÷àÿìè
CES-ìîäåëü ïðåäñêàçûâàåò íåèçìåííîñòü òîðãîâîé íàöåíêè, íî
rms operating in bigger markets have lower markups (Syverson,
2007).
CES ïðåäñêàçûâàåò íåèçìåííîñòü ðàçìåðà (âûïóñêà) ôèðì îò
÷èñëà ïîòðåáèòåëåé, íî rms tend to be larger in larger markets
(Campbell and Hopenhayn, 2005).
Èçîáðåòåííàÿ äëÿ ïðåîäîëåíèÿ ýòèõ íåäîñòàòêîâ êâàäðàòè÷íàÿ
ìîäåëü OTT(2002) - âñå æå îñòàåòñÿ ÷àñòíûì ñëó÷àåì, íî:
Berliant (2006): How can we draw general conclusions... from these
models if the conclusions change when the utility functions or
functional form of transport cost change? Certainly, examples are a
rst step in a research program. But they are usually not the last.
Ýòî è íàø ëîçóíã.
16. Áàçîâàÿ ìîäåëü
Âëèÿíèå ïàðàìåòðîâ íà ðàâíîâåñèÿ
Ðàçâèòèÿ òåìû
Äîïîëíèòåëüíûå âûâîäû
Ïðè IES òîâàðû ñòàëè ìåíåå çàìåíÿåìû ⇒ òîðãîâàÿ íàöåíêà è
öåíà ↑, à ðàçìåð ôèðì q ↓.
Áëàãîñîñòîÿíèå ðàñòåò ïðè âñåõ óñëîâèÿõ, êðîìå îñîáûõ
ïîäñëó÷àåâ ru(¯x) 0.
Ñíèæåíèå èíâåñòèöèîííûõ èçäåðæåê f ↓ ýêâèâàëåíòíî ðîñòó
ðûíêà.
Ñíèæåíèå óäåëüíûõ èçäåðæåê c ↓ ïðèâîäèò ê ñíèæåíèþ öåí
p ↓ âñåãäà, íî ðîñò ÷èñëà ôèðì N ↑ áîëåå ÷åì ïðîïîðöèîíàëåí
ïðè ru(¯x) 0.
Ðîñò ðàñõîäîâ ïîòðåáèòåëÿ E íå âëèÿåò íà öåíû, à ïðèâîäèò ê
ïðîïîðöèîíàëüíîìó ðîñòó ÷èñëà ôèðì N ↑.
. .
17. Áàçîâàÿ ìîäåëü
Âëèÿíèå ïàðàìåòðîâ íà ðàâíîâåñèÿ
Ðàçâèòèÿ òåìû
2 ïðèìåðà: îáúÿñíåíèå ýôôåêòîâ êðèâûìè áåçðàçëè÷èÿ
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
u 2 2 1 x
r x
x1
x2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
u x 2 x
r x
x1
x2
Ðèñ.: Êðèâûå áåçðàçëè÷èÿ ñóììû u(x1)+u(x2) ïðè ðàñòóùåé è
ñíèæàþùåéñÿ âîãíóòîñòè ru(x). Â ïðàâîì ïðèìåðå ru(x) ↓,⇒
çàìåíÿåìîñòü ðàñòåò ïî xi.
. .
18. Áàçîâàÿ ìîäåëü
Âëèÿíèå ïàðàìåòðîâ íà ðàâíîâåñèÿ
Ðàçâèòèÿ òåìû
2 ïðèìåðà: îáúÿñíåíèå ýôôåêòîâ êðèâèçíîé ñïðîñà
×èñëî êîíêóðåíòîâ (↑ N) ïðîïîðöèîíàëüíî ñíèæàåò (îáð.)
ñïðîñ u (x)/λ(N). Ðàçìåð ïîêóïêè x ↓, íî ïðè ru(x) 0,
ñïðîñ î÷åíü âûïóêëûé è öåíà p ↑.
x
p u 2 2 x 1
u’ x
u’ x 2
MR
0.5 MR
C
P2
Α z2 Α z1 Α
P1
p u x 2 x
u’ x
u’ x 2
MR
0.5 MR
P1
C
P2
Ðèñ.: Öåíà ïðè ïàäåíèè ñïðîñà ìîæåò ðàñòè èëè óáûâàòü.
. .