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Mughal art and architecture
- 2. Introduction MAJOR MUGHAL CONTRIBUTION TO THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT WAS THEIR UNIQUE ARCHITECTURE. MANY MONUMENTS WERE BUILT BY THE MUSLIM EMPERORS, ESPECIALLY SHAH JAHAN, DURING THE MUGHAL ERA. DISTINCTIVE STYLE DEVLOPED BY THE MUGHALS IN 16TH,17TH AND 18TH CENTURIES IT IS THE COMBINATION OF ISLAMIC,PERSIAN,TURKISH AND INDIAN ARCHITECTURE IT IS SYMMETRICAL AND DECORATIVE IN STYLE THE BUILDINGS OF THIS PERIOD ARE LARGER, SPLENDID, LIGHTER AND MORE GRACEFUL IN COMPOSITION WIDE USE IS MADE OF WHITE AND COLOURED
- 3. Mughal Architecture THE BULBOUS DOMES,THE SLENDER MINARETS WITH CUPOLAS AT THE FOUR CORNERS,LARGE HALLS MASSIVE GATEWAYS AND DELICATE ORNAMENTATION. WHITE MARBLE AND RED SANDSTONE WAS FAVOURED. USED ARCHES SPARINGELY. SYMMETRY AND BALANCED STRESSED. USED OCTAGONES ALOT. THE BUILDING WORE A LOOK OF GRACE,BEAUTY,GRANDEUR AND RICHNESS. RED STONE WAS SUBSTITUTED BY WHITE MARBLES AND PRECIOUS STONES. THE PIETRA DURA STYLE BECAME A POPULAR FEATURE OF THIS PERIOD. SQUARED STONE AND MARBLE WAS REPLACED BY BRICK OR RUBBLE WITH STUCCO ORNAMENT AT THE TIME OF AURANGZEB. MUGHAL ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS
- 5. PHASES OF MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE RED STONE PHASE THE FIRST PHASE IN WHICH THE BUILDINGS WERE PRINCIPALLY CONSTRUCTRD IN RED SANDSTONE DURING THE REGAIN OF BABAR, HUMAYUN AND AKBAR MAIN CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES USED RED STONE MOSTALY SYMMETRY AND BALANCE STRESSED BRICKS,DECORATED WITH TERRA COTTA AND GLAZE. SEMI-PRECIOUS GEMSTONES WERE POPULAR (JADE,CRYSTALS,ETC) DOMES ARE SEMI-CIRCULAR EXAMPLES: RED FORT DARWAZA-I-RAUZA (THE GREAT GATE FORR TAJ COMPLEX)
- 6. PHASES OF MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE MARBLE PHASE EXAMPLES: THE 2ND PHASE WHEN WHITE MARBLE WAS LARGELY EMPLYOYED TO THE LUXURY TASTE OF SHAH JAHAN MAIN CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES RED STONNE WAS SUBSTITUTED BY WHITE MARBLES AND PRECIOUS STONES THE PIETRA DURA STYLE BECAME A POPULAR FEATURE OF THIS PERIOD SEMI CIRCULAR DOMES ARE REPLACED BY THE BULBOUS DOMES TAJ MAHAL ITIMAD AL- DAWLA'S TOMB
- 7. Mughal Garden MUGHAL GARDENS ARE A GROUP OF GARDENS BUILT BY THE MUGHALS IN THE ISLAMIC STYLE OF ARCHITECTURE. THIS STYLE WAS INFLUENCED BY PERSIAN GARDENS AND TIMURID GARDENS. SIGNIFICANT USE OF RECTILINEAR LAYOUTS ARE MADE WITHIN THE WALLED ENCLOSURES. SILENT FEATURES: POOLS, FOUNTAINS CANALS INSIDE THE GARDENS. CLASSIFICATION: RECTANGULAR PEARL GARDEN LONG BUTTERFLY GARDEN CIRCULAR GARDEN TERRACED GARDEN EXAMPLE TAJ MAHAL AGRA RAM BAGH AGRA SHALIMAR GARDEN KASHMIR
- 8. Mughal Art UNDER THE RULE OF KING AKBAR, THERE WAS A LARGE SCALE GROWTH OF PAINTING EXPERIENCE. HE ENCOURAGED PAINTINGS BASED ON RAMAYANA, MAHABHARATA AND PERSIAN EPICS. IT ALSO USED TO DEPICT NATURE, ANIMAL TALES AND PORTRAITS OF KINGS AND QUEENS. THE KING WHO SHOWED THE MAXIMUM INTEREST IN PAINTING WAS EMPEROR JAHANGIR. THIS PERIOD SAW MORE AND MORE REFINEMENT IN BRUSHWORK, ALONG WITH THE USE OF MUCH LIGHTER COLOURS. DURING THE RULE OF AURANGZEB, PAINTING WAS NOT ALLOWED AND THUS MUGHAL STYLE OF PAINTING STARTED TO DECLINE.
- 9. Mughal Literature ISLAMIC SCHOOLS WERE ATTACHED TO MOSQUES, KHANQAH OF THE SUFIS AND TOMBS. STUDENTS RECEIVED EDUCATION FREE OF COST. FAMOUS SCHOLARS RECEIVED FIXED STIPENDS FROM THE ROYAL TREASURY. NIZAMIYYAH ( MODEL OF MADRASA) SYSTEM OF EDUCATION WAS INTRODUCED. NIZAMIYYAH INSTITUTES WERE THE FIRST WELL ORGANIZED HIGHER INSTITUTES OF LEARNING IN THE MUSLIM WORLD. THE QUALITY OF EDUCATION WAS THE HIGHEST IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD. GIRLS FROM RICH FAMILIES WERE GIVEN PRIVATE TUITIONS AT HOME AND GIRLS FROM MIDDLE CLASS WERE USUALLY ABLE TO ATTEND CLASSES IN THE SAME SCHOOLS AS THE BOYS.
- 10. Taj Mahal The taj mahal represents the finest and most sophisticated example OF mughal architecture. The 5th mughal emperor shah jahan commissioned the mausoleum upon the death of his favourite wife mumtaz mahal. Today it is one of the most famous and recognisable buildings in the world , the white domed marble mausoleum being the most familiar part of the monument.. INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY
- 11. Plan of Taj complex
- 12. EXTERIOR FOUNDATION DETAILS Taj Mahal has what is famously known as the well foundation. A series of conduits, and drainage pipes encased in stone and mortar were built into the foundation to divert the river water. Wells were then sunk and cased with ebony or mahogany wood and were filled with rubble and masonry essentially acting as augured piles . After the foundation was complete the river terrace or the first plinth was constructed. Unskilled labourers built the plinth with stone and masonry which was faced with red sandstone by the skilled labourers. The second plinth was similarly constructed and faced with white marble attached with the help of iron clamps and dowels.
- 13. The Taj stands on a raised, square platform (186 x 186 feet) with its four corners truncated, forming an unequal octagon. Its central dome is 55 feet in diameter and rises to a height of 213 feet. It is flanked by four subsidiary domed chambers. The four graceful, slender minarets are 162.5 feet each. The central inner dome is (81 ft) high and (58 ft) in diameter, but is surmounted by an outer shell nearly 200 ft .
- 14. Dome construction The dome is accentuated by the cylindrical "drum" it sits on which is approximately 7 metres high. Located at the exact centre of the structure, the main dome is flanked by four smaller domes on four sides . The drum that adds support to the circular top. The weight of the dome is distributed to the building on which it is rested then to the arches from where it is transferred to the plinth and foundation.
- 15. Main chamber The inner chamber is an octagon , containing the cenotaphs of Mumtaz and Shah Jahan The interior walls are about 25 metres high, topped by a "false interior dome decorated with a sun motif. Eight pishtaq (arches) define the space at ground level. As is typical with the exterior, each lower pishtaq is crowned by a second pishtaq about midway up the wall. The four central upper arches form balconies or viewing areas; each balcony's exterior window has an jali cut from marble. Each of the chamber walls has been highly decorated with dado bas relief, intricate lapidary inlay, and refined calligraphy panels.
- 16. Inner chamber The bodies of Mumtaz and Shah Jahan are laid in a relatively plain, marble faced chamber, beneath the main chamber of the Taj, They are buried in graves on a north-south axis, with faces turned right (west) toward Mecca. Two cenotaphs above mark the graves. Mumtaz's cenotaph is placed at the precise center of the inner chamber.
- 17. Water supply The water was first drawn from the river by a series of purs - an animalpowered rope and bucket mechanism. The water then flowed along an arched aqueduct into a large storage tank, where, by thirteen additional purs, it was raised to large distribution cistern above the Taj ground level From here water passed into three subsidiary tanks and was then piped to the complex. The head of pressure generated by the height of the tanks (9.5m) was sufficient to supply the fountains and irrigate the gardens.
- 18. Thank you Presented by: Kaushal Dohale Pankaj Khade Shubham Barjo Sayali Chinchore Rutuja Kambale Vrushali Mhaskar