Ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tubes. Risk factors include prior pelvic infections, surgery, IUD use, and infertility treatments. Symptoms include abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, and signs of internal bleeding such as low blood pressure. Diagnosis is made through clinical exam, pregnancy tests, ultrasound, and sometimes laparoscopy. Treatment depends on the severity but may include medication or surgery to terminate the ectopic pregnancy and stop bleeding. Differential diagnoses that can have similar symptoms include pelvic infections, miscarriage, appendicitis, and ovarian cyst complications.
Benign & precancerous tumors of female genitale organsRuslan Migorianu
油
The document discusses several benign and precancerous tumors that can occur in female genital organs. It describes urethral caruncles as small fleshy growths on the urethra that are more common in postmenopausal women. It also discusses cysts, fibromas, lipomas and other benign tumors that can occur on the vulva, vagina and cervix. It provides details on cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) which is a precursor to cervical cancer and notes various risk factors for its development.
Endometrial hyperplastic processes (EHP) are benign conditions of the endometrium characterized by clinical and morphological manifestations ranging from simple to complex hyperplasia and precancerous conditions. EHP develops due to chronic anovulation and relative or absolute hyperestrogenism in the absence of sufficient progesterone. Causes of EHP include endocrine system disturbances, genetic factors, immunological issues, and metabolic disorders. Diagnosis involves examination of patient complaints, medical history, gynecological exam, and hormonal testing. Endometrial biopsy and hysteroscopy are used to visualize abnormalities and confirm diagnosis. Treatment depends on the specific type and severity of EHP.
Menstrual dysfunction can occur due to issues with the hypothalamus, pituitary, ovary, or outflow tract. Amenorrhea is the absence of menstruation and can be primary, secondary, physiological, or pathological. Specific causes of amenorrhea include issues with the hypothalamus, pituitary, ovaries, or uterus. Polycystic ovarian syndrome is a common cause of amenorrhea and irregular periods characterized by cysts on the ovaries and increased male hormones.
This document discusses spontaneous abortion (miscarriage) and preterm labor. It defines spontaneous abortion as miscarriage occurring in the first or second trimester. It lists several etiological factors that can cause spontaneous abortion, such as genetic abnormalities, infections, uterine defects, and socioeconomic factors. It then describes the clinical stages of a miscarriage. The document also discusses preterm labor, defining it as delivery between 22-37 weeks gestation. It lists various conditions that can increase the risk of preterm labor, such as multiple pregnancies, infections, bleeding, and trauma. The treatment of preterm labor focuses on tocolytic drugs to delay delivery, corticosteroids to accelerate fetal lung maturity, and timely transfer to