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protein terususn atas asam amino- asam amino dengan adanya ikatan peptida
- 1. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 6: Proteins and Amino Acids
- 2. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. What Are Proteins?  Large molecules  Made up of chains of amino acids  Are found in every cell in the body  Are involved in most of the body’s functions and life processes  The sequence of amino acids is determined by DNA
- 3. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Structure of Proteins  Made up of chains of amino acids; classified by number of amino acids in a chain • Peptides: fewer than 50 amino acids - Dipeptides: 2 amino acids - Tripeptides: 3 amino acids - Polypeptides: more than 10 amino acids • Proteins: more than 50 amino acids - Typically 100 to 10,000 amino acids linked together  Chains are synthesizes based on specific bodily DNA  Amino acids are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
- 4. Structural Differences Between Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins Figure 6.1
- 5. The Anatomy of an Amino Acid Figure 6.2b
- 6. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Peptide Bonds Link Amino Acids  Form when the acid group (COOH) of one amino acid joins with the amine group (NH2) of a second amino acid  Formed through condensation  Broken through hydrolysis
- 7. Condensation and Hydrolytic Reactions Figure 6.3
- 8. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Essential, Nonessential, and Conditional  Essential – must be consumed in the diet  Nonessential – can be synthesized in the body  Conditionally essential – cannot be synthesized due to illness or lack of necessary precursors • Premature infants lack sufficient enzymes needed to create arginine
- 10. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Structure of the Protein  Four levels of structure • Primary structure • Secondary structure • Tertiary structure • Quaternary structure Any alteration in the structure or sequencing changes the shape and function of the protein
- 11. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Denaturing  Alteration of the protein’s shape and thus functions through the use of • Heat • Acids • Bases • Salts • Mechanical agitation  Primary structure is unchanged by denaturing
- 12. Denaturing a Protein Figure 6.5
- 13. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Quick Review  Proteins are chains of combination of amino acids  Amino acids contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur  Unique amino acids consist of a central carbon with a carboxyl group, a hydrogen, a nitrogen-containing amine group, and a unique side chain  There are 20 side chains and 20 unique amino acids • 9 essential amino acids • 11 nonessential amino acids - At time these become conditionally essential  Amino acids link together with peptide bonds by condensation and break apart by hydrolysis
- 14. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Quick Review  Attractions and interactions between the side chains cause the proteins to fold into precise three-dimensional shapes  Protein shape determines its function  Proteins are denatured and their shapes changed by • Heat • Acids • Bases • Salts • Mechanical agitation