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Kingdom: Protista
Protists are unicellular organisms that have a nucleus.

Similar to Bacteria
 Unicellular
 One of the first groups of living things on Earth.
(1.5 billion years ago.)
 Microscopic
 Can cause disease.
 Can be parasites

Difference from Bacteria
 Has a nucleus.
 Live in watery environment.
 Generally live as individual cells.
 Protists vary greatly in appearance and function.

3 Categories
 I. Animal-like Protists.
 II. Plant-like Protists.
 III. Fungus-like Protists.

I. Animal-like Protists
 Protozoan means “First Animal”.
 Cells contain a nucleus.
 Cells lack a cell wall.
 They are heterotrophs.
 Most can move on their own.

4 Groups of Animal-like
Protists
 1. Sarcodines (SAHR-koh-dighnz)
 2. Ciliates (SIHL-ee-ihts)
 3. Flagellates (FLAJ- ehl-ihts)
 4. Sporozoans (spohr-oh-ZOH-uhnz)

1. Sarcodines
 Have pseudopods (Greek:“false foot”)
 Extensions of the cell membrane and cytoplasm.
 Pseudopods are used for movement and to
capture food.
 Many have shells.
 These shells form limestone, marble and chalk.

One type:
 Most familiar
Sarcodine.
 Pseudopods:
 Blob shaped.
 Contractile
Vacuoles: controls
amount of water inside
 Food Vacuole: where
food is digested.

Split Personality
 Amebas reproduce
by dividing into two
new cells (binary
fission).
 Amebas can
respond to their
environment.
 They are sensitive to
light and some
chemicals.

2. Ciliates
 Have cilia on the
outside of their cells.
 Tiny hair-like
projections used for
movement, to gather
food and as feelers.

Type: Paramecium
 Pellicle: tough outer
wall.
 Slipper shaped
 Oral groove: like the
mouth
 Gullet: holds food.
 Food Vacuole: digests
food.
 Anal Pore: removes
wastes
 2 Contractile Vacuoles
 2 Nuclei
 Reproduces by either
binary fission or
conjugation.

3. Flagellates
(Zooflagellates)
 Have a Flagellum: a
long whip-like
structure used for
movement.
 Many live in animals
 Symbiosis a close
relationship, at least
one benefits.
 Mutualism: when
both partners benefit.

4. Sporozoans
 All Sporozans are parasites.
 They feed on cells and body fluids.
 Form from Spores (tiny reproductive cells).
 Pass from one host to another.
 Pass from ticks, mosquitoes or other animals to
humans.

II. Plant-like Protists
(Algae)
 Unicellular and Multicellular
 Colonies (groups of unicellular protists)
 Can move on their own
 Autotrophs: make their own food from simple materials using
light energy (photosynthesis).
 70% of the Earth’s oxygen is produced by Plant-like Protists!
 Pigments: chemicals that produce color

6 Groups of Plant like
Protists
 Euglenoids (yoo-GLEE-noydz)
 Diatoms (DIGH-ah-tahmz)
 Dinoflagellates (digh-noh-FLAJ-eh-layts)
 Red Algae
 Green Algae
 Brown Algae

1. Euglenoids
 Green
 Unicellular
 Live in fresh water
 Autotrophs, but can be
heterotrophs under certain
conditions.
 Flagella
 Eyespot: sensitive to light.
 Chloroplasts
 Pellicle

2. Diatoms
 Unicellular
 10,000 living species.
 Aquatic
 Glass like cell wall
 Diatomaceous earth:
course powder that
comes from dead
diatoms (toothpaste,
car polish & reflective
paint.

3. Dinoflagellates
 Unicellular
 Cell walls are like
plates of armor.
 Two flagella
 Spins when it moves.
 Colorful (pigments)
 Can glow in the dark.
 Causes Red Tide

Red Algae
 Multicellular seaweeds
 Live in deep ocean waters
 Used for ice cream and hair
conditioner
 Used as food in Asia

Green Algae
 Most are unicellular
 Some form colonies
 Few are multicellular
 Can live in fresh and salt
water and on land in damp
places.
 Very closely related to green
plants.

Brown Algae
 Commonly called seaweed
 Can contain brown, green,
yellow, orange and black
pigments.
 Attach to rocks
 Have air bladders
 Giant Kelp can be 100
meters long!
 Used as food thickeners

III. Fungus-like Protists
 Heterotrophs
 Have cell walls.
 Many have flagella and are able to move at some point in their
lives.
 Three types: Slime Molds, Water & Downy Molds
 Reproduce with Spores (tiny cell that is able to grow into a new
organism)

Water & Downy Molds
 Live in water or moist places.
 Tiny threads that look like fuzz.
 Attack food crops
 Caused the Irish Potato
Famine.

Type:
 Reproduce by Fruiting
Bodies:
 The Fruiting Bodies
contain Spores.
 At first they look like
ameba, then later they
look like mold.
 Live on moist shady
places.
 Feed on bacteria and
other microorganisms.

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