active management of infertilitymuhammad al hennawyThis document discusses different approaches to managing infertility or delayed conception. It advocates for a rapid, active management approach that completes investigations and establishes a diagnosis within 1 month. This accelerated approach aims to help couples facing age-related fertility declines. It outlines investigations that can be completed within a woman's first cycle, including blood tests, imaging and ovulation monitoring. If needed, treatments like timed intercourse, IUI or IVF would be conducted over successive cycles, with the goal of achieving pregnancy within 1 year before more invasive or complex treatments. The document argues this rapid approach is preferable to standard or expectant management methods that can prolong the process and reduce chances of success.
Disorder of sex differentiationAbdulmoein AlAghaThis document discusses disorders of sex development (DSD), including normal human sexual differentiation and various DSD conditions. It covers genetic, gonadal, ductal, and genital differentiation disorders. The most common types are 46,XX DSD (such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia) and 46,XY DSD (including androgen insensitivity syndrome and 5-alpha-reductase deficiency). Evaluation, management, counseling considerations, and the Islamic view on DSD treatment are also summarized. The goal is to quickly and correctly assign gender to improve quality of life and relieve family concerns.
Genetic Issues and Male Infertility, AzoospermiaSujoy DasguptaThe document discusses various genetic issues contributing to male infertility, highlighting the complexity of assessing male fertility which often depends on female factors. It covers chromosomal abnormalities, such as Klinefelter's syndrome and Y chromosome microdeletions, as well as other genetic conditions like cystic fibrosis that may result in infertility. The document emphasizes the importance of genetic counseling and testing in managing male infertility cases, especially when there are significant chromosomal or genetic anomalies present.
Evaluate pelvic tumoursHanifullah KhanThe document provides guidance on evaluating pelvic masses in women. It discusses that pelvic masses can have benign or malignant causes, with risk of malignancy increasing with age. Evaluation includes assessing symptoms, performing physical exam including inspection and palpation of the abdomen, and utilizing ultrasound imaging as the initial test. Key investigations involve determining probability of malignancy, impact on fertility for premenopausal women, and considering further imaging or laparoscopy if needed. The goal is to diagnose non-malignancy or detect cancer at early stages.
Metabolic Consequences of Polycystic Ovary SyndromeIris Thiele Isip-TanThe document discusses the metabolic consequences of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), including insulin resistance and risk of diabetes. Women with PCOS have increased insulin resistance compared to controls, which can lead to hyperinsulinemia and compensatory hyperinsulinemia from the beta cells. Insulin resistance and secretion defects are seen in both obese and lean PCOS women. Over time, persistent insulin resistance can cause beta cell dysfunction and increased risk of impaired glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes. Lifestyle changes like 5-10% weight loss and medication like metformin can help manage insulin resistance and lower diabetes risk in PCOS.
Ambiguous gentaliaOmer AhmadThe document discusses sexual differentiation and disorders of sexual development (DSDs). It covers the three stages of sexual differentiation, gonadal development, factors influencing testicular and ovarian development, and internal and external genital development. It then discusses various DSDs including congenital adrenal hyperplasia, androgen insensitivity syndrome, gonadal dysgenesis, and true hermaphroditism. Evaluation and management of ambiguous genitalia in newborns is also covered.
Reproductive endocrinology of ovulationDr Aditya KeyaThe document is a detailed presentation on ovulation induction and intrauterine insemination (IUI), focusing on the reproductive endocrinology of ovulation and the hormonal mechanisms involved in the menstrual cycle. It elaborates on the physiological phases of the menstrual cycle, including follicular recruitment and dominance, the LH surge triggering ovulation, and the timeline for IUI procedures. Additionally, it discusses the implications of hormones such as AMH and inhibin in ovulation induction and offers insights into managing anovulatory infertility.
PCOS & Pregnancy - 임옥룡 박사mothersafeThis document summarizes polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), including its prevalence, diagnostic criteria, pathophysiology, manifestations, laboratory tests, differential diagnoses, risks, and treatment options. Key points include: PCOS is the most common female endocrinopathy, affecting 5-10% of women; it is diagnosed using the Rotterdam criteria including oligo/anovulation and hyperandrogenism; insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia play a major role in its pathogenesis; manifestations involve cutaneous, reproductive, and metabolic systems; and treatment focuses on lifestyle changes like weight loss, oral contraceptives, metformin, and therapies targeting specific symptoms.
Understanding Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT) Principles, Benefits, and ...ConceptoClinicNon-Invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT) is a highly accurate screening test that analyzes cell-free DNA from the placenta to detect chromosomal conditions such as Down's, Edwards', and Patau's syndromes, with sensitivities of over 99%. It is available from 10 weeks of pregnancy, accessible to various pregnancies, and can also determine fetal sex with high accuracy. However, the test is not suitable for women with certain medical conditions or in specific pregnancy scenarios, such as multiple pregnancies beyond twins.
15. Unexplained infertility (1).pptabdallaUnexplained infertility accounts for 10-20% of infertility cases. While basic tests like semen analysis, HSG, and ovulation documentation are recommended, more advanced tests like laparoscopy can provide diagnoses in some cases. Treatment options aim to improve gamete quality, increase gamete numbers, and facilitate interaction. Studies have found IVF to be more effective than IUI for unexplained infertility, resulting in higher pregnancy rates and fewer total treatment cycles. Some forms of unexplained infertility may be due to subtle, unidentified issues that IVF is better able to overcome compared to less invasive treatments.
Precocious pubertyajunanoble1Precocious puberty is the early onset of puberty before age 8 in girls and age 9 in boys. It can be caused by central activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis or peripheral production of sex hormones. Central precocious puberty is more common and idiopathic, while peripheral precocious puberty has identifiable causes like tumors or genetic disorders. Treatment involves suppressing early pubertal changes with GnRH agonists to allow for normal bone growth and psychological development.
Prenatal diagnosisobgymgmcri1. Prenatal screening and diagnostic techniques allow for the detection of fetal chromosomal abnormalities and genetic disorders. Techniques include first and second trimester screening, cell-free DNA screening, chorionic villus sampling, amniocentesis, and cordocentesis.
2. First trimester screening incorporates factors like maternal age, nuchal translucency, and biochemical markers. Second trimester screening analyzes maternal serum markers. Cell-free DNA screening analyzes fetal DNA in maternal blood. Invasive techniques like CVS and amniocentesis allow for karyotyping.
3. Genetic counseling is recommended to discuss family histories, risk factors, screening results
Delayed pubertyDr. Md Razi AhmadThe document discusses definitions, causes, evaluation, and treatment of delayed puberty. It defines delayed puberty as a lack of development 2 standard deviations above the mean age. Causes include constitutional delay of puberty (most common in boys), hypogonadotropic hypogonadism resulting from hormone deficiencies, and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism from primary gonadal failure. Evaluation involves medical history, exam of secondary sex characteristics, labs of hormone levels, bone age, and imaging if needed. Treatment depends on the cause, ranging from observation for constitutional delay to hormone replacement for permanent deficiencies.
Case of mrkh with vaginal hypoplasia for vaginoplastySnehaRongeThis document describes a case of Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome with vaginal atresia treated with McIndoe's vaginoplasty. A 19-year old woman presented with primary amenorrhea and pain during intercourse. Exams and investigations confirmed MRKH with a unicornuate uterus and vaginal atresia. She underwent a McIndoe's vaginoplasty where a skin graft was harvested from her abdomen and sutured to create a neovagina. Post-operative care included antibiotics and dressing changes. The skin graft took well and a vaginal passage was successfully created.
The perforated uterusHashem YaseenThe document discusses uterine perforation, a potential complication of various gynecological procedures. It notes that termination of pregnancy is the most common associated procedure. Risk factors include uterine anomalies, infection, recent pregnancy, and postmenopause. Most perforations occur in the uterine body and cause little bleeding, but some can involve other organs. Prevention focuses on risk assessment, cervical preparation, and gradual dilation. Management tips include urinary catheterization, cauterization, and seeking help from senior physicians. Overall, uterine perforation is rare but can have serious consequences, so appropriate training and caution are important.
Ca endometriumsaeed456456Endometrial carcinoma, the most common gynecologic cancer in Western women, often diagnosed at localized stages, primarily affects those aged 55-69, with various predisposing factors like obesity, late menopause, and hormonal therapies. Diagnosis involves imaging, biopsies, and staging, crucial for treatment decisions ranging from surgical options to radiation and chemotherapy based on tumor grade and stage. Prognosis varies widely, with survival rates decreasing from 75% in stage I to 10% in stage IV.
Induction OF laborMeklelle universityThis document provides information on induction and augmentation of labor. It discusses the definitions of labor, induction, and augmentation. It reviews trends showing rising rates of labor induction in the US. Common indications and contraindications for induction are outlined. Methods for evaluating maternal and fetal status prior to induction are described. Various pharmacologic and mechanical methods for cervical ripening are explained in detail. Finally, the document reviews protocols for labor induction and augmentation using oxytocin and associated risks and complications.
Ureteric injuries in gynecological surgeriesNiranjan ChavanUrinary tract injury during female pelvic surgery occurs in 0.3-1% of procedures but can be as high as 2.4%. Risk factors include prior pelvic surgery, endometriosis, and pelvic masses. The ureters pass through the pelvis and can be injured at various points, most commonly when ligating the ovarian or uterine vessels. Identifying and isolating the ureters and bladder during surgery is important to prevent injury from other surgical maneuvers.
مرضي الكلي وصيام رمضان 2017 نقابة الاطباء بالدقهليةFarragBahbahالوثيقة تناقش تأثير الصيام على وظائف الكلى للأشخاص الذين يعانون من أمراض الكلى المزمنة وتقدم إرشادات غذائية هامة لهم. كما تشير إلى ضرورة استشارة الأطباء المتخصصين قبل اتخاذ قرار الصيام بناءً على حالة المرض. تتضمن الإرشادات نصائح حول التحكم في تناول السوائل والبروتينات والمعادن لتفادي المضاعفات الصحية.
Medical management of fibroidsseema nishadThis document provides an overview of the medical management of fibroids. It discusses the epidemiology, etiology, classification, and various treatment options for fibroids. The main treatment approaches include watchful waiting for asymptomatic cases, medical management to improve symptoms and reduce fibroid size, and surgical management for severe or unresponsive cases. Medical management involves hormonal agents like combined oral contraceptives, anti-progesterones, LNG-IUS, and antigonadotropins to treat heavy bleeding and reduce size. GnRH agonists are commonly used pre-operatively to shrink fibroids. Selective progesterone receptor modulators like ulipristal acetate are also discussed.
Diabetes in Pregnancy mch 2023.pptxJevianneTangoThis document provides guidelines for managing diabetes in pregnancy. It defines gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) as glucose intolerance first detected during pregnancy. Pre-existing diabetes mellitus is defined as diabetes diagnosed before pregnancy. The document outlines screening, diagnosis, and general management of GDM including diet, exercise, self-monitoring of blood glucose, and potential complications of uncontrolled glucose. It discusses pharmacological treatment options like metformin and insulin. Other topics covered include weight management, timing of delivery, and postpartum care. Management of pre-existing diabetes in pregnancy is also addressed.
Endo ReproductionMiami DadeThe document provides clinical guidelines for evaluating and managing amenorrhea. It discusses the different types of amenorrhea including primary and secondary. For evaluation, it recommends taking a medical history, physical exam, ultrasound exam, and lab tests to identify potential causes. Common causes discussed include polycystic ovary syndrome, thyroid issues, eating disorders, excessive exercise, and genetic conditions. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include hormone replacement therapy or lifestyle changes.
OVARIAN CAflasco_orgThe document discusses ovarian cancer, standard care practices, the importance of genetic testing, and recent therapeutic advances, especially the role of PARP inhibitors in treatment. It highlights the demographics of ovarian cancer incidence, risk factors, and the significance of surgical staging and chemotherapy options in patient management. Genetic testing is emphasized as a means to guide treatment and improve outcomes, revealing that many women diagnosed with hereditary ovarian cancer do not have a significant family history.
amenorrheaPRIYANKAMARU6This document discusses amenorrhea, including its causes, evaluation, and management. It begins by defining amenorrhea and classifying it as primary or secondary. The causes of amenorrhea are then categorized based on the site of disturbance - the outflow tract, ovary, anterior pituitary, or hypothalamus. For each site, the document lists specific disorders that could cause amenorrhea and discusses the evaluation and management. Hypothalamic and pituitary causes of secondary amenorrhea are emphasized, outlining treatments like lifestyle modifications and hormone therapy.
Key points in prescription writing in menopause, Dr. Sharda Jain, Dr. Jyoti A...Lifecare Centre1. Menopause is caused by the depletion of ovarian follicles leading to a decline in estrogen levels, and can also result from surgical removal of the ovaries and uterus.
2. Estrogen plays an important role in many bodily functions beyond reproduction, including brain and psychological health, temperature regulation, bone and heart health, and more.
3. Hormone replacement therapy is often used to treat discomforting menopause symptoms, but its use requires consideration of risks like increased chances of blood clots, stroke, and certain cancers. Alternative treatments include progesterone, gabapentin, SSRIs, and herbal remedies.
Tumor markers in gynaecology MonicapreetKaurTumor markers are proteins produced by cancer cells or the body in response to cancer that can be detected and measured in blood, urine, or tissue samples. This document discusses various tumor markers associated with gynecological cancers including their tissue of origin, clinical utility for screening, diagnosis, and monitoring treatment response and recurrence. It provides details on commonly used markers like CA125 for ovarian cancer and CEA for cervical and ovarian cancers as well as less common markers like HE4, AMH, and inhibin. The document emphasizes that tumor markers should have high sensitivity and specificity for cancer to be clinically useful.
Reproductive endocrinology of ovulationDr Aditya KeyaThe document is a detailed presentation on ovulation induction and intrauterine insemination (IUI), focusing on the reproductive endocrinology of ovulation and the hormonal mechanisms involved in the menstrual cycle. It elaborates on the physiological phases of the menstrual cycle, including follicular recruitment and dominance, the LH surge triggering ovulation, and the timeline for IUI procedures. Additionally, it discusses the implications of hormones such as AMH and inhibin in ovulation induction and offers insights into managing anovulatory infertility.
PCOS & Pregnancy - 임옥룡 박사mothersafeThis document summarizes polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), including its prevalence, diagnostic criteria, pathophysiology, manifestations, laboratory tests, differential diagnoses, risks, and treatment options. Key points include: PCOS is the most common female endocrinopathy, affecting 5-10% of women; it is diagnosed using the Rotterdam criteria including oligo/anovulation and hyperandrogenism; insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia play a major role in its pathogenesis; manifestations involve cutaneous, reproductive, and metabolic systems; and treatment focuses on lifestyle changes like weight loss, oral contraceptives, metformin, and therapies targeting specific symptoms.
Understanding Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT) Principles, Benefits, and ...ConceptoClinicNon-Invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT) is a highly accurate screening test that analyzes cell-free DNA from the placenta to detect chromosomal conditions such as Down's, Edwards', and Patau's syndromes, with sensitivities of over 99%. It is available from 10 weeks of pregnancy, accessible to various pregnancies, and can also determine fetal sex with high accuracy. However, the test is not suitable for women with certain medical conditions or in specific pregnancy scenarios, such as multiple pregnancies beyond twins.
15. Unexplained infertility (1).pptabdallaUnexplained infertility accounts for 10-20% of infertility cases. While basic tests like semen analysis, HSG, and ovulation documentation are recommended, more advanced tests like laparoscopy can provide diagnoses in some cases. Treatment options aim to improve gamete quality, increase gamete numbers, and facilitate interaction. Studies have found IVF to be more effective than IUI for unexplained infertility, resulting in higher pregnancy rates and fewer total treatment cycles. Some forms of unexplained infertility may be due to subtle, unidentified issues that IVF is better able to overcome compared to less invasive treatments.
Precocious pubertyajunanoble1Precocious puberty is the early onset of puberty before age 8 in girls and age 9 in boys. It can be caused by central activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis or peripheral production of sex hormones. Central precocious puberty is more common and idiopathic, while peripheral precocious puberty has identifiable causes like tumors or genetic disorders. Treatment involves suppressing early pubertal changes with GnRH agonists to allow for normal bone growth and psychological development.
Prenatal diagnosisobgymgmcri1. Prenatal screening and diagnostic techniques allow for the detection of fetal chromosomal abnormalities and genetic disorders. Techniques include first and second trimester screening, cell-free DNA screening, chorionic villus sampling, amniocentesis, and cordocentesis.
2. First trimester screening incorporates factors like maternal age, nuchal translucency, and biochemical markers. Second trimester screening analyzes maternal serum markers. Cell-free DNA screening analyzes fetal DNA in maternal blood. Invasive techniques like CVS and amniocentesis allow for karyotyping.
3. Genetic counseling is recommended to discuss family histories, risk factors, screening results
Delayed pubertyDr. Md Razi AhmadThe document discusses definitions, causes, evaluation, and treatment of delayed puberty. It defines delayed puberty as a lack of development 2 standard deviations above the mean age. Causes include constitutional delay of puberty (most common in boys), hypogonadotropic hypogonadism resulting from hormone deficiencies, and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism from primary gonadal failure. Evaluation involves medical history, exam of secondary sex characteristics, labs of hormone levels, bone age, and imaging if needed. Treatment depends on the cause, ranging from observation for constitutional delay to hormone replacement for permanent deficiencies.
Case of mrkh with vaginal hypoplasia for vaginoplastySnehaRongeThis document describes a case of Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome with vaginal atresia treated with McIndoe's vaginoplasty. A 19-year old woman presented with primary amenorrhea and pain during intercourse. Exams and investigations confirmed MRKH with a unicornuate uterus and vaginal atresia. She underwent a McIndoe's vaginoplasty where a skin graft was harvested from her abdomen and sutured to create a neovagina. Post-operative care included antibiotics and dressing changes. The skin graft took well and a vaginal passage was successfully created.
The perforated uterusHashem YaseenThe document discusses uterine perforation, a potential complication of various gynecological procedures. It notes that termination of pregnancy is the most common associated procedure. Risk factors include uterine anomalies, infection, recent pregnancy, and postmenopause. Most perforations occur in the uterine body and cause little bleeding, but some can involve other organs. Prevention focuses on risk assessment, cervical preparation, and gradual dilation. Management tips include urinary catheterization, cauterization, and seeking help from senior physicians. Overall, uterine perforation is rare but can have serious consequences, so appropriate training and caution are important.
Ca endometriumsaeed456456Endometrial carcinoma, the most common gynecologic cancer in Western women, often diagnosed at localized stages, primarily affects those aged 55-69, with various predisposing factors like obesity, late menopause, and hormonal therapies. Diagnosis involves imaging, biopsies, and staging, crucial for treatment decisions ranging from surgical options to radiation and chemotherapy based on tumor grade and stage. Prognosis varies widely, with survival rates decreasing from 75% in stage I to 10% in stage IV.
Induction OF laborMeklelle universityThis document provides information on induction and augmentation of labor. It discusses the definitions of labor, induction, and augmentation. It reviews trends showing rising rates of labor induction in the US. Common indications and contraindications for induction are outlined. Methods for evaluating maternal and fetal status prior to induction are described. Various pharmacologic and mechanical methods for cervical ripening are explained in detail. Finally, the document reviews protocols for labor induction and augmentation using oxytocin and associated risks and complications.
Ureteric injuries in gynecological surgeriesNiranjan ChavanUrinary tract injury during female pelvic surgery occurs in 0.3-1% of procedures but can be as high as 2.4%. Risk factors include prior pelvic surgery, endometriosis, and pelvic masses. The ureters pass through the pelvis and can be injured at various points, most commonly when ligating the ovarian or uterine vessels. Identifying and isolating the ureters and bladder during surgery is important to prevent injury from other surgical maneuvers.
مرضي الكلي وصيام رمضان 2017 نقابة الاطباء بالدقهليةFarragBahbahالوثيقة تناقش تأثير الصيام على وظائف الكلى للأشخاص الذين يعانون من أمراض الكلى المزمنة وتقدم إرشادات غذائية هامة لهم. كما تشير إلى ضرورة استشارة الأطباء المتخصصين قبل اتخاذ قرار الصيام بناءً على حالة المرض. تتضمن الإرشادات نصائح حول التحكم في تناول السوائل والبروتينات والمعادن لتفادي المضاعفات الصحية.
Medical management of fibroidsseema nishadThis document provides an overview of the medical management of fibroids. It discusses the epidemiology, etiology, classification, and various treatment options for fibroids. The main treatment approaches include watchful waiting for asymptomatic cases, medical management to improve symptoms and reduce fibroid size, and surgical management for severe or unresponsive cases. Medical management involves hormonal agents like combined oral contraceptives, anti-progesterones, LNG-IUS, and antigonadotropins to treat heavy bleeding and reduce size. GnRH agonists are commonly used pre-operatively to shrink fibroids. Selective progesterone receptor modulators like ulipristal acetate are also discussed.
Diabetes in Pregnancy mch 2023.pptxJevianneTangoThis document provides guidelines for managing diabetes in pregnancy. It defines gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) as glucose intolerance first detected during pregnancy. Pre-existing diabetes mellitus is defined as diabetes diagnosed before pregnancy. The document outlines screening, diagnosis, and general management of GDM including diet, exercise, self-monitoring of blood glucose, and potential complications of uncontrolled glucose. It discusses pharmacological treatment options like metformin and insulin. Other topics covered include weight management, timing of delivery, and postpartum care. Management of pre-existing diabetes in pregnancy is also addressed.
Endo ReproductionMiami DadeThe document provides clinical guidelines for evaluating and managing amenorrhea. It discusses the different types of amenorrhea including primary and secondary. For evaluation, it recommends taking a medical history, physical exam, ultrasound exam, and lab tests to identify potential causes. Common causes discussed include polycystic ovary syndrome, thyroid issues, eating disorders, excessive exercise, and genetic conditions. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include hormone replacement therapy or lifestyle changes.
OVARIAN CAflasco_orgThe document discusses ovarian cancer, standard care practices, the importance of genetic testing, and recent therapeutic advances, especially the role of PARP inhibitors in treatment. It highlights the demographics of ovarian cancer incidence, risk factors, and the significance of surgical staging and chemotherapy options in patient management. Genetic testing is emphasized as a means to guide treatment and improve outcomes, revealing that many women diagnosed with hereditary ovarian cancer do not have a significant family history.
amenorrheaPRIYANKAMARU6This document discusses amenorrhea, including its causes, evaluation, and management. It begins by defining amenorrhea and classifying it as primary or secondary. The causes of amenorrhea are then categorized based on the site of disturbance - the outflow tract, ovary, anterior pituitary, or hypothalamus. For each site, the document lists specific disorders that could cause amenorrhea and discusses the evaluation and management. Hypothalamic and pituitary causes of secondary amenorrhea are emphasized, outlining treatments like lifestyle modifications and hormone therapy.
Key points in prescription writing in menopause, Dr. Sharda Jain, Dr. Jyoti A...Lifecare Centre1. Menopause is caused by the depletion of ovarian follicles leading to a decline in estrogen levels, and can also result from surgical removal of the ovaries and uterus.
2. Estrogen plays an important role in many bodily functions beyond reproduction, including brain and psychological health, temperature regulation, bone and heart health, and more.
3. Hormone replacement therapy is often used to treat discomforting menopause symptoms, but its use requires consideration of risks like increased chances of blood clots, stroke, and certain cancers. Alternative treatments include progesterone, gabapentin, SSRIs, and herbal remedies.
Tumor markers in gynaecology MonicapreetKaurTumor markers are proteins produced by cancer cells or the body in response to cancer that can be detected and measured in blood, urine, or tissue samples. This document discusses various tumor markers associated with gynecological cancers including their tissue of origin, clinical utility for screening, diagnosis, and monitoring treatment response and recurrence. It provides details on commonly used markers like CA125 for ovarian cancer and CEA for cervical and ovarian cancers as well as less common markers like HE4, AMH, and inhibin. The document emphasizes that tumor markers should have high sensitivity and specificity for cancer to be clinically useful.
ExpopubertadOeMluisa Orientación EducativaLa pubertad y la adolescencia están estrechamente relacionadas, ya que la pubertad implica los cambios biológicos mientras que la adolescencia se refiere a los cambios psicológicos y sociales. La pubertad comienza con el desarrollo de los caracteres sexuales secundarios debido al aumento de las hormonas sexuales como la testosterona y los estrógenos. Estos cambios físicos conducen a cambios psicológicos durante la adolescencia como la experimentación, la inestabilidad emocional y el desarrollo de la
lesson 4.2 Human ReproductionMailyn MoralesThe male reproductive system produces sperm and testosterone. The testes produce sperm and are held in the scrotum outside of the body. During arousal, blood flows into the penis causing it to erect. The female reproductive system produces eggs and menstrual cycles. The ovaries produce eggs that travel through the fallopian tubes to the uterus. During ovulation, an egg is released and may be fertilized if sperm are present. Both systems undergo changes during puberty to support reproduction.
Lesson 4.3 Fertilization & Pregnancy Mailyn MoralesFertilization occurs when a sperm fuses with an ovum in the Fallopian tube. Pregnancy is the development of the zygote as it travels down the Fallopian tube and implants in the uterus. The placenta then forms to nourish the growing embryo, now called a fetus. Over 40 weeks of gestation, the fetus develops fully within the amniotic sac until birth.
Female Histologyaiyub medicineThe document describes the key parts of the female reproductive system including internal organs like the ovaries, oviducts, uterus, and vagina as well as external genitalia. It provides details on the ovaries and ovarian follicles, discussing their development from primordial to secondary to graafian follicles. It explains ovulation, the formation and role of the corpus luteum, and the ovarian and hormonal cycles. Key points are summarized around follicular development and atresia, ovulation, the corpus luteum, and the oviduct's role in transporting the ovum and embryo.
Histology of Female reproductive system.2.2015.Deepak KhedekarThis document provides a histological overview of the female reproductive system including the corpus luteum, placenta, mammary gland, and umbilical cord. It describes the microscopic structure of each tissue, including the cellular composition and organization. For example, it notes that the corpus luteum contains granulosa and theca lutein cells and that the placenta facilitates maternal-fetal exchange through chorionic villi in the decidua basalis.
histologic structure of female genital systemwayan sugiritamaThe document provides an overview of the histology of the female genital system, including the ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina, placenta, cervix, external genitalia, and mammary glands. It describes the ovarian cycle of follicle growth, ovulation, and corpus luteum formation. It also summarizes the histological changes that occur in the endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle, including the proliferative, secretory, and menstrual phases. Key structures and functions of each organ are highlighted.
Histology of Testis by Dr Mohammad Manzoor MashwaniMohammad ManzoorThe document summarizes the histology of the testis. It describes the size and functions of the testis. It details the layers that make up the testis (tunica vaginalis, tunica albuginea, mediastinum testis, etc). It provides an in-depth explanation of the seminiferous tubules, spermatogenesis, and the key cell types involved like spermatogonia, sertoli cells, and developing sperm cells. It outlines the process by which sperm cells mature and are released from the testis.
Personal hygieneCollege of nursing in bangalorePersonal hygiene involves maintaining cleanliness and grooming of the external body through regular habits like washing, bathing, oral hygiene, and handwashing. It helps prevent infections and illnesses while promoting psychological well-being. Key aspects of personal hygiene include regular hair washing to remove oil and dirt; daily face washing; brushing and flossing teeth twice daily; washing ears, hands, feet, nails, and trimming nails; and bathing daily to prevent body odor. Proper hygiene of all body parts is important for health.
How to Become a Thought Leader in Your NicheLeslie SamuelTo become a thought leader in your niche, first choose a specific niche where you can provide value. Strive to excel by continually learning, networking, and demonstrating your expertise through consistent content creation. For resources and guidance, visit www.becomeablogger.com.
3. ההתפתחות הגופנית שלי בגיל ההתבגרות - תרגיל פתיחה בקבוצות קטנות באיזה גיל התחילו אצלך שינויי ם גופניים ? נשים - צמיחת שדיים , גובה , וסת , שעור ? גברים - הנמכת הקול , שעור ? האם ידעת למה לצפות מבחינה גופנית או הופתעת כל פעם מחדש ? אם כן ידעת כיצד ? איך הגיבו האנשים מסביבך לשינויים הגופניים ? איך ה יית בהשואה לילדים סביבך ? כיצד זה השפיע עליך ? האם היו דברים גופניים אחרים שהטרידו אותך בגיל ההתבגרות ? אקנה , שינוי קול , חוסר התאמה בין מרכיבים שונים בהתפתחות ? איך הם השפיעו עליך ? נשים מתי קנית חזיה ראשונה ? איך חוית וסת ראשונה ? האם רכשת תחבושות / טמפונים ? עם מי ? איפה ? גברים באיזה גיל התחלת להתגלח ? דאודורנט ? האם אתה זוכר זיקפה לפני גיל ההתבגרות ? באיזה גיל חווית שפיכה / זיקפה ראשונה ? האם שיתפת אחרים בחוויה ? כולם אירוע משמעותי אחר בהתפתחות הפיזיולוגית שלך בגיל ההתבגרות . מה קרה ואיך הגבת ? איך הסביבה ?
4. האם אני נורמלי ? ניצני שדיים שיער ערווה צמיחה לגובה וסת ראשונה שיער בית שחי שינוי צורת גוף השלמת התפתחות החזה צימוח של האשכים שינוי בקול התארכות הפין צימוח שיער ערווה צמיחה לגובה שינוי בצורת הגוף שיער פנים ובית שחי
18. אחוז המים לעומת אחוזי השומן בנער ונערה בעלי משקל וגובה זהים Frisch (1991) Body weight,body fat and ovulation Trends Endocrinol Metabol 2 191-197 נערה בת 18 נער בן 15 משתנה 165 165 גובה בסנטימטר 57 57 משקל בקילוגרמים 29.5 36 סה " כ נפח המים בליטרים 41 50 משקל הגוף ללא שומן 16 7 שומן בקילוגרם 28 12 שומן / משקל הגוף באחוזים 51.8 63 סה " כ מים / משקל הגוף באחוזים
#5: השינו הפיזיולוגי הוא בעיקר בסימני מין משניים הטווח הוא גדול ויכולה להיות חוסר התאמה בין תחומים שונים מה ההבדל הכי משמעותי בין בנים לבנות בנושא הצמיחה לגובה ? הצמיחה לגובה של בנות בשיאה 2 שנים לפני הבנים על השיוניים האלה אומרים - הכל בגלל ההורמונים
#6: מה זה הורמון - תרכובת כימית שמופרש מתא אחד משפיע באחר פעם חשבו שזה המנגנון היחיד היום יודעים שיש גם השפעה מקומית ואפילו השפעה עצמית ההשפעה יכולה להיות עיכוב או זירוז
#8: יש ביניהם גם קשר דם וגם קשר עצבי בלוטת יותרת המוח - pitutry
#10: 4 שכבות של השפעה שימו לב שהבקרה היא חיובית או שלילית להתחיל בהורמונים העיקריים אסטרוגן הוא השם לקבוצת הורמונים ההורמון העיקרי הוא אסטרדיול אסטרוגן ואנדרוגן גורמים לפידבק שלילי על הפרשת Gnrh ההתבגרות מתחילה כשרמת הרגישות של המוח לאפקט השלילי הזה יורדת לקראת גיל ההתבגרות ילדים ללא גונדות הפרשת gnrh מתחילה נורמלית לכן ההשפעה היא ממקורות אחרים במוח וקשורה לגנטיקה ההתבגרות מתחילה כשאפקט העיכוב הזה הרגישות אליו יורדת הגונדות של ילדים יותר רגישות ל gnrh יש פה מערכת משולבת שמשפיעה על המוח הגונדות ויותרת המוח אצל נשים האפקט על ההיפותלמוס מתהפך באופן איכותי אסטרוגן גורם לאפקט חיובי על gnrh שגורם לשיא של fsh lh דבר שמוביל לביוץ בשחלה י ששם מרכז שנקרא the surge center
#12: Deflowering-usually refer to loosing virginity but here something else
#13: מבוסס על בנות אנגליות לבנות בארהב מצאו שבנות מוצא אפריקאי מתפתחות יותר מהר . באיזה מצב השימוש בסולם טרנר יכול להיות משמעותי : היה ויכוח לגבי האם סרט פורנו מסוים שהופץ הוא פורנו של ילדים או לא לבדוק בת כמה היא היתה הכוכבת שנראתה כנו ילדה לגבי שיעור לספר על הסרט הואגינה המושלמת . קוסמטיקאות מדווחות שנשים רוצות פחות ופחות שיער . באיים הקריביים שיער פנים –פלומה נחשב סקסי . בסקנדינביה זה מקובל לא לגלח שיער ברגליים ובבית השחי . וסת יכול להתחיל לפני ביוץ - יש מקרים שנכנסו להריון לפני וסת ראשונה החצוצרות הנרתיק והרחם גדלים http://www.afraidtoask.com/breast/breastdevelopement.html
#15: אצל בנים מתחיל עיסוק באורך הפין שימשך אצל רבים הרבה זמן אמצעים להארכת הפין - ניתוק הגיד שמחבר את הפין לגוף - גיד דומה בדגדגן רוחב - תוספת שון מהישבן להוספת עובי - קחו בחשבון צלקות ופחות תחושה משקולות שמושכות את העור ולאחר שנים יש מעין עורלה אי אפשר להאריך את הגופים הזיקפתיים למעשה הפוטנציאל לאורך הסופי נקבע ברחם
#16: המדדים : קצב הגדילה לגובה קצב גידול הפין – ) אם רוצים לחזק את הנער ) צריך למדוד מאחורי האשכים האורך הסופי שונה לפי גנטיקה , המדד האחר הוא רוחב או היקף . ביחסים עם נשים זה משני .. הדבר שעשוי להיות משמעותי הוא ההיקף כי יש חיישני מתיחה בפי העריה . לגבי האורך יש מישהו שמנסה להוכיח שפרויד צדק . עדיין ההנחיה היא מי בעל האיבר ולא גודל האיבר עצמו . גודל האשך - חוסר סימטריה השמאלי יותר נמוך כמות השיעור סוג השיער והפיזור שלו - מתפשט לכיוון הירכיים מדדים נוספים : שינויים בקול שיעור בבית השחי מסת שריר בגוף בכלל סוף הפרק על התבגרות בספר הפיזיולוגיה על ההשפעה של התבגרות מודקת או מאוחרת http://www.fpnotebook.com/Endo/Exam/MlTnrStg.htm
#17: פיזור שומן רק באיזור הבטן תופעה של זיקפות ספונטניות בתגובה לדברים מרגשים לא בהכרח מיניים זה נורמלי ולא אומר שהנער מחורמן
#18: הטסטוסטרון מיצור בתאי לידיג בתגובה ל lh , תאי לידיג מופיעים באשך מעט בחודשים הראשונים אחרי הלידה ושוב מתחילים להופיע בגיל 9 יש התחלה של יוצור זרע אבל זרע בשל יש רק בגיל 14 מעלה שמירה של חנקן זרחן וסידן לגידול העצם - לכן יש אוסיאופרוזיס בגברים כשהוא יורד
#22: הפצעים הם כתוצאה מאנדרוגנים = הורמונים זיכרים גם אצל הנקבה הפצעים על החזה גב פנים חסימה של בלוטות שמפרישות סבום לא מושפע מ : היגיינה , לא מועבר במגע , לא קשור לשיער ארוך , לא נגרם על ידי אוננות ולא נרפא על ידי יחסי מין מוחמר על ידי חרדה חוסר שינה ומתח רגשי גם לזכרים יש אסטרוגן קרוב לודאי מתאי סרטולי באשך לעיתים מוביל לגניקומסטיה - גוש בגודל 1-2 סנטימטר מאחורי הפיטמה נעלם תוך שנתיים אצל הנקבה יש אנדרוגנים חלשים ( אנדרוסטנודיון androsten dione שמקורם ביותרת הכליה הם הופכים לטסטוסטרון ברקמת היעד כך נמנע ויריליזציה של הנקבה על ידי טסטוסטרון בדם
#23: Annotation This graph shows us the average year of menarche, a female's first menstrual cycle (often considered the beginning of puberty), from 1860 to 1980 reported by adult female patients at maternity clinics in Norway. It also includes data from Oslo school girls that follow the same trend downward in age. The downward curve flattens around 1960 between the ages of 13 and 14. A graph like this helps to counter a single interpretation of causes for the rise in age of consent laws. Source Tanner, J.M. Foetus Into Man: Physical Growth from Conception to Maturity. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978, reprinted 1990. Available online at http://www.mum.org/menarage.htm (accessed October 13, 2008). Annotated by Stephen Robertson. How to Cite This Source "Age of Menarche in Norway [Chart]," in Children and Youth in History, Item #207, http://chnm.gmu.edu/cyh/primary-sources/207 (accessed March 29, 2011). Annotated by Stephen Robertson
#24: 1 תזונה טובה מקדימה - בלט , אתלטיות , רעב , משפחות מרובות ילדים בפרפריה , מתחילות יותר מאוחר 2 בלוטת האצטרובל יותר חושך יותר מלטונין – מעכב תפקוד רבייתי האם אור מלאכותי גורם לזה שמתחילים מוקדם היום ? לא בטוחים ילדים עם בלוטה שלא עובדת - התבגרות מוקדמת . לעומת גידולים בבלוטה - פעולת יתר - התבגרות מאורחת ילדים עיוורים - התבגרות מוקדמת אבל גם חירשים 3 דחק –בחיות גורם להתבגרות מאוחרת המידע שנוי במחלוקת 4 לשאול אותם אקלים - המחשבה היתה שאקלים חם מקדים את ההתבגרות אבל זו לא הסיבה 5 פני הים - כל 100 מטר עליה עכוב של 3 חודשים בגבהים בינויים מתחילה באותו זמן אבל אורכת יותר זמן בגבהים גבוהים מתחילה מאוחר ואורכת יותר זמן 6 אם תתחיל כמו בת תאמות זהות הבדל של עד 2 חודשים לא זהות עד 8 חודשים
