Limb length discrepancy evaluationAbdulla KamalLimb-length discrepancy can be caused by structural, functional, or environmental factors that result in one leg being longer or shorter than the other. Symptoms of discrepancy include an awkward gait, back pain, and compensatory scoliosis. Discrepancies are classified as mild (<3cm), moderate (3-6cm), or severe (>6cm). Treatment depends on the magnitude of discrepancy and may include shoe lifts for mild cases, growth modulation for moderate, and limb lengthening or shortening surgery for severe discrepancies. The goal of treatment is to alleviate symptoms and prevent long-term complications.
Pathology of neoplasiaАнагаахын Шинжлэх Ухааны Үндэсний Их СургуульNeoplasia refers to uncontrolled cell growth that is non-responsive to growth controls. There are two main types: benign and malignant. Benign neoplasms are slow-growing, well-differentiated, localized, and do not metastasize. In contrast, malignant neoplasms tend to be fast-growing, invade surrounding tissues, and are capable of spreading to other parts of the body through infiltration and metastasis. The prognosis of a patient with neoplasia depends on factors like the rate of growth, size, site of the tumor, cell type, degree of differentiation, presence of metastasis, and responsiveness to therapy.
Зүрхний цахилгаан бичлэг Анагаахын Шинжлэх Ухааны Үндэсний Их СургуульThis document provides an overview of interpreting 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs) for myocardial infarction (MI). It reviews ECG waves, intervals, and segments. It defines ischemia, injury, and infarction and describes associated ECG changes. It identifies the five major infarct areas and corresponding lead changes. Color coding is used to indicate changes for anterior, inferior, lateral, posterior, and subendocardial MIs. Examples of ECG strips demonstrate single and combined infarct patterns. Cardiac enzymes that indicate infarction and their time courses are also reviewed.
Total hip arthroplastyАнагаахын Шинжлэх Ухааны Үндэсний Их СургуульTotal hip replacement surgery has become very successful over the past 50 years with over 90% implant survival rates at 15-20 years. Younger and more active patients are now candidates due to improved implant fixation and new bearing surfaces that reduce wear. The most common surgical approaches are direct lateral and posterolateral. Cementless fixation is now more common, especially for acetabular components, to reduce loosening rates. Ongoing areas of focus include further improving implant longevity and developing options for younger patients.
Subtrochanteric fractureАнагаахын Шинжлэх Ухааны Үндэсний Их СургуульThe document discusses classifications and treatment approaches for subtrochanteric fractures of the femur. It describes Fielding and Seinsheimer classifications which categorize fractures based on their location and number of fragments. Temporary options include a Thomas splint for unstable patients. Surgical treatments involve plates, intramedullary nails, or external fixators. Precise surgical approaches depend on the fracture location and stability. Potential complications are also noted.