CataractGunJee GjThis document discusses cataracts, including their definition, etiology, risk factors, types, symptoms, and treatment. It defines cataracts as any opacity of the lens or its capsule that can be congenital or acquired. The main types discussed are senile, cortical, nuclear sclerotic, and subcapsular cataracts. Symptoms include gradual vision loss, glare, and reduced contrast. Treatment involves conservative management if mild, or surgical removal by phacoemulsification or other procedures.
Vitiligo, Pityriasis rosea, Discoid lupus erythematosus, erythema multiformeGunJee Gj Here are the answers to your test:
1. C - Herald patch
2. D - All of the above
3. B - False
4. A - Melanocytes
5. B - False
6. Erythema multiforme - It describes the target or iris-like lesions.
7. Discoid lupus erythematosus - It is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting the skin.
8. Malar rash - It is a butterfly-shaped rash across the cheeks and nose seen in systemic lupus erythematosus.
9. Systemic lupus erythematosus - It is an autoimmune disease that can
Liver Abscess and Hydatid Cyst, SurgeryGunJee Gj- Liver abscesses are typically caused by bacterial infections spreading from other sites like the biliary tract or portal vein. Common bacteria include E. coli and K. pneumoniae. Abscesses are usually diagnosed using imaging like ultrasound or CT scan and treated with antibiotics and drainage if large.
- Amebic abscesses are caused by Entamoeba histolytica infection spreading from the colon. They present similarly to pyogenic abscesses but are diagnosed serologically or with immunoassays. Metronidazole is the treatment.
- Hydatid cysts are caused by the parasite Echinococcus granulosus. Humans are an accidental intermediate host. Cysts usually form in the liver and
Gastric CancerGunJee Gj1. Gastric cancer incidence varies globally, with the highest rates in Eastern Europe, Japan, and China.
2. Risk factors include H. pylori infection, low socioeconomic status, smoking, and diets high in salt/pickled foods.
3. Symptoms are non-specific but include epigastric pain, weight loss, vomiting, and anemia. Diagnosis involves endoscopy with biopsy.
4. Treatment depends on stage - surgery for early stages and palliative chemotherapy for advanced cases.
Physiology of the respiratory systemGunJee GjThe document summarizes the key stages and processes of respiration. It discusses:
1) The four main stages of respiration: ventilation, diffusion, transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide, and gas exchange in tissues and blood.
2) Non-respiratory functions of breathing like moistening air, maintaining pH, and vocalization.
3) How the pleura and pressure gradients enable the lungs to expand and contract during breathing.
4) Major respiratory muscles and how their movement affects rib and sternum movement during inhalation and exhalation.
Iodine deficiency disorder and metabolic syndromeGunJee GjIodine deficiency can cause goiter and impaired brain development. Symptoms include enlargement of the thyroid gland, neurological deficits, and delayed sexual maturation. It is assessed by palpation, ultrasound, and urinary iodine levels. Daily iodine requirements range from 50 μg for infants to 150 μg for those over 12 years old. The metabolic syndrome is defined as abdominal obesity plus two other risk factors and increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. It involves central obesity, high triglycerides, low HDL, high blood pressure, and elevated fasting glucose. Lifestyle modifications including diet, exercise, and weight loss are first-line treatment approaches.
Abdominal TuberculosisGunJee GjAbdominal tuberculosis can develop from swallowing infectious secretions in patients with advanced pulmonary tuberculosis. It has several forms that affect different areas of the gastrointestinal tract, including the esophagus, stomach, small bowel, and ileocecal area. Symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, loss of appetite, fever, and gastrointestinal dysfunction. Diagnosis involves anamnesis, biochemical tests, endoscopy, biopsy, imaging tests, and examination of ascitic fluid to differentiate it from other conditions that cause similar symptoms like malabsorption, masses, or ascites.
Hepatitis D GunJee GjHepatitis D is a severe form of viral hepatitis that requires simultaneous infection with hepatitis B virus. It has the highest fatality rate of hepatitis infections at 20% and inhibits interferon-alpha signaling. The virus has two antigens, L-HDAg and S-HDAg, that play different roles in its life cycle and replication within human cells. Hepatitis D is transmitted through exposure to infected blood and bodily fluids, and can occur through co-infection or superinfection of individuals already chronically infected with hepatitis B. Diagnosis involves testing for antibodies to the virus and detecting its RNA. While there is no vaccine for hepatitis D specifically, the hepatitis B vaccine provides protection, and treatment with interferon alpha can reduce severity in some
MalariaGunJee GjMalaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via Anopheles mosquitoes. It affects over 200 million people annually and kills over 400,000, mainly young children in Africa. The disease causes flu-like symptoms and periodic fevers. If untreated, it can lead to severe complications affecting the brain, kidneys, and fetus. Diagnosis is via blood smear microscopy or rapid tests. Treatment depends on the Plasmodium species but includes chloroquine and artemisinin combination therapies. Control relies on mosquito elimination, bed nets, antimalarial drugs, and vaccination research.
Endocrinology PhysiologyGunJee GjThe endocrine system regulates bodily functions through hormones secreted into the bloodstream. Hormones are chemicals that induce physiological changes in target cells. The major endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads and pineal glands. These glands secrete hormones like thyroid hormones, insulin, estrogen and testosterone to maintain homeostasis, support growth, coordinate reproduction and facilitate responses to stimuli. Hormones bind to receptor proteins on target cells and trigger cellular responses through a series of biochemical reactions.
Vesicle transportGunJee GjEndocytosis is the process by which cells absorb materials from outside by engulfing them with their plasma membrane to form vesicles inside the cell. There are three main types of endocytosis: pinocytosis, which involves small solutes; phagocytosis, where larger particles are engulfed; and receptor-mediated endocytosis, where specific molecules bind to receptors and are brought into the cell. Phagocytosis involves larger particles being engulfed by the membrane forming a vesicle, which then fuses with a lysosome containing digestive enzymes to break down the particles inside the cell.
Tumors of Epithelial TissueGunJee GjThis document discusses various types of epithelial tissues, benign and malignant tumors, and locations where different tumors may occur. It describes adenomas, papillomas, and polyps. Various morphological variants of adenomas are listed. Carcinomas are defined as malignant tumors that can occur in several epithelial tissues and organs. Several types of sarcomas are defined as occurring in bone, connective tissues, and other structures. Fibromas and lipomas are mentioned as common benign tumor types.
System of nerve, blood and muscleGunJee GjThe nervous system has three main functions - sensory, integrative, and motor. It is composed of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The CNS integrates sensory input and directs motor responses. Neurons communicate via electrical or chemical synapses to transmit signals. Muscles contract when calcium is released following an action potential, causing the binding of actin and myosin. There are three main types of muscle - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Blood functions include transport, defense, and hemostasis. It contains plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
The Nervous System GunJee GjThe document discusses the nervous system and its components. It begins by describing the central nervous system which includes the brain and spinal cord. It then describes the peripheral nervous system which connects the central nervous system to other parts of the body and senses the external environment. It details the major nerves of the body including cranial nerves and spinal nerves. Finally, it provides an overview of the cardiovascular system including the heart, blood vessels, and blood flow through the body.
Creepy ToysGunJee GjA woman named Midge Hadley found a creepy baby doll at Crandall's Acrobats that seemed to move on its own and appeared pregnant. The strange doll unsettled her and she wondered what other odd toys might be found at the store.