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Sudhanshu sharma type 2 diahwjbetes.pptx
- 1. Pharmacology of diabetes Mellitus style 2 BY: SUDHANSHU SHARMA
- 2. Overview Type 2 is the most common form of diabetes (DM). In this form, the body does not produce enough insulin or the cells ignore the insulin that is produced. Insulin is required by the body in order to use sugar. Insulin takes the sugar from the blood into the cells. When glucose builds up in the blood instead of going into cells, it can cause some problems: In the short-term, your cells may be starved for energy In time, high blood glucose may hurt your eyes, kidneys, nerves, or heart.
- 3. Insulin Inside the pancreas, beta cells make the hormone insulin. Beta cells release insulin to help the body use or store blood glucose from food. In people with type 1 diabetes, the pancreas no longer makes insulin. The beta cells have been destroyed and insulin shots are the only way to keep blood glucose levels down. People with type 2 diabetes make insulin, but their bodies don't respond well to it. Only some people with type 2 diabetes need diabetes pills or insulin shots to help their bodies use glucose for energy.
- 4. Conditions that can arise from Type 2 DM Hypoglycemia Hyperglycemia Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Syndrome (HHNS)
- 5. Drugs used in diabetes treat diabetes mellitus by lowering the glucose level in the blood. With the exceptions of insulin, exenatide, liraglutide and pramlintide, all are administered orally and are thus also called oral hypoglycemic agents or oral antihyperglycemic agents. There are different classes of anti-diabetic drugs, and their selection depends on the nature of the diabetes, age and situation of the person, as well as other factors. Diabetes mellitus type 1 is a disease caused by the lack of insulin. Insulin must be used in type 1, which must be injected. Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a disease of insulin resistance by cells. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the most common type of diabetes. Treatments include agents that increase the amount of insulin secreted by the pancreas, agents that increase the sensitivity of target organs to insulin, and agents that decrease the rate at which glucose is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Several groups of drugs, mostly given by mouth, are effective in type 2, often in combination. The therapeutic combination in type 2 may include insulin, not necessarily because oral agents have failed completely, but in search of a desired combination of effects.
- 6. Diabetes Medications (Generic) In type 2 diabetes, when the initial treatment options fail (meal planning, weight loss, and exercise) to control blood glucose levels, the next step is taking a medicine that lowers blood glucose levels. All diabetes pills sold today in the United States are members of five classes of drugs: Sulfonylureas Meglitnides Biguanides Thiazolidnediones Aplha-glucosidase inhibitors
- 7. Sulfonylureas: Work by stimulating the beta cells of the pancreas to release more insulin Have been around since the 1950s Are generally taken one to two times a day, before meals All sulfonylurea drugs have similar effects on blood glucose levels, but they differ in side effects, how often they are taken, and interactions with other drugs. Diabinese, Glucotrol and Glucotrol XL, Micronase, Glynase, Diabeta, and Amaryl are examples of brand names on the market.
- 8. Biguanides: Lower blood glucose by decreasing amount of glucose made in the liver An example is Metformin, brand name Glucophage. Metformin also helps to lower blood glucose levels by making muscle tissue more sensitive to insulin so that glucose can be absorbed. Usually taken two times a day. A side effect of Metformin may be diarrhea, but is improved when taken with food.
- 9. Thiazolidinediones Helps insulin work better in muscle and fat and reduces glucose production in the liver. Taken once or twice a day with food. Avandia, Rezulin, and ACTOS are some examples of brand names on the market. Although effective in lowering blood glucose, thiazolidnediones can have a rare but serious effect on the liver. Therefore, your doctor will have to perform blood tests regularly to monitor the liver.
- 10. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors These drugs help the body to lower blood glucose levels by blocking the breakdown of starches, such as bread, potatoes, and pasta in the intestine. They also slow the breakdown of some sugars, like table sugar. Their action slows the rise in blood glucose observed after meals. They should be taken with the first bite of a meal. Side effects include gas and diarrhea. Precose and Glyset are examples of brand names on the market.
- 11. THANKYOU