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POLLUTANTS IMOBLIZATION
METHODS
Assignment 03
Submitted to Dr. Azhar Rashid
Submitted by Umeed Malik
PhD 1st
Dep. Of Environmental Sciences, UOH

IMMOBILIZATION; POLLUTANTS
IMOBLIZATION
To make immobile: such as. : to reduce or eliminate
motion of (the body or a part) by mechanical means or by
strict bed rest. : to prevent freedom of movement or
activity of.
The treatment process used to reduce the solubility of
pollutants in order to minimize possible migration or
leaching

WFP. PK ; Pollutants jamming mrthods PPT3.pptx

IMMOBLIZATION OF CONTAMINANTS IMOBLIZATION IN BIOREMEDATION
Immobilization is an in-situ remediation technique
that uses cost-effective soil amendments to
reduce Pb and Cd availability in the contaminated
soils.
In recent times, bioremediation processes more and
more often employ immobilization methods.
Immobilization is defined as limiting the mobility of
the microbial cells or their enzymes with a
simultaneous preservation of their viability and
catalytic functions.

Pollutant Immobilization methods
Constructed Wetland.
Composting.
Iron Nanoparticle.
Bio char.
Nano crystals.
Contaminant.
Nanoparticles.
Adsorption.

CONSTRUCTED WETLAND (FOR POLLUTANTS IMMOBILITY
 Constructed wetlands
are treatment systems that use
natural processes involving
wetland vegetation, soils, and
their associated microbial
assemblages to improve water
quality.
 A constructed wetland is an
artificial wetland to treat
sewage, grey water, storm water
runoff or industrial wastewater.
It may also be designed for land
reclamation after mining, or as a
mitigation step for natural areas
lost to land development.

CONSTRUCTED WETLAND (FOR POLLUTANTS IMMOBILITY
 Purpose
 If properly built, maintained and
operated, constructed wetlands
can effectively remove many
pollutants associated with
municipal and industrial
wastewater and storm water.
Such systems are especially
efficient at removing
contaminants such as BOD,
suspended solids, nitrogen,
phosphorus, hydrocarbons, and
even metals.

COMPOSTING (FOR POLLUTANTS IMMOBILITY)
 Composting
 Composting is a controlled, aerobic (oxygen-
required) process that converts organic
materials into a nutrient-rich soil amendment
or mulch through natural decomposition. The
end product is compost – a dark, crumbly,
earthy-smelling material
 The natural process of 'rotting' or
decomposition of organic matter by
microorganisms under controlled conditions.

COMPOSTING (FOR POLLUTANTS IMMOBILITY)
 Example
 If Environment pollution assessment by
integrating potential ecological risk assessment
explicated the chicken manure compost reached
a very high-risk pollution level, and decreased
with bio char addition.
 (Immobilization and assessment of heavy metals
in chicken manure compost amended with rice
straw-derived bio char)
 (Hui et al., 2021)

IRON NANOPARTICLE (FOR POLLUTANTS IMMOBILITY)
 Iron NPs have varied sizes, ranging between 1 and
100 nm. They are super paramagnetic in nature,
along with CuO and NiO NPs.
 The key applications of iron nanoparticles are listed
below: For treating industrial sites contaminated
with chlorinated organic compounds. To treat
many types of ground contamination such as
grounds contaminated by polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs), organo chlorine pesticides, and chlorinated
organic solvents.

BIOCHAR (FOR POLLUTANTS IMMOBILITY)
 Bio char is the lightweight black residue,
made of carbon and ashes, remaining after
the pyrolysis of biomass.
 Bio char is considered to be an efficient
carrier for microbial immobilization
because of its high porosity and good
adsorption effect, which can provide a
habitat for microorganisms.
 The use of bio char immobilized
microorganisms to treat different pollutants
in wastewater is an encouraging treatment
method.

NANO CRYSTALS (AS POLLUTANT IMMOBILIZER)
 Air pollution can be remediated
using nanotechnology in several
ways. One is through the use of
Nano-catalysts with increased
surface area for gaseous reactions.
Catalysts work by speeding up
chemical reactions that transform
harmful vapors from cars and
industrial plants into harmless
gases.

CONTAMINANTS ( IMMOBILIZATION)
 Unlike organic pollutants, Pb and
Cd do not undergo chemical or
microbial breakdown and stay
likely in site for longer duration
after their release.
Immobilization is an in-situ
remediation technique that
uses cost-effective soil
amendments to reduce Pb and
Cd availability in the
contaminated soils.
 Soil amendments such as manure,
compost, bio char, clay minerals,
phosphate compounds, coal fly ash,
and liming materials are widely used
as immobilizing agents for PTEs
 PETs (potentially toxic elements).
 Selecting proper immobilizing
agents can yield cost-effective
remediation techniques and
fulfill green and sustainable
remediation principles.

NANOPARTICLES (AS POLLUTANT IMMOBLIZER)
 Polymer/inorganic hybrid
nanomaterial have also been
widely investigated in
environmental applications and
notably studied for the adsorptive
removal of various toxic metal
ions, dyes, and microorganisms
from water/wastewater streams.
They exhibit high stability in terms
of chemical and thermal properties.
 Nano-based materials techniques,
such as disinfection, desalination,
sensing and monitoring photo
catalysis, membrane process,
adsorption, biological treatment,
coagulation/precipitation, and
oxidation.

Adsorption is a successful approach for
Contaminants removal globally, because it is
low installation expense, high performance and
has easy operational design. Emerging
pollutants have been removed from
wastewaters using various adsorbents like
activated carbons, improved bio chars, Nano
adsorbents, hybrid adsorbents, and others.

 There are three main methods for immobilizing a biological
sensing compound:
 adsorption/electrostatic interaction,
 entrapment,
 and covalent attachment.

 Immobilization of nitrogen:
 Immobilization refers to the process in which nitrate and
ammonium are taken up by soil organisms and therefore
become unavailable to crops.

 Enzyme immobilization is confinement of enzyme to a phase (matrix/support) different from
the one for substrates and products. Inert polymers and inorganic materials are usually used as
carrier matrices.
 The two types of Immobilized enzymes;
 There are four methods of enzyme immobilization:
 adsorption,
 ( non-covalent adsorption and deposition)
 Covalent bonding, or covalent attachment,
 Entrapment
 (physical entrapment)
 Membrane separation.
 Bio-conjugation

 Immobilized microorganism technology is an effective way to treat wastewater in
treatment plants.

Immobilization method best
In enzyme immobilization technique, covalent binding is one
of the most widely used methods.
Covalent immobilization provides strong binding between
enzymes and support matrix to form a stable complex .

References
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/pollutant-immobilisation
 http://sioc-journal.cn/Jwk_yjhx/EN/10.6023/cjoc201508002
 https://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-34582016000500008
 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/26395940.2021.1885311?cookieSet=1
 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969722034702
 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412019311250
 https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S2666498422000837-ga1_lrg.jpg
 https://extension.missouri.edu/publications/wq260

REFERENCES
 https://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-34582016000500008
 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/pollutant-immobilization
 http://sioc-journal.cn/Jwk_yjhx/EN/10.6023/cjoc201508002
 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/26395940.2021.1885311?cookieSet=1
 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/pollutant-immobilisation
 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412019311250
 https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S2666498422000837-ga1_lrg.jpg
 https://extension.missouri.edu/publications/wq260

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