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10/06/2024 By: Ebadullah Nooristani
‫هللا‬ ‫بســـــــــم‬
‫الرحمن‬
‫الرحــــــــــــــــیم‬
In the Name of Almighty Allah

Adjective

Definition: Adjective is a word which is used to
describe or give more information about a noun or
pronoun in a sentence.
An adjective describes a noun by giving some information
about its:
Quality
Size
Shape
Age
Color
Origin
Material &
Purpose

Examples:
It is a nice table. (opinion/quality)
It is a big table. (size)
It is a round table. (shape)
It is an old table. (age)
It is a brown table. (color)
It is an Afghan table. (origin)
It is a wooden table. (material)
It is a coffee table. (purpose)

More Examples of Adjectives:
Good, bad, nice, intelligent, hard, easy, important,
interesting, expensive, cheap, small, big, essential, effective,
attractive, cute, handsome, beautiful, ugly, black, white,
smooth, rough, easy-going, extremist, etc.

Cases of Adjective
In English grammar, an adjective has four cases:
Attributive Case:
(The adjectives are used before nouns.)
Examples:
The old man cannot run fast.
She met a young girl.
The product does not deserve this high price.
The sick man was treated in the special ward.

Predicative Case:
(The adjectives come after linking verbs like: be, seem,
look, feel, taste, become, smell, sound)
Examples:
I am tired.
She seems interested in the lesson.
Ali looks handsome in this picture.
I really feel bad today.
The food tastes delicious.
He became old.
The flower smells good.
Your success sounds interesting.

Abridging Case:
(The adjective is used between a linking verb and a noun.)
Examples:
My friend is an intelligent student.
He is a young boy.
It is a delicious food.
His mom is a good cook.

Post Indefinite Case:
(The adjective is used after some indefinite pronouns.)
Examples:
I met someone special.
She bought something expensive.
They learnt something important.

Types
of
Adjective

• Quality/Descriptive Adjectives
• Proper Adjectives
• Possessive Adjectives
• Adjectives of Quantity
• Adjectives of Number
• Demonstrative Adjectives
• Interrogative Adjectives
• Distributive Adjectives
• Determiners

Quality/Descriptive Adjectives
Definition: These kinds of adjectives are used to describe
the characteristics of a noun or pronoun. They can usually
answer the question “what kind? or what type?”.
Here are some examples of quality adjectives like:
(beautiful, sweet, good, strong, easy, difficult, important,
interesting, awful, bitter, handsome, kind, cruel, cute, ugly
etc.)

Examples:
This piece of candy is sweet.
My husband is handsome.
My daughter is good.
The cat is hungry.
This shirt is nice.
The question is difficult.
The book is interesting.

Proper Adjectives
Definition: Are those adjectives which are formed from
some proper nouns and can be usually used for languages
and nationalities.
Examples:
Proper Nouns Proper Adjectives
America American
Afghanistan Afghan
Japan Japanese
Pakistan Pakistani
China Chinese
India Indian
France French
Greece Greek
Pashto Pashtoon

Possessive Adjectives
Definition: Possessive Adjectives are those adjectives
which are used to show possession or ownership. They are
always followed by nouns.

Subject Pronoun Possessive Adjective
I My
We Our
You Your
They Their
He His
She Her
It Its

Examples:
My brother has a yellow car.
Our home is near to the market.
Your book is with me.
The students did their homework.
Ahmad cleaned his car.
I have her book.
This is its fault.

Refer to the chapter for the exercise of Possessive
Adjective!

Adjectives of Quantity
Definition: Are those adjectives which are used to show the
amount or number of nouns. These adjectives do not
provide exact numbers.
They are:
all/ enough/ some / any / much / many/ a few/ few/
a little/ little etc.

All: (whole)
All is used with countable and uncountable nouns to
mean the complete amount.
Examples:
All the students are intelligent in this class.
He drank all the milk.
He comes to class late all the time.

Enough: (As much as necessary/some)
Enough is used with countable and uncountable nouns to
mean the adequate amount or number.
Examples:
We have enough students in the class today.
The students still have enough problems in the new lesson.
The teacher has enough time to explain the topic well.
He drank enough milk today.

Some: (a little, a few or adequate)
We usually use some in positive sentences for countable
and uncountable nouns.
Examples:
I have some friends in London.
I usually drink some water with my meal.
Note: Sometimes we use some in a question, when we
expect a positive YES answer.
Examples:
Would you like some more tea?
Could I have some more sugar please?

Any: (some/none)
•It is used with negative sentences.
Examples:
My computer doesn’t have any problems.
He doesn’t have any enemies here.
My brother never does any chores.

•Is used with question sentences.
Examples:
Do you have any question for me?
Don’t you have any problem?
•We use any for both countable and uncountable nouns.
Examples:
Do you have any cheese?
He doesn't have any friends in Paris.

Much: (not less in amount)
• It is used with uncountable nouns.
Examples:
They don't have much money to buy a car.
He does have much information about this topic.

Many: (not less in number)
• It is used with countable nouns.
Examples:
I don't have many English books in my collection.
My friend has many children (almost a dozen).
Note: Much and Many are used to express that there is a
large quantity of something.

A few: (some/adequate)
• It is used with countable plural nouns to mean a
small number or some.
Examples:
A few students are absent today.
We have a few chairs in this classroom.

Few: (not many/almost none)
•It emphasizes how small the number is.
•We use 'few' before plural countable nouns.
•'Few' has a negative meaning.
•We can also use 'very few'.
Examples:
Few people understand the difference.
I have just studied very few chapters.

A little: (some/adequate)
•It is used with uncountable nouns to mean a small
amount or some.
Examples:
I saw him a little time ago.
He needs a little more money.

Little: (not much almost none)
•Is used before uncountable nouns.
•'Little' has a negative meaning.
•We can use also 'very little'.
Examples:
I can't help you. I speak very little French.
There is little milk in the bottle.

Refer to the chapter for the exercise of Quantity
Adjectives!

Numeral
Adjectives
Definite Numeral
Adjectives
Cardinal
Numbers
Ordinal Numbers
Indefinite Numeral
Adjectives

Adjectives of Number/Numeral Adjectives
Definition: Adjectives of number are used to show the
number of nouns and their place in an order.
There are two different sections within adjectives of
number.
They are:
Definite Numeral Adjectives:
Indefinite Numeral Adjective:

Definite Numeral Adjectives
Definition: Are those adjectives which clearly denote an
exact number of nouns or the order of nouns.
Definite numeral adjectives are further divided into two
types:
Cardinal Numbers:
One, Two, Twenty, Thirty-Three etc.
Ordinal Numbers:
First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh etc.

Indefinite Numeral Adjectives:
Definition: Are those adjectives which do not show an exact
number but just give a general idea of the amount.
They are like:
Some, Many, Few, Enough, Several, All etc…

Demonstrative Adjectives
Definition: Demonstrative adjectives are used to point out
to a noun or number of nouns which are near or far away
from the speaker in distance or time.
They are:
This
That
These
Those

This: Is used to point out to a noun which is close
to the speaker.
Examples:
This house is nice.
This book is very interesting.

That: Is used to point out to a noun which is far
away from the speaker.
Examples:
That house is nice.
That book is very interesting.

These: Is the plural form of this and is used to
point out to a number of nouns which are near to
the speaker.
Examples:
These houses are very nice.
These books are very interesting.

Those: Is the plural form of that and is used to
point out to a number of nouns which are far away
from the speaker.
Examples:
Those houses are nice.
Those books were very interesting.

Interrogative Adjectives
Definition: Interrogative adjectives are those adjectives
which are used to ask questions about nouns.
They are: (What, Which and Whose).
Examples:
What assignment did I miss?
What colors do you like the best?
Which room is empty?
Which car is more expensive yours or mine?
Whose pen is this?
Whose car was stolen yesterday?

Distributive Adjectives
Definition: Distributive adjectives are used to talk about
nouns individually.
They are:
Each
Every
Either
Neither.

Each: (Every individual from a group)
Examples:
There are five questions; each question has 5 marks.
There are two kinds of drinks; each drink is my favorite one.

Every: (all from a group)
Examples:
Every student is interested in this topic.
Every teacher teaches well here.

Either:
(each of two. It doesn’t matter which one.)
Examples:
There are two options for you now; either option is
acceptable.
There are tea and coffee; you can have either tea
or coffee.

Neither: (no one or none of)
Examples:
You answered both questions but neither answer is
correct.
He has five cars in his garage, but neither car is his.

Determiners
Determiners are words which come before nouns
and limit the followed nouns.
They are like:
Articles
Demonstrative Adjectives
Possessive Adjectives
Adjectives of Number
Distributive Adjectives &
Quantity Adjectives

(A, an, the, this, that, these,
those, my, our, your, their, his,
her, its, one, two, three, each,
every, some, any, enough,
several, enough, less, little, a
little, few, a few, many, more,
much, any, both, all, half,
whole, etc.)

Examples:
This is a book.
We have enough students in our class.
Each student is very intelligent in this class.
Still several students are absent.
Some students are outside in the lawn.
My brother has two children.

Note: The difference between an adjective and
determiner is this that we can use only one
determiner at a time but we can use more than one
adjective consecutively in a sentence.

The Rules of Ordering
Adjectives
When writing a sentence using a number of different
adjectives, it’s important to know which ones you should
have first in the sentence.
You should know that you can easily use just one adjective
to have a complete sentence; however, if you want to use
more than one adjective, you should know in what order
to use the adjectives.
Here are the rules:

1. Determiners
The first adjective in your sentence should be a determiner.
Example: She has a good car.
Now, to give you an example as to why it’s important that
the determiner comes first, the sentence will be rewritten
with the quality adjective written first.
Example: She has good a car.
As you can see, writing the quality adjective before the
determiner doesn’t make any grammatical sense.

2. Opinion
After adding the determiner, you can add the opinion
adjective.
Example: She has a good car.
In this sentence, “good” would be the quality or opinion
adjective.

3. Size
After adding the opinion adjective, you can add the size
adjective.
Example: She has a good, small car.

4. Shape
After adding the size adjective, you can add the shape
adjective.
Example: She has a good, small, round car.

5. Age
After adding the shape adjective, you can add the age
adjective.
Example: She has a good, small, round old car.

6. Color
After adding the age adjective, you can add the color
adjective.
Example: She has a good, small, round, old, red car.

7. Origin
After adding the color adjective, you can add the origin
adjective.
Example: She has a good, small, round, old, red, Chinese
car.

8. Material
After adding the origin adjective, you can add the material
adjective.
Example: She has a good, small, round, old, red, Chinese,
plastic car.

Comparison
of
Adjectives

An adjective has three degrees in English Language.
Positive Degree
Comparative Degree
Superlative Degree
When we want to compare two or more nouns/pronouns,
we use the comparative and superlative forms of the
adjective to show the comparison between them.

Example:
Honey is sweet, sugar is sweeter but victory is the
sweetest.
In this sentence, we are comparing the three nouns using
the positive, comparative and superlative forms of the word
‘sweet’.

Positive Degree
Positive Degree is a degree which simply describes the
noun/pronoun without comparing it to another like:
big, sweet, clean, important, easy, difficult, interesting, etc.
Examples:
She has a big black dog.
He is a sweet baby.
The cupboard is clean.

Comparative Degree
Comparative degree is a degree in which we compare one
person with another person, one thing with another thing,
and one place with another place.
Note: In comparative degree we usually use the conjunction
“than”.

Examples:
This lesson is easier than the previous lesson.
The previous lesson was more difficult than this lesson.
Jalalabad is hotter than Kabul.
My computer is newer than your computer.

Superlative Degree
Superlative degree is used to compare one person with
more than one person, one thing with more than one thing
and one place with more than one place.
We usually add ‘the’ before the superlative form like:
the biggest, the sweetest, the cleanest, the easiest, the
most difficult, the most interesting, the hottest, the tallest,
etc.

Examples:
This is the easiest lesson of this week.
Jalalabad is the hottest city in Afghanistan.
My child is the sweetest child in the world.
That was the most interesting book I had ever read.

Rules for Comparatives and Superlatives
There are certain rules that must be followed in the
making of comparatives and superlatives of the
adjectives.

1.With one syllable adjectives, we use ‘er’ to make the
comparative and ‘est’ to make the superlative.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Black Blacker Blackest
Tall Taller Tallest
Short Shorter Shortest
Small Smaller Smallest
Strong Stronger Strongest

2. If one syllable adjective ends by single ‘e’, we just add ‘r’
in the comparative and ‘st’ in the superlative form.
Nice Nicer Nicest
Late Later Latest
Wide Wider Widest
Large Larger Largest

3. When the adjective ends with ‘y’, and preceded by
consonant, we convert ‘y’ into ‘i’ and add ‘er’ in the
comparative and ‘est’ in the superlative forms.
Pretty Prettier Prettiest
Lazy Lazier Laziest
Happy Happier Happiest
Healthy Healthier Healthiest
Heavy Heavier Heaviest

4. If one syllable adjective ends by a single consonant and is
preceded by a single vowel, we double the last consonant
and add ‘er’ in the comparative and ‘est’ in the superlative
form.
Hot Hotter Hottest
Wet Wetter Wettest
Fat Fatter Fattest
Thin Thinner Thinnest
Slim Slimmer Slimmest

5. Adjectives which are more than two syllables we use
more and most to form the comparatives and superlatives.
Difficult More Difficult Most Difficult
Careful More Careful Most Careful
Handsome More Handsome Most Handsome
Interesting More Interesting Most Interesting
Important More Important Most Important
Beautiful More Beautiful Most Beautiful

6. There a few adjectives that can use both ‘er and est’ and
‘more’ and ‘most’ to form their comparative and superlative
forms.
Positive Comparative Superlative Example
Clever
Cleverer/ More
Clever
Cleverest/Most
Clever
He is cleverer than her.
He is more clever than her.
Quiet
Quieter/ More
Quiet
Quietest/ Most
Quiet
This is the most quiet place.
This is the quietest place.
Brave
Braver/ More
Brave
Bravest/ Most
Brave
She is braver than the other girl.
She was more brave than the other girl.
Simple
Simpler/
More Simple
Simplest/Most
simplest
This question is simpler than that one.
This question is more simple than that one.

7. These adjectives do not make their comparative and
superlative forms by using the rules above. Their
comparative and superlative forms are different words.
Bad Worse Worst
Good Better Best
Far (place) Farther Farthest
Little (amount) Less Least
Late (order) Latter Latest
Much More Most
Many More Most

Refer to the chapters for the exercise of
Degrees of Adjectives!

Any
Question?

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