Increment and Decrement operators in C++Neeru Mittal
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The document discusses C++ increment and decrement operators. It explains that these unary operators work only on integers, and can be used in both prefix (++a) and postfix (a++) forms. In prefix form, the increment/decrement occurs before the expression is evaluated. In postfix form, it occurs after. The key difference is that prefix returns the new value, while postfix returns the original value. Several examples are provided to illustrate this behavior. Finally, some practice questions are included to help test understanding of these fundamental operators.
This document summarizes different types of loops in C programming: for loops, while loops, and do-while loops. It explains the basic structure of each loop type, including where the initialization, test condition, and updating of the loop variable occurs. It also distinguishes between entry controlled loops (for and while) and exit controlled loops (do-while). Additional loop concepts covered include break and continue statements, and sentinel controlled loops. Examples are provided to illustrate usage of each loop type.
The code compares pointers and arrays in C by printing their sizes and string lengths. When a string literal is assigned to a pointer, sizeof(pointer) returns the pointer size rather than the string length, while sizeof(array) returns the full array size including the null terminator. strlen(pointer) and strlen(array) both return the string length excluding the null terminator. When an array is passed to a function, it converts to a pointer and sizeof then returns the pointer size rather than full array size.
The document provides an extensive overview of the C++ programming language, covering fundamental concepts such as variables, data types, expressions, and control structures like conditional statements and loops. It includes examples of basic C++ code, demonstrating key functionalities like namespaces, operations, and user inputs. Additionally, it delves into more advanced topics like arrays, strings, and various types of operators used in C++ programming.
This document discusses using the GNU Debugger (GDB) to debug programs. It begins with an introduction to GDB and why it is useful. Examples are then provided of using GDB for interactive debugging, examining core dumps, patching binaries, and advanced tricks. A real-world case study demonstrates using GDB to debug a crash in the GNU C library by examining assembly code and source-level debugging with debug symbols. The document concludes by mentioning another case study involving hijacking file descriptors in GDB.
This document discusses object-oriented programming in C++. It covers several topics related to OOP in C++ including classes, constructors, destructors, inheritance, polymorphism, and templates. The document consists of lecture slides that define key concepts and provide examples to illustrate how various OOP features work in C++.
The document discusses the complexities of programming in C and C++, emphasizing that many programmers lack a deep understanding of the language, which leads to common errors. It uses code snippets to explore basic principles, limitations, and specific requirements of these languages, such as the necessity of including specific headers and explicit declarations. Interviewing candidates for C programming roles is suggested as a way to gauge their knowledge through detailed discussions on code behavior.
GDB can debug programs by running them under its control. It allows inspecting and modifying program state through breakpoints, watchpoints, and examining variables and memory. GDB supports debugging optimized code, multi-threaded programs, and performing tasks like stepping, continuing, and backtracing through the call stack. It can also automate debugging through commands, scripts, and breakpoint actions.
The document provides an overview of shell scripting, explaining what shell scripts are, their importance, and how they can automate tasks efficiently. It covers various aspects including syntax, common pitfalls, best practices, and recipes for effective use of shell scripts, emphasizing the significance of using POSIX-compliant shells. The document also contrasts shell scripting with other programming approaches, highlighting its accessibility and utility for automating simple tasks.
Constructor functions are special member functions used to initialize objects. They are called whenever an object is created. Key points:
- Constructors have the same name as the class and do not return a value.
- The default constructor takes no arguments and initializes objects if no other constructor is defined.
- Parameterized constructors allow passing arguments to initialize object attributes.
- Constructors can be overloaded to support different initialization scenarios.
- The destructor function is called when an object is destroyed to perform cleanup tasks. It is prefixed with a tilde and has no parameters or return type.
This document provides an introduction to GDB (GNU Debugger) including what it is, why it is useful, basic GDB commands, and examples of using GDB to debug a C program. Key points include:
- GDB is an interactive debugger that allows debugging of C/C++ programs.
- It helps developers find bugs by allowing them to watch/modify variables, determine why programs fail, and change program flow.
- Basic GDB commands demonstrated include breakpoints, backtraces, printing variables, and stepping through code.
- An example program is debugged using GDB to step through functions and view variable values.
This document provides an introduction and overview of shell scripting in Linux. It discusses what a shell script is, when they should and should not be used, examples of common shell scripts, and an introduction to programming features commonly used in shell scripts such as variables, conditionals, loops, command line arguments, and more. Key points covered include that shell scripts allow automating command execution, are useful for repetitive tasks, and come with programming features to customize behavior.
This document describes a C program for a telephone directory. It includes 7 chapters that cover an introduction, problem definition, modules used, implementation details, results, conclusions and future scope, and references. The implementation chapter includes the full code for the telephone directory program. It allows the user to add, display, delete, and save contact entries. The program uses linked lists and functions for various operations like adding, deleting, displaying entries. Screenshots of sample outputs are provided in the results section. The conclusion discusses potential future enhancements like adding fingerprints or photos.
This document summarizes different types of loops in C programming: for loops, while loops, and do-while loops. It explains the basic structure of each loop type, including where the initialization, test condition, and updating of the loop variable occurs. It also distinguishes between entry controlled loops (for and while) and exit controlled loops (do-while). Additional loop concepts covered include break and continue statements, and sentinel controlled loops. Examples are provided to illustrate usage of each loop type.
The code compares pointers and arrays in C by printing their sizes and string lengths. When a string literal is assigned to a pointer, sizeof(pointer) returns the pointer size rather than the string length, while sizeof(array) returns the full array size including the null terminator. strlen(pointer) and strlen(array) both return the string length excluding the null terminator. When an array is passed to a function, it converts to a pointer and sizeof then returns the pointer size rather than full array size.
The document provides an extensive overview of the C++ programming language, covering fundamental concepts such as variables, data types, expressions, and control structures like conditional statements and loops. It includes examples of basic C++ code, demonstrating key functionalities like namespaces, operations, and user inputs. Additionally, it delves into more advanced topics like arrays, strings, and various types of operators used in C++ programming.
This document discusses using the GNU Debugger (GDB) to debug programs. It begins with an introduction to GDB and why it is useful. Examples are then provided of using GDB for interactive debugging, examining core dumps, patching binaries, and advanced tricks. A real-world case study demonstrates using GDB to debug a crash in the GNU C library by examining assembly code and source-level debugging with debug symbols. The document concludes by mentioning another case study involving hijacking file descriptors in GDB.
This document discusses object-oriented programming in C++. It covers several topics related to OOP in C++ including classes, constructors, destructors, inheritance, polymorphism, and templates. The document consists of lecture slides that define key concepts and provide examples to illustrate how various OOP features work in C++.
The document discusses the complexities of programming in C and C++, emphasizing that many programmers lack a deep understanding of the language, which leads to common errors. It uses code snippets to explore basic principles, limitations, and specific requirements of these languages, such as the necessity of including specific headers and explicit declarations. Interviewing candidates for C programming roles is suggested as a way to gauge their knowledge through detailed discussions on code behavior.
GDB can debug programs by running them under its control. It allows inspecting and modifying program state through breakpoints, watchpoints, and examining variables and memory. GDB supports debugging optimized code, multi-threaded programs, and performing tasks like stepping, continuing, and backtracing through the call stack. It can also automate debugging through commands, scripts, and breakpoint actions.
The document provides an overview of shell scripting, explaining what shell scripts are, their importance, and how they can automate tasks efficiently. It covers various aspects including syntax, common pitfalls, best practices, and recipes for effective use of shell scripts, emphasizing the significance of using POSIX-compliant shells. The document also contrasts shell scripting with other programming approaches, highlighting its accessibility and utility for automating simple tasks.
Constructor functions are special member functions used to initialize objects. They are called whenever an object is created. Key points:
- Constructors have the same name as the class and do not return a value.
- The default constructor takes no arguments and initializes objects if no other constructor is defined.
- Parameterized constructors allow passing arguments to initialize object attributes.
- Constructors can be overloaded to support different initialization scenarios.
- The destructor function is called when an object is destroyed to perform cleanup tasks. It is prefixed with a tilde and has no parameters or return type.
This document provides an introduction to GDB (GNU Debugger) including what it is, why it is useful, basic GDB commands, and examples of using GDB to debug a C program. Key points include:
- GDB is an interactive debugger that allows debugging of C/C++ programs.
- It helps developers find bugs by allowing them to watch/modify variables, determine why programs fail, and change program flow.
- Basic GDB commands demonstrated include breakpoints, backtraces, printing variables, and stepping through code.
- An example program is debugged using GDB to step through functions and view variable values.
This document provides an introduction and overview of shell scripting in Linux. It discusses what a shell script is, when they should and should not be used, examples of common shell scripts, and an introduction to programming features commonly used in shell scripts such as variables, conditionals, loops, command line arguments, and more. Key points covered include that shell scripts allow automating command execution, are useful for repetitive tasks, and come with programming features to customize behavior.
This document describes a C program for a telephone directory. It includes 7 chapters that cover an introduction, problem definition, modules used, implementation details, results, conclusions and future scope, and references. The implementation chapter includes the full code for the telephone directory program. It allows the user to add, display, delete, and save contact entries. The program uses linked lists and functions for various operations like adding, deleting, displaying entries. Screenshots of sample outputs are provided in the results section. The conclusion discusses potential future enhancements like adding fingerprints or photos.
This document discusses alternatives to overloading on universal references in C++. It suggests methods such as abandoning overloads, passing by const reference, passing by value, using tag dispatch, and imposing constraints on templates. Each method is evaluated for its benefits and drawbacks, particularly in relation to performance and complexity.
4. 変数を変数をmove capturemove captureしたいしたい
class Widget {
/* ... */
};
std::unique_ptr< Widget > pw;
auto fun = [pw]{ /* do something */ };
上記コード(compile 不可)
container などをcopyしたくない
などのとき
5. 初期化キャプチャの構?文初期化キャプチャの構?文
value capture
reference capture
[ data = (expression) ]
[&data = (expression)]
auto cmp =
[eval = [](int i){ return -i;}] (int lhs, int rhs)
{ return eval(lhs) < eval(rhs);}
expression なので lambda を?入れるのももちろん可能
6. ちなみに,最新の gcc/msvc は次もok
http://melpon.org/wandbox/permlink/Gmqycg5tbA2iE51S
using iVec = std::vector< int >;
iVec data = iVec{1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
auto fun = [data{std::move(data)}]
{ std::copy(std::begin(data),
std::end(data),
[] () mutable
{ data.clear(): }};
prog.cc:9:19: warning:
direct list initialization of a lambda init-capture will change meaning in a future version of Cla
insert an '=' to avoid a change in behavior [-Wfuture-compat]
auto f = [data{ std::move(data) } ] {
^
clang だと次の messageが出る
ref:
N3681 Auto and Braced-Init-Lists
N3912 Atuto and Braced-Init-Lists, continued
N3922 New Rules for auto deduction from braced-init-list
7. template< class T >
struct wrap {
mutable T value_;
wrap(T&& v) : value_(std::forward< T >(v)) {}
wrap(wrap const& other) : value_(std::move(other.value_)) {}
};
struct Widget {};
auto pw = wrap< std::unique_ptr< Widget > >{std::make_unique< Widget >()};
auto fun = [pw]{ /* do something */ }
こんな wrapper を書くとか...
ref:N3610: Generic lambda-capture initializers
C++14 なら,初期化キャプチャーでできる
8. class Widget {
public:
/* ... */
bool isValidated() const;
bool isProessed() const;
bool isAchieved() const;
private:
/* ... */
};
auto pw = std::make_unique< Widget >();
/**
* configure *pw
**/
auto func = [pw = std::move(pw)]
{ return pw->isValidated()
&& pw->isAchived();};
/**
* pw is moved to data member pw of closure
**/
こうなる