Diffuse astrocytomas, also referred to as油low-grade infiltrative astrocytomas,油are designated as WHO II tumours of the brain.
The term diffuse infiltrating means there is no identifiable border between the tumour and normal brain tissue, even though the borders may appear well-marginated on imaging.
This document describes Chiari malformation, specifically Chiari type I and II. It discusses the presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of a 34-year-old female patient presenting with progressive arm weakness, shoulder pain, and headaches exacerbated by coughing. Examination found reduced sensitivity in her arms. MRI confirmed Chiari type I malformation with tonsillar herniation. The patient underwent posterior fossa decompression surgery, with improvement in symptoms at 6-month follow up. Chiari malformations cause hindbrain herniation and obstruction of CSF flow, often requiring surgery to enlarge the posterior fossa.
This document discusses managing massive blood loss during neurosurgery. It advises remaining calm, exposing and clearing the injury site, gently tamponading with cotton, and elevating the head to control bleeding. Indiscriminate use of hemostatic agents or bipolar coagulation near dural tears is not recommended as it could worsen bleeding or cause cerebral swelling. The document emphasizes preparing for potential hemorrhage and carefully repairing any tears or injuries.