Bab 6 membahas proses kerja logam sejuk dan panas. Kerja sejuk melibatkan pengubahan plastik pada suhu bilik untuk meningkatkan kekerasan dan kekuatan logam tetapi mengurangkan kemuluran. Kerja panas melibatkan pengubahan plastik sedikit di atas suhu penghabluran semula untuk memperbaiki struktur bijian dan sifat mekanikal logam. Proses kerja panas utama termasuk menggelek, tempaan dan ekstrusi.
Rantai dan sprocket digunakan untuk mentransmisikan daya antara poros yang berputar secara efisien. Sprocket berbentuk roda gigi yang memiliki gigi untuk mengaitkan rantai dan memutarkannya. Rantai dan sprocket digunakan dalam berbagai mesin seperti sepeda, sepeda motor, mobil, dan mesin lainnya untuk mentransfer putaran antar poros atau memberikan gerakan linear.
Proses rawatan haba dapat mengubah sifat mekanik logam dengan mengubah struktur mikro logamnya. Beberapa proses utama termasuk sepuh lindap untuk melembutkan logam, pengerasan untuk meningkatkan kekerasan, dan pembajaan untuk mengurangkan keterikan pengerasan. Proses-proses lain seperti pengerasan permukaan dan penitridaan digunakan untuk memberi lapisan keras pada permukaan logam.
Dokumen tersebut memberikan pengenalan mengenai mesin EDM die sinking dan konsep-konsep asas terkait proses EDM die sinking. Ia menjelaskan istilah-istilah, jenis-jenis cecair dielektrik, elektrod dan teknik pengendalian mesin EDM die sinking seperti penjajaran dan pengikatkan benda kerja. Dokumen ini juga membincangkan kelebihan dan kelemahan proses EDM die sinking.
Dokumen tersebut merupakan ringkasan proses sand casting, yaitu teknik pembuatan produk logam dengan mencairkan logam dan menuangkannya ke dalam cetakan pasir. Prosesnya meliputi pembuatan cetakan pasir, penuangan logam cair, pendinginan hingga pelepasan produk logam yang telah memejal. Teknik ini murah dan bahan mentahnya mudah didapat, meski dapat menghasilkan kecacatan akibat gas atau ketidaksempurnaan cet
Penyemperitan adalah proses mengeluarkan billet logam melalui die menggunakan tekanan. Terdapat beberapa jenis proses penyemperitan seperti langsung, tidak langsung, dan hidrostatik. Kecacatan yang mungkin timbul termasuk keretakan permukaan, kecacatan paip, dan keretakan dalam akibat tegangan. Langkah-langkah pencegahan seperti mengawal suhu dan geseran perlu diambil untuk menghasilkan produ
Modul ini membahas tentang alat-alat pemotong, aplikasi, dan pemeliharaannya. Alat-alat pemotong yang dijelaskan termasuk gergaji besi, kikir, pahat logam, dan gerudi. Penjelasan mencakup definisi, jenis, cara penggunaan, dan pemeliharaan masing-masing alat.
Effect Of CaO, FeO, MgO, SiO2 and Al2O3 Content of Slag on Dephosphorization ...karun19
油
Phosphorus has atomic number 15 and it can give up all 5 electrons from its outermost shell to become P5+ or accept 3 electrons to become P3- to attain stable configuration.
This means that phosphorus can be removed both under oxidizing as well as reducing conditions.
But removal of phosphorus under reducing conditions is not practical since its removal is highly hazardous.
Thus P removal is practised mostly under oxidizing conditions(i.e. in Basic Oxygen Furnace).
Kecacatan kimpalan dapat terjadi akibat faktor manusia maupun teknis. Tiga faktor utama penyebab kecacatan adalah kesalahan dalam teknik mengimpal, parameter kimpalan yang tidak sesuai, dan ketidakbersihan logam asas. Untuk mencegah kecacatan, perlu memperhatikan teknik mengimpal, parameter kimpalan, dan membersihkan logam sebelum proses kimpalan.
Dokumen tersebut memberikan pengenalan mengenai langkah-langkah keselamatan, teknik, dan jenis-jenis kecacatan dalam proses kimpalan arka serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya."
Dokumen ini membahas proses rawatan haba pada logam dan keluli untuk mengubah mikrostruktur dan sifat mekanikalnya. Terdapat empat jenis proses rawatan haba yaitu penyepuhlindapan, penormalan, pengerasan, dan pembajaan, yang masing-masing melibatkan suhu dan proses penyejukan tertentu untuk mencapai hasil yang diinginkan. Proses ini penting untuk mengoptimalkan sifat mekanikal bahan sesuai ke
Sistem kawalan berangka berkomputer (CNC) menggunakan kemampuan komputer untuk menyimpan dan menjalankan program guna mengendalikan sebahagian atau keseluruhan tugas asas mesin. Prinsip asas CNC termasuk unit asas panjang, sistem titik ke titik, dan sistem jalan berterusan untuk menggerakkan alat atau bahan kerja.
1) The document discusses the principles of shielded gas arc welding, specifically TIG and MIG welding. It aims to explain the techniques, equipment, and advantages/disadvantages of each process.
2) TIG welding uses a non-consumable tungsten electrode within an inert gas shield to produce an arc for welding. MIG welding uses a consumable wire electrode and an inert gas shield.
3) The document covers TIG welding equipment, joint preparation, power sources, torch design, and electrode selection. It also briefly discusses MIG welding.
Dokumen tersebut merupakan ringkasan proses sand casting, yaitu teknik pembuatan produk logam dengan mencairkan logam dan menuangkannya ke dalam cetakan pasir. Prosesnya meliputi pembuatan cetakan pasir, penuangan logam cair, pendinginan hingga pelepasan produk logam yang telah memejal. Teknik ini murah dan bahan mentahnya mudah didapat, meski dapat menghasilkan kecacatan akibat gas atau ketidaksempurnaan cet
Penyemperitan adalah proses mengeluarkan billet logam melalui die menggunakan tekanan. Terdapat beberapa jenis proses penyemperitan seperti langsung, tidak langsung, dan hidrostatik. Kecacatan yang mungkin timbul termasuk keretakan permukaan, kecacatan paip, dan keretakan dalam akibat tegangan. Langkah-langkah pencegahan seperti mengawal suhu dan geseran perlu diambil untuk menghasilkan produ
Modul ini membahas tentang alat-alat pemotong, aplikasi, dan pemeliharaannya. Alat-alat pemotong yang dijelaskan termasuk gergaji besi, kikir, pahat logam, dan gerudi. Penjelasan mencakup definisi, jenis, cara penggunaan, dan pemeliharaan masing-masing alat.
Effect Of CaO, FeO, MgO, SiO2 and Al2O3 Content of Slag on Dephosphorization ...karun19
油
Phosphorus has atomic number 15 and it can give up all 5 electrons from its outermost shell to become P5+ or accept 3 electrons to become P3- to attain stable configuration.
This means that phosphorus can be removed both under oxidizing as well as reducing conditions.
But removal of phosphorus under reducing conditions is not practical since its removal is highly hazardous.
Thus P removal is practised mostly under oxidizing conditions(i.e. in Basic Oxygen Furnace).
Kecacatan kimpalan dapat terjadi akibat faktor manusia maupun teknis. Tiga faktor utama penyebab kecacatan adalah kesalahan dalam teknik mengimpal, parameter kimpalan yang tidak sesuai, dan ketidakbersihan logam asas. Untuk mencegah kecacatan, perlu memperhatikan teknik mengimpal, parameter kimpalan, dan membersihkan logam sebelum proses kimpalan.
Dokumen tersebut memberikan pengenalan mengenai langkah-langkah keselamatan, teknik, dan jenis-jenis kecacatan dalam proses kimpalan arka serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya."
Dokumen ini membahas proses rawatan haba pada logam dan keluli untuk mengubah mikrostruktur dan sifat mekanikalnya. Terdapat empat jenis proses rawatan haba yaitu penyepuhlindapan, penormalan, pengerasan, dan pembajaan, yang masing-masing melibatkan suhu dan proses penyejukan tertentu untuk mencapai hasil yang diinginkan. Proses ini penting untuk mengoptimalkan sifat mekanikal bahan sesuai ke
Sistem kawalan berangka berkomputer (CNC) menggunakan kemampuan komputer untuk menyimpan dan menjalankan program guna mengendalikan sebahagian atau keseluruhan tugas asas mesin. Prinsip asas CNC termasuk unit asas panjang, sistem titik ke titik, dan sistem jalan berterusan untuk menggerakkan alat atau bahan kerja.
1) The document discusses the principles of shielded gas arc welding, specifically TIG and MIG welding. It aims to explain the techniques, equipment, and advantages/disadvantages of each process.
2) TIG welding uses a non-consumable tungsten electrode within an inert gas shield to produce an arc for welding. MIG welding uses a consumable wire electrode and an inert gas shield.
3) The document covers TIG welding equipment, joint preparation, power sources, torch design, and electrode selection. It also briefly discusses MIG welding.
The document discusses various methods for measuring elements of screw threads, including:
1) Major diameter can be measured using a micrometer.
2) Minor diameter can be measured using a micrometer with shaped anvils or micrometer and vee pieces.
3) Mean diameter is best measured using the three-wire method with a micrometer.
4) An optical comparator can also be used to check thread form by projecting an enlarged shadow.
The document is a chapter from a story that describes a young monk visiting an old blind hermit for instruction. The hermit recounts how, after being tortured and wandering blind, he was taken to a shrine where beings told him they were "Gardeners of the Earth" who travel between universes. They healed the hermit and told him they would reveal the true origins of life on Earth so he could pass this knowledge to others. The hermit is now sharing this story with the young monk so he can spread the message to the world.
This document is an introduction to the book "Thiaoouba Prophecy" which details reported events that the author, Michel Desmarquet, claims to have experienced personally. He describes being taken from his home by a being named Thao, who explains to him that he has been brought to a parallel universe where time is suspended. In this parallel universe, people from Earth who were accidentally transported there through natural "warps" between universes can exist indefinitely without aging. The introduction sets up the unusual story that Desmarquet then plans to recount from his experiences.
1. The document discusses divisibility rules and properties of numbers including: a) If b divides a and c divides b, then c divides a. b) The greatest common divisor (GCD) of two numbers is the largest positive integer that divides both numbers. c) The GCD of a and b is the largest number that divides both a and b completely with no remainder.
2. Examples are provided to illustrate divisibility rules for various numbers. For numbers like 9, 3 divides it and the quotient is an integer, so its number is divisible by 3.
3. The Euclidean algorithm is described as a method to efficiently find the GCD of two numbers a and b by repeatedly finding the remainder
Unit ini membahas masalah-masalah utama dalam sistem hidraulik seperti kesan beban dan kelajuan berlebihan pada pompa yang dapat mengurangkan umur komponen, masalah peronggaan akibat pengendalian yang tidak tepat, kebocoran sistem, dan masalah pada silinder seperti kebocoran dan kelambatan gerakan. Dokumen ini juga menjelaskan panduan untuk memilih cairan hidraulik yang ideal berdasarkan sifatnya se
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Control charts are statistical tools used to monitor processes and distinguish between common and special cause variations. They graphically display process stability over time and can provide early warnings if a process becomes out of control. The X-bar and R chart is used for variables data with subgroup sizes of 2-15. It involves calculating the mean and range for each subgroup, then determining control limits based on the grand mean and average range. Patterns outside the control limits or showing trends over time indicate the process may need investigation.
The document provides an introduction to relays and contactors. It defines relays as electromagnetically actuated switches that use a magnetic field created by a coil to switch contacts. Relays are used to switch small outputs and currents, while contactors are used to switch larger outputs and currents. The document discusses relay and contactor symbols, diagrams, types, and provides a comparison of their key differences. Specifically, it notes that relays have a clapper-type armature and single contact separation, while contactors have a lifting armature and double contact separation.
This document provides an overview of quality concepts including definitions of quality, zero defects, customers, quality terms and concepts, inspection, sampling, and the differences between SPC and acceptance sampling. It defines quality as meeting customer expectations and conforming to specifications. Zero defects aims for no product or service defects. Customers are critical to quality and satisfaction. Total quality management, continuous improvement, six sigma, and PDCA model are quality approaches. Inspection and sampling are used to check for defects. SPC monitors processes while acceptance sampling accepts or rejects lots.
The document discusses attribute control charts which are used to monitor quality characteristics that can only have discrete responses like pass/fail rather than continuous variable measurements. It provides information on the different types of attribute control charts including P, NP, C, and U charts. The key steps for constructing these charts are outlined which include collecting data, calculating control limits, and plotting sample points to check if the process is in control. Formulas for calculating control limits of each chart type are also presented along with examples of how to construct and interpret P, NP, C and U charts.
This document discusses acceptance sampling, which is used to determine whether to accept or reject a sample based on predetermined quality levels. It defines key terms and outlines the advantages and disadvantages. Various sampling plans are described, including single, double, and multiple sampling plans. The operating characteristic curve is explained as a graph showing the probability of accepting lots at various quality levels. Producers' and consumers' risks are defined. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating acceptance probabilities using Poisson distributions and constructing operating characteristic curves.
Mortar is a construction material used to bind masonry blocks like stone, brick, and cinder blocks. Historically, early mortars were made of mud and clay while modern mortars typically contain sand, a binder like cement or lime, and water. Different types of mortars include polymer cement mortar, Portland cement mortar, lime mortar, pozzolana mortar, and firestop mortar. Each type has different properties related to strength, permeability, flexibility, and fire resistance.
The document discusses different categories of quality costs: presentation costs, appraisal costs, internal failure costs, and external failure costs. It provides examples of costs that fall under each category and explains how tracking quality costs can help companies identify areas for improvement and prioritize quality initiatives. Quality costs can be optimized by finding the right balance between prevention costs and failure costs.
This document provides an overview of mechanical components and maintenance for a Malaysian polytechnic handbook. It covers topics such as maintenance principles, procedures, lubrication, power transmission, bearings, clutches and brakes, pumps, valves and compressors. The document includes learning outcomes, definitions of maintenance, types of maintenance such as breakdown, preventive and predictive, and discusses safety practices, tools, costs and other aspects of maintenance. Chapters cover specific mechanical systems and components, how to inspect and maintain them, and develop maintenance procedures and checklists. Practical assemblies and disassemblies of components are also suggested as examples.
This document provides an overview of basic statistics concepts. It defines statistics, describes who uses statistics, and outlines descriptive and inferential statistics. It also defines types of variables, population and sample, measures of central tendency including mean, median and mode, and measures of dispersion including range, variance and standard deviation. Frequency distribution is discussed as a method to organize grouped quantitative data into classes with their frequencies. The normal curve is briefly mentioned as well.
This document discusses transfer functions and their derivation from electrical circuits and control systems. It begins by defining a transfer function as the ratio of the Laplace transform of the output variable to the Laplace transform of the input variable. Examples are then given of deriving transfer functions from simple RLC circuits by applying Kirchhoff's laws and taking the Laplace transform. The document also discusses deriving transfer functions from block diagrams of open-loop and closed-loop control systems and provides rules for reducing complex block diagrams to a single transfer function relating the input to the output.
The document provides an introduction to programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It begins by stating the objectives of understanding PLC terminology, history, functions, advantages, and basic programming. It then explains what a PLC is and discusses its terminology, historical background, functions, advantages, basic components and instructions. Specific topics covered include the evolution of PLCs since 1968; their uses in various industries; how they can replace hard-wired relay systems; and how programming PLCs involves using ladder logic diagrams to represent circuits.
The document discusses piping and instrumentation drawings (PNIDs) which include components of pneumatic control systems and hydraulic control systems. It defines PNIDs and states their objectives. The basic components of pneumatic systems are compressors, air tanks, air dryers, regulators, directional control valves, and actuators. Basic hydraulic system components are pumps, motors or cylinders, oil tanks, and valves. It also compares the advantages of pneumatic and hydraulic systems and provides their symbols.
This document provides an overview of principles of controllers. It begins by stating the objectives of understanding basic controller concepts and components. It then defines controllers as devices that receive input from a transmitter and set point, and send output to control valves. The main controller components are identified as the comparator mechanism, controller, and feedback mechanism. Several types of controllers are described, including proportional, integral, derivative, and combinations of these. Schematics are provided to illustrate how different controller types operate based on error signals. Advantages and disadvantages of each controller type are also summarized.
Control systems are used in many fields like industries, homes, and medical equipment. They are classified as open-loop or closed-loop systems. Open-loop systems operate independently of feedback, while closed-loop systems incorporate feedback to reduce errors between the actual and desired output. Examples of open-loop systems include washing machines and electric kettles, while closed-loop systems include automatic toasters and refrigerators. Block diagrams are used in control engineering to show the functions and signal flows between components.
This document provides information on the module E3145 Basic Control System taught at Politeknik Johor Bahru in Malaysia. It includes biographies of the two module writers, Salmah Thukiman and Noor Fadzillah Abdullah. The module is divided into 6 units covering topics such as introduction to control systems, principles of controllers, piping and instrumentation drawing, relays and contactors, programmable logic controllers, and transfer functions. The document also lists general objectives, prerequisites, teaching resources and 10 references for the module.
The document discusses the structure of materials at the atomic level. It explains that the internal structure of materials, including the arrangement of atoms and bonds between atoms, determines properties and behaviors. There are four main types of atomic structure: crystalline solids with repeating patterns have defined properties, while amorphous solids lack order; molecules are formed by chemical bonds between different atoms; compounds contain two or more elements; and mixtures combine substances without chemical bonds. The structures of metals are explained by metallic bonds in which valence electrons are delocalized among the whole structure.
The document discusses rapid prototyping (RP), which allows prototypes to be made from a CAD model in hours or days rather than weeks. It describes various RP technologies including stereolithography, solid ground curing, droplet deposition manufacturing, laminated object manufacturing, fused deposition modeling, and selective laser sintering. These technologies differ in their starting materials, which can be liquids, solids like sheets, or powders, and how layers are added to build the final part in a layer-by-layer process from the CAD model.
The document discusses computer numerical control (CNC) systems. It begins by outlining the objectives of understanding CNC concepts and principles, components of a CNC system, point-to-point and contouring systems, and writing simple CNC milling programs. It then provides introductions to CNC operations, industrial applications including metal machining and forming, CNC axis conventions, and the main sub-units of CNC machines including the machine tool, control unit, and control system.
This document discusses gears and gearing concepts. It begins by introducing gears and their uses in power transmission applications. It then describes various types of gears including spur gears, internal gears, helical gears, herringbone gears, bevel gears, miter gears, angular bevel gears, hypoid gears, worm and worm gears, and rack and pinion gears. The document also defines common gear terminology like addendum, dedendum, pitch diameter, pitch circle, etc. It discusses measuring and testing gears using a gear tooth vernier caliper and the plug method. The objectives are to understand gear types and functions, know the parts of gears, and understand spur gear measurement.
1. CHAPTER 3 :
IRON AND STEEL
PRODUCTION
息 Mechanical Engineering Department
2. CHAPTER 3 : IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION
JF302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
1
Types of Iron Ore
2
Characteristics of Iron Ore
3
Iron Production Process
4
Steel Production Process
3. CHAPTER 3 : IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION
JF302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
besi
adalah unsur dalam jadual berkala yang
mempunyai simbol Fe dan nombor atom 26
besi
adalah logam yang dihasilkan dari bijih besi
dan jarang dijumpai dalam keadaan unsur bebas
besi
merupakan logam utama dan paling banyak
penggunaannya
sifat-sifat
fizikalnya boleh diubahsuai
harganya
murah dan mudah didapati
kebanyakan
besi yang digunakan tidak berada
dalam keadaan tulin
4. CHAPTER 3 : IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION
JF302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
batuan
yang mengandungi mineral-mineral besi
dan unsur-unsur lain
terdiri
daripada sebatian atau unsur-unsur lain
seperti oksida, sulfida, belerang, silikon dan
sebagainya
mempunyai
warna yang berbeza-beza
merupakan
bahan utama dalam pengeluaran besi
jongkong
ianya
tidak berada dalam bentuk tulin
5. CHAPTER 3 : IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION
JF302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
6. CHAPTER 3 : IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION
JF302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
mempunyai
40% - 65% kandungan besi
merupakan
bijih besi yang terbanyak sekali
didapati
berwarna
hitam coklat hingga kemerah-merahan
7. CHAPTER 3 : IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION
mempunyai
didapati
JF302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
72.4% kandungan besi
dalam bentuk tanah atau batu- bata
mempunyai
berwarna
sifat-sifat magnet
kehitam-hitaman
8. CHAPTER 3 : IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION
mempunyai
JF302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
kandungan besi sebanyak 50% dan
50% belerang
warnanya
didapati
agak keemasan
dalam bentuk hablur
9. CHAPTER 3 : IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION
JF302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
mengandungi
besi sebayak 20% - 55% dan
kandungan air sebanyak 40%
warnanya
adalah kuning coklat, tetapi apabila
air dikeluarkan ianya akan bertukar warna bijih
hematit
10. CHAPTER 3 : IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION
mempunyai
warnanya
25% - 30% kandungan besi
kemerah-merahan atau kehitam-
hitaman
diperolehi
JF302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
dalam bentuk batu-bata
11. CHAPTER 3 : IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION
mempunyai
JF302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
kandungan besi kurang daripada
30% dan selainnya kandungan karbon dan
fosforus
Warna
bijihnya kelabu
12. CHAPTER 3 : IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION
mempunyai
JF302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
kandungan sulfur sebanyak 50%
berwarna
keemasan
diperolehi
dalam bentuk batu-bata
13. CHAPTER 3 : IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION
mempunyai
JF302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
50% kandungan silikon
boleh dibahagikan kepada beberapa jenis iaitu
kamosite, stillprunit, gururite dan minnesotite
14. CHAPTER 3 : IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION
mempunyai
berwarna
boleh
JF302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
kandungan besi sebanyak 30%
coklat kekuning-kuningan
dikelaskan mengikut jenis `gauge' yang
wujud iaitu sama ada `gauge' yang kaya dengan
silika atau yang kaya dengan kalsium oksida
(CaO)
15. CHAPTER 3 : IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION
JF302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
1. Gred
- mengandungi sebanyak mungkin oksida besi
2. Kepadatan
- tidak terlalu padat atau terlalu rapuh.
3. Ketulenan
- mempunyai kandungan bahan asing yang serendah
mungkin
4. Keseragaman
- mempunyai komposisi yang seragam dari sekelompok
ke sekelompok yang lain
16. CHAPTER 3 : IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION
JF302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
17. CHAPTER 3 : IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION
JF302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
Step 1 :
Concentration
Step 2 :
Calcination
Step 3 :
Smelting
The ore is crushed in
crushers and is broken
to small pieces. It is
concentrated with
gravity separation
process in which it is
washed with water to
remove clay, sand ,
etc.
The ore is then heated
in absence of air
(calcined). This
results in
decomposition of
carbonates into oxides
and then ferrous oxide
is converted into Ferric
Oxide.
The concentrated ore is
mixed with calculated
quantity of coke,
limestone and the
mixture is put in the
Blast Furnace from
top.
FeCO3 FeO + CO 2
4FeO + O 2 2Fe 2 CO3
18. CHAPTER 3 : IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION
JF302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
Blast furnace consists of a vertical steel shell ~100 ft high &
~ 21 ft dia and lined with refractory material.
It has a charging arrangement (Bell & Cone) at the top. Raw
material is charged by a skip car through this charging
mechanism into the blast furnace.
It has a means of running off Pig iron & Slag at the bottom.
Air is blown in near the bottom of the furnace. This forced
draught increases the speed of combustion & maintains the
necessary high temperature.
Cooling water is circulated around the Bosh area in order to
protect the furnace from high temp.
19. CHAPTER 3 : IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION
JF302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
20. CHAPTER 3 : IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION
JF302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
bahan
mentah dibawa ke bahagian atas relau dengan
menggunakan kereta penangkut
ia
dimasukkan ke dalam relau melalui pengagih
bergerak dan melalui penggunaan loceng
loceng
gas
ini berfungsi utk mengawal kehilangan beban
udara
panas yang berterusan disemburkan melalui
sebilangan bukaan yang dipanggil `TUYER'
dandang
digunakan untuk memanaskan udara
sehingga 1100 oC
21. CHAPTER 3 : IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION
JF302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
udara
disejukkan dan gas panas mengalir secara
berulang-ulang pada arah yang bertentangan
melalui dandang
untuk
membekalkan semburan panas yang
berterusan, setiap relau mempunyai beberapa
dandang yang bekerja secara bergilir-gilir
besi
besi
dikeluarkan dari relau setiap 2 jam
lebur dan sangga di keluarkan berasingan
melalui lubang penirusan di bahagian bawah
22. CHAPTER 3 : IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION
JF302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
23. CHAPTER 3 : IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION
JF302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
24. CHAPTER 3 : IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION
JF302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
bijih besi + arang kok + batu kapur + udara
besi + sangga + gas
pembakaran
karbon dalam arang kok dengan
oksigen dalam semburan udara
reduksi oksida kepada besi
memfluskan `gauge' bijih besi dan abu dengan
menggunakan batu kapur.
25. CHAPTER 3 : IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION
modal
JF302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
dan kos operasi yang tinggi
pengawalan
komposisi besi adalah agak
lemah
relau
kecil yang menggunakan arang kok
adalah tidak cekap
26. CHAPTER 3 : IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION
JF302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
Untuk
menghasilkan satu tan besi jongkong, kita
memerlukan bahan mentah seperti berikut :
2 tan bijih besi + 1 tan arang kok+ 1/2 tan batu kapor
1 tan besi
* Bahan mentah ini mestilah dicampurkan semua sekali
27. CHAPTER 3 : IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION
digunakan
JF302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
untuk melebur bijih besi untuk
dijadikan besi jongkong.
besi jongkong mengandungi 93% besi tulin, 3%
- 5% karbon, silika, belerang, fosforus dan
manggan.
bahan utama untuk membuat besi tuang, besi
tempa dan keluli.
sangga digunakan untuk membuat jalan raya
dan blok bangunan.
28. CHAPTER 3 : IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION
JF302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
29. CHAPTER 3 : IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION
Di permulaan, ia adalah BESI...
emudian, ia menjadi BESI TUANG...
...akhirnya, KELULI
JF302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
30. CHAPTER 3 : IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION
merupakan
JF302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
logam yang sangat berharga
jenis
logam yang paling banyak dan meluas
digunakan
dihasilkan
melalui proses pengoksidaan yang
mengurangkan jumlah karbon, silikon, mangan,
forforus dan sulfur di dalam campuran besi
jongkong lebur dan keluli sekerap
31. CHAPTER 3 : IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION
JF302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
1. Dalam bidang pembinaan
jambatan dan bangunan .....
2. Dalam sektor automotif ....
3. Untuk kegunaan harian :
tin, periuk, bekas dll
32. CHAPTER 3 : IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION
JF302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
33. CHAPTER 3 : IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION
JF302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
ia menggunakan oksigen tulin
boleh bergerak secara mengufuk dan menegak
semasa
keadaan condong, relau diisi dengan besi cair
dan 30% besi sekerap
semasa
keadaan tegak, pancutan oksigen dengan
kelajuan tinggi dihala kepermukaan kandungan cairan
Oksigen
ini disejukkan dengan menggunakan air
34. CHAPTER 3 : IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION
Sebahagian
JF302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
karbon ditukar menjadi oksida berbentuk gas
Sangga
terhasil apabila oksida bertindakbalas dengan
batu kapor
relau
dicondongkan ke kedudukan mengufuk untuk
mengeluarkan keluli lembut lebur
relau
dapat
diterbalikkan untuk mengeluarkan sangga
mengeluarkan keluli yang bermutu tinggi dengan
cepat iaitu 80 tan sejam
35. CHAPTER 3 : IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION
JF302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
36. CHAPTER 3 : IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION
JF302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
mempunyai
keupayaan yang tinggi serta mudah
untuk dikendalikan
penggunaan
sesuai
kadar oksigen yang rendah
untuk peningkatan gred bagi keluli
menggunakan
oksigen asli yang dibekalkan
secara jet
mengeluarkan
120 tan keluli dalam masa 4 jam.
37. CHAPTER 3 : IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION
JF302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
mempunyai bentuk melekung seperti sebuah selinder
cembung
diperbuat daripada keluli dan disaluti dengan bata yang
kalis haba
Penutupnya boleh dialihkan dan terdapat tiga laluan atau
bukaan yang mana elektrod karbon boleh digerakkan
dengan bebas
menggunakan penyejuk yang melalui saluran tembaga di
luar relau
38. CHAPTER 3 : IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION
JF302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
1. Pengecasan
bahan
cas yang mengandungi sekerap keluli, pig iron,
besi oksida dan kapur dimasukkan ke dalam relau
arus
elektrik dialirkan ke elektrod karbon untuk
membekalkan arka elektrik
39. CHAPTER 3 : IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION
JF302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
2. Peleburan
arka
elektrik dengan haba yang tinggi akan meleburkan
bahan cas beroksigen
silikon,
mangganes dan fosforus mula teroksid dan bercampur
dengan kapur untuk membentuk sangga asas
tiada
logam yang hilang kerana elektrod karbon yang terbakar
40. CHAPTER 3 : IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION
JF302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
3. Pengasingan
perpindahan
fosforus bergantung kepada sangga asas dalam
kalsium oksida
kapur,
flourospar dan besi oksida dicampur untuk membentuk
sangga yang bertindakbalas dengan bendasing
keluli
FeS
berkomposisi yang dikehendakki terbentuk
+ CaO + C
CaS + Fe + CO
41. CHAPTER 3 : IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION
JF302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
4. Pengakhiran
Keluli
dioksidakan menggunakan aluminium,
Silikon atau Ferro-Mangganes
Untuk
Ferro-
mengambil keluli, sangga dikait atau dituang daripada
permukaannya dahulu kemudian diasingkan atau dialirkan
melalui lubang/saluran keluar dengan mencondongkan relau
42. CHAPTER 3 : IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION
JF302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
perpindahan atau perubahan sulfur adalah bersesuaian.
pembakaran dapat dikawal dan diatur dengan lebih
berkesan.
tiada gas pengoksidaan menghasilkan keluli berkualiti
tinggi.
suhu boleh dikawal dengan tepat.
penambahan elemen aloi boleh dibuat dengan betul.
relau ini bebas dari kekotoran dan asap.
43. CHAPTER 3 : IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION
JF302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
1. Terangkan secara ringkas TIGA (3) jenis bijih besi yang
terdapat di permukaan bumi.
2. Sebutkan TIGA (3) jenis relau untuk menghasilkan
pengeluaran bahan tersebut.
i. Besi.
ii. Keluli.
3. Apakah bahan cas yang dimasukkan ke dalam relaurelau berikut :
i. Relau Bagas.
ii. Relau Arka Elektrik.