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LESSON-2-METHOS-OF-PHILOSOPHIZING ppt.pptx
- 2. 1. MUST BE TRUTHFUL INORDER TO GAIN VALIDITY AND ACCEPTANCE
- 3. 2. They are one persons view about a topic or issue.
- 4. 3.It is the art and science of correct thinking.
- 5. 4. Making your reasoning correct and weighing what is probable and what is true.
- 6. 5. All things are created by God. Trees are examples of things. Therefore, Trees are created by God.
- 7. 6.It brings varied perception over a thing to a common end.
- 8. 7. Mango is a tree. All trees are color green. Therefore, Mango is color green
- 9. 8. It is also known as General to specific.
- 10. 9. What is mean by specific to general.
- 11. 10. They require further examination to establish whether it is true or false.
- 12. HOW DO WE KNOW IF THEY ARE TELLING THE TRUTH?
- 13. PHILOSOPHY- CONCERNED WITH DETERMINING THE TRUTH. KNOWLEDGE MUST BE TRUTHFUL INORDER TO GAIN VALIDITY AND ACCEPTANCE
- 14. Propositions are statements about the world or reality which may or may not carry truth. Propositions which are observed to be real or truthful are considered FACTS.
- 15. There are statements, however, that are not evidently or immediately known to be true and they are called CLAIMS. They require further examination to establish whether it is true or false.
- 16. UNLEARN SO THAT WE MAY LEARN ANEW HOW DO WE KNOW IF SOMETHING IS TRUE? PHILOSOPHERS QUESTIONED WHAT THEY KNEW AND EVEN ANALYZED THEIR METHODS OF KNOWING IN ORDER TO UNDERSTAND. NATURE OF KNOWLEDGE AND HOW WE KNOW WHAT WE KNOW
- 17. 1. A BELIEF IS TRUE IF IT CAN BE JUSTIFIED OR PROVEN THROUGH THE USE OF ONES SENSES I AM ALIVE I HAVE A BODY I CAN BREATHE. AM I ALIVE? DO I HAVE A BODY? CAN I BREATHE? I AM ALIVE! I HAVE A BODY! I CAN BREATHE!
- 18. 2. A BELIEF OR STATEMENT IS TRUE IF IT IS BASED ON FACTS. I AM A FILIPINO. AM I A FILIPINO?
- 19. GETTING EVERYONE AGREE 3. GETTING A CONSENSUS OR HAVING PEOPLE AGREE ON A COMMON BELIEF
- 20. 4. REQUIRES A PERSON TO PROVE A STATEMENT THROUGH AN ACTION AND SUBJECTED TO TEST I CAN PLAY BASKETBALL. I CAN FRY EGGS. I UNDERSTAND THE LESSON.
- 21. FACT AND OPINION
- 22. FACT A fact is a statement that can be proven true. Statements that can be verified. They can be proven true or false. Signal words to convey facts: confirm, discovered, according to, and demonstrated
- 23. OPINION An opinion expresses someones belief, feeling, view, idea, or judgement about something. They are neither true or false. They are one persons view about a topic or issue
- 24. OPINION Signal words to convey opinion: claimed, view, argues, and suspect Biased words: bad, good, better, best, worst Qualifiers: all, always, never, seem, possibly, probably
- 25. SEATWORK: FACT OR OPINION 1. Reina Mercedes reached 42.2 degrees Fahrenheit making it the hottest city in the Philippines. 2. Dry cough may be one of the symptoms of COVID-19. 3. Ma. Lourdes R. Saguban is the Municipal Mayor of Reina Mercedes. 4. Staying in extremely hot places can protect you from COVID. 5. Reading books of different disciplines can make you successful.
- 26. 6. Batil patong, a kind of pancit delicacy is the most delicious food in Cagayan. 7. Sweeping at night according to some Filipino beliefs drives richest away. 8. Drinking liquor is prohibited to minors ages 17 below. 9. San Juanico bridge is not only the most beautiful but the longest bridge in the Philippines. 10. All students have the same IQ.
- 27. ANSWER KEY
- 28. 1.O 2. F 3. F 4.O 5. O 6. O 7.O 8. F 9. O 10.O
- 31. 1. LOGIC- is the art and science of correct thinking.
- 32. The foundation of a logical argument is its proposition, or statement. The proposition is either accurate or not accurate.
- 33. 2. EXISTENTIALISM- is a philosophical view that assert the individuality of a human person.
- 34. 3. ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY- assumption of truth only becomes true after it shall have gone through validation.
- 35. 4. PHENOMENOLOGY- bring varied perception over a thing to a common end. *experiences w/out explanation
- 36. LOGIC allows you to think accordingly about anything, making your reasoning correct and weighing what is probable and what is true.
- 37. Deductive reasoning GENERAL TO SPECIFIC
- 38. Deductive reasoning Premises: All teachers are smart. Some smart people are studious. Conclusion: Some smart people are teachers.
- 39. Deductive reasoning Premises: All students are kind. Pedro is a student. Conclusion: Pedro is kind.
- 40. Inductive reasoning SPECIFIC TO GENERAL
- 41. Inductive reasoning Premises: Going to public places increases the high possibility to acquire Covid 19. Rose goes to the market everyday.
- 42. Conclusion:Therefore, Rose is Covid 19 infected.
- 43. Inductive reasoning Premises: Jose is a drunkard. Jay is one of the brothers of Jose.
- 44. Conclusion: Jay and his other brothers are also drunkard.
- 45. DEDUCTIVE OR INDUCTIVE 1. All animals have four legs. All creatures who have four legs are fast in running. Therefore, all animals are fast in running. Deductive
- 46. DEDUCTIVE OR INDUCTIVE 2. Mango is a tree. All trees are color green. Therefore, Mango is color green Inductive
- 47. DEDUCTIVE OR INDUCTIVE 3. Some animals are dangerous. Pigs are animals. Therefore, all animals are pig. Inductive
- 48. DEDUCTIVE OR INDUCTIVE 4. All students are doing their homework. Maricel is doing her homework. Therefore, Maricel is a students. Deductive
- 49. DEDUCTIVE OR INDUCTIVE 5. All things are created by God. Trees are examples of things. Therefore, Trees are created by God Deductive
- 51. CLASSIC JOKE Teacher: Juan, do you believe in God? Juan: Yes Sir. Teacher: Juan, have you seen God? Juan: Not yet Sir? Teacher: Juan, to see is to believe. If you have not seen God, therefore, there is no God.
- 52. Juan: May I ask you sir? Teacher: Yes Juan. Juan: Have you seen your brain Sir? Teacher: NO? Juan: Classmates, lets go home, our teacher do not have brain.
- 54. METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING Apply the Socratic method Evaluate fallacies in the arguments Determine biases Evaluate opinion
- 55. SOCRATIC METHOD Give an initial definition of a thing or concept Look for characteristics not captured in the initial definition(question) Give new definition by looking into its essence or purpose
- 56. TYPE OF FALLACIES A number of arguments may be based on faulty reasoning
- 57. 1. AD HOMINEM Attacking the person presenting the argument instead of the argument itself. Ex: These soldiers who fought in the war are all bloodthirsty murderers!
- 58. 2. APPEAL TO FORCE Using the threat of force or an undesirable event to advance an argument Ex: If the peace agreement will not be signed by the government, then we will have no recourse but go to war.
- 59. 3. APPEAL TO POPULAR The idea is presented as acceptable because a lot of people accept it Ex: Marriage should be between a man and a woman. It should remain today and in the future.
- 60. 4. APPEAL TO EMOTION Using emotions such as pity or sympathy Ex: All these charges are baseless; this is just plain harassment- cant you see how this affecting my family.
- 61. 5. FALLACY OF DIVISION Assuming that what is true for the whole is true for its parts Ex: You came from a family of doctors and intellectuals! Surely you can do better in this course.
- 62. 6. BEGINNING THE QUESTION Assuming the thing or idea to be proven is true; also known as circular argument Ex: I have a right to free speech; therefore, you cannot stop me from talking.
- 63. 7. CAUSE AND EFFECT Assuming a cause and effect relationship between unrelated events Ex: Ever since you bought that sweater, everything has been going wrong in your life. You should get rid of it.
- 64. 8. FALLACY OF COMPOSITION Assuming that what is true of a part is true for the whole Ex: These cases of robbery in this district have convinced me that the city has become a den of thieves and criminals.
- 65. ACTIVITY EXAMPLE: 89% of the entire Philippine population believes that he is corrupt, and I do not want to support this kind of government official. Appeal to popular
- 66. TYPE OF BIAS The personal views of the person presenting it.
- 67. 1. ATTRIBUTION EFFECT Tendency to judge a persons personality by his or her actions, w/out regard for external factors. Ex: These soldiers who fought in the war are all bloodthirsty murderers!
- 69. 2. CONFIRMATION BIAS Tendency to look for and readily accept information w/c fits ones own beliefs and to reject ideas that go against it. Ex: How can I accept his view that there is no God? I am a Christian.
- 71. Example: Confirmation bias During presidential elections, people tend to seek information that paints the candidate they support in a positive light, while dismissing any information that paints them in a negative light.
- 72. 3. FRAMING Focusing on a certain aspect of a problem while ignoring other aspects. Ex: Investigators are focusing on the possibility of pilot error.
- 74. 4. HINDSIGHT Tendency to see past events as predictable. Ex: There will come a time that the Philippines will be colonized again by the Americans.
- 76. 5. CONFLICT OF INTEREST A person or group is connected to or has a vested interest in the issue being discussed. Ex: As daughter of the accused, I believe I have the right to express my opinion on the issue.
- 78. 6. CULTURAL BIAS Analyzing an event or issue based on ones cultural standards. Ex: I do not agree with this Western practice of placing aged parents in the retirement homes. We Filipinos take care of our family members.
- 80. ACTIVITY Write 1 example of statement in each types of BIAS.
Editor's Notes
- #2: KNOWLEDGE
- #3: opinion
- #4: transcendence
- #5: logic
- #6: DEDUCTIVE
- #7: PHENOMENOLOGY
- #8: inductive
- #9: deductive
- #10: deductive
- #11: claims
- #34: UNDERGO pageant, classroom cleanliness
- #35: dejavu
- #36: POWER OF REASONING
- #43: MANGNGINUM
- #56: Maling pananaw a油mistaken油belief, especially one based on油unsound油argument. "the notion that the camera never lies is a fallacy"
- #57: Ang argumentong ad hominem, mas kilala sa tawag na argumentum ad hominem na may pakahulugan sa latin na argumento laban sa tao, ay isang logical fallacy na nagtataglay ng katangian katulad ng pag-atake sa personalidad ng nagbibigay ng argumento kaysa sa mismong argumento. In a debate, an ad hominem argument might look like: You have no idea what you're talking about; you've only lived here for six months.油It's hard to take your claims seriously because you spend your days playing video games.
- #58: Might makes right A friend who means a great deal to you desperately wants to be the top runner in the school. Before a track meet, your friend says to you, 'If you don't let me win the race, I can't be your friend anymore. Letting me win the race makes sense, don't you think?'
- #59: Majority: Most people want to buy a house, so it must be the best investment.油It's just common knowledge.
- #60: They're saying that what I did was a crime, but I'm not guilty, because if I am then I'll have to spend many horrible years in jail.
- #61: The United States is the richest country in the world. Therefore, everyone in the United States must be rich and live well. Because professional sports players are paid outrageous salaries, every professional sports player must be rich.
- #62: pagsusumamo sa tanong o hingin ang tanong o ipagmakaawa ang tanong ay isang lohikal na palasiya, na nangyayari kapag ang premisa ng argumento ay nagpapalagay na ang konklusyon ay totoo nang walang patunay na ito ay totoo Bakit mo siya mahal? Mahal ko siya kasi nga mahal ko siya
- #63: For example,油if we eat too much food and do not exercise, we gain weight. Eating food without exercising is the cause; weight gain is the effect. There may be multiple causes and multiple effects.
- #64: "This tire is made of rubber, therefore the vehicle of which it is a part is also made of rubber."油This is fallacious, because vehicles are made with a variety of parts, most of which are not made of rubber. Composition:油Each part of this chair is cheap, so the whole chair for sale must be cheap. Division: Healthy brains think. Healthy brains are comprised of nothing but brain cells. If healthy brains think, then the individual brain cells can think too. Kung sa division nilahat mo for example kilala ang family niyng matalino lahat damay matalinp, sa composition may isang magnanakaw sa family ang tingin mo na sa buong angkan ay mag nanakaw.
- #67: ttribution bias is油the tendency to explain a person's behaviour by referring to their character rather than any situational factor. Situation 油You're driving along the motorway and another car cuts in front of you in an erratic, haphazard way. Biased interpretation You might draw some conclusions about the other driver's character based on their poor driving. Perhaps you think they're rude, arrogant, or aggressive.
- #68: ttribution bias is油the tendency to explain a person's behaviour by referring to their character rather than any situational factor. Situation 油You're driving along the motorway and another car cuts in front of you in an erratic, haphazard way. Biased interpretation You might draw some conclusions about the other driver's character based on their poor driving. Perhaps you think they're rude, arrogant, or aggressive.
- #69: How would you can found a man, if you already dedicated to your career
- #70: How would you can found a man, if you already dedicated to your career
- #71: Ang pagkiling/bias sa kompirmasyon' ay kagawian ng mga tao na pumabor o pumili ng impormasyon na kumukumpirma o nagpapatunay ng kanilang mga paniniwala o pananaw
- #72: May specific point kanang tinitignan,
- #73: The油framing effect油is when our decisions are influenced by the way information is presented. Equivalent information can be more or less attractive depending on what features are highlighted.
- #74: History will repeat it self
- #75: you predicted you would earn 80 percent on your test but you only earned 70 percent.
- #76: 油occurs when an individual's personal interests family, friendships, financial, or social factors could compromise his or her judgment, decisions, or actions in the workplace
- #77: Representing a family member in court. Starting a business that competes with your full-time employer. Advising a client to invest in a company owned by your spouse. Hiring an unqualified relative or friend.
- #79: Examples of cultural bias in the workplace include油assuming that all Asians are good at math. If a manager sees John as an Asian person who is good with numbers but not people, he may never be given the opportunity to develop his people skills and he may eventually leave the company due to lack of opportunities.