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LESSON 2 METHODS OF PHILOSOPhyHIZING.ppt
- 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON ANALOU B. INFORNON Teacher- III
- 2. Which of the following statements are TRUE? The sun is the center of the solar system. Asia is the largest continent in the world. God made the world in seven days. A person must always consider the interests of his or her family before his or her happiness.
- 3. Were you able to easily judge the truthfulness of the statements? Which of the statements are obviously true? Which ones required more thought to determine their truthfulness?
- 4. INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON ANALOU B. INFORNON Teacher- III METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING
- 5. OBJECTIVES 1. Define the role of philosophy in determining truth and knowledge 2. Distinguish opinion from truth 3. Analyze situations that show the difference between opinion and truth 4. Realize that the methods of philosophy lead to wisdom and truth 5. Evaluate opinions.
- 6. What is TRUTH? Truth Lies at the heart of any inquiry Propositions Statements about the world or reality, may or may not carry truth and usually stated as short Statements or sentences.
- 7. Why is truth is it important?
- 8. What is knowledge? The clear awareness and understanding that we are able to determine what is true
- 9. Lets explore our knowledge. I know that . I know why.. I know how
- 10. What is FACTS? FACTS propositions or statements which are observed to be real or truthful.
- 11. What is CLAIM? CLAIM cannot be take as true since it is simply not immediately evident.
- 12. How do we know if something is true? Belief as a basis fro determining truth. How do we know that what we believe is true? How we know what we know?
- 13. I am alive. I have a body. I can breathe. Am I alive? Do I have a body? Can I breathe? I am alive! I have a body! I can breathe!
- 15. Philosophical views regarding truth/way to determine what is true A belief is true if it is justified or proven through the use of ones senses. A belief or statement is true if it is based on facts. Getting a consensus or having people agree on a common belief
- 16. Philosophical views regarding truth/way to determine what is true Determining truth in this case requires a person to prove a statement through an action. Claims and beliefs should also be subjected to tests to determine truth.
- 17. How can philosophy guide us in distinguishing truth from opinion? Pen and paper time!!!! Determine which one states fact or opinion
- 18. How can philosophy guide us in distinguishing truth from opinion? 1. It takes me 30 minutes to walk from my home to school. 2. Living near the school is better because we dont have to spend much for transportation. 3. My sister ate the last piece of pizza pie. 4. My sister is a selfish person because she ate last piece of pizza pie and did not share it with me.
- 19. How can philosophy guide us in distinguishing truth from opinion? 5. The policeman firmly pushed the suspect to his knees and placed him in handcuffs. 6. The aggressive manner by which the policeman arrested the suspect is an example of the brutality that characterizes our police force.
- 20. factual It takes me 30 minutes to walk from my home to school. My sister ate the last piece of pizza pie. The policeman firmly pushed the suspect to his knees and placed him in handcuffs.
- 21. opinions Living near the school is better because we dont have to spend much for transportation. My sister is a selfish person because she ate last piece of pizza pie and did not share it with me. The aggressive manner by which the policeman arrested the suspect is an example of the brutality that characterizes our police force.
- 22. What is opinion? Opinions These statements go beyond providing facts. They provide conclusions or perspectives regarding certain situations. Making arguments and convincing people that a certain claim is a fact.
- 23. Conclusion is a judgment based on a certain facts. Beliefs are statements that express convictions that are not easily and clearly explained by facts. Explanations are statements that assume the claim to be true and provide reasons why the statement is true.
- 24. Arguments a series of statements that provide reasons to convince the reader or listener that a claim or opinion is truthful. take the form of statements that are either claims of facts and are phrased in such a way that they seem reasonable. Arguments Fallacies A number of arguments may be based on faulty reasoning.
- 25. EXAMPLES OF FALLACIES Fallacy Characteristics Example ad hominem Attacking the person presenting the argument instead of the argument itself. Of course, he believes that the government is flawed, he is a rebel and a communist Appeal to force / ad baculum Using the threat of force or an undesirable event to advance an argument If this peace agreement will not be signed by the government then we will have no recourse but to go to war.
- 26. EXAMPLES OF FALLACIES Fallacy Characteristics Example Appeal to emotion ad Misericordiam Using emotions such as pity or sympathy all these charges are baseless; this is just plain harassment- cant you see how this is affecting my family
- 27. Fallacy Characteristics Examples appeal to the popular / ad papulum The idea is presented as acceptable because a lot of people accept it every boy your age already has a girlfriend, you should go find one! appeal to tradition The idea is acceptable because it has been true for a long time marriage should be between a man and a woman. It has been so for a long time in this country; it should remain so today and in the future. Begging the question Assuming the thing or idea to be proven is true; also known as circular arguments I have a right to free speech, therefore you cannot stop me from talking.
- 28. Fallacy Characteristics Examples Cause- and effect Assuming a cause and effect relationship between unrelated events ever since you bought that sweater, everything has been going wrong in your life. you should get rid of it. Fallacy of composition Assuming that what is true of a part is true for a whole these cases of robbery in this district have convinced me that the city has become a den of thieves and criminals. Fallacy of division Assuming that what is true for the whole is true for its parts you come from a family of doctors and intellectuals! surely you can do better in this course!
- 29. What is bias? Bias the personal views of the person presenting it. Biases are not necessarily errors in reasoning, but refer to tendencies or influences which affect the views of people.
- 30. Bias Characteristics Example correspondence bias or attribution effect Tendency to judge a persons personality by his or her actions, without regard for external factors or influences These soldiers who fought in the war are all blood thirsty murderers!. confirmation bias Tendency to look for readily accept information which fits ones own beliefs or views and to reject ideas or views that go against it how can I accept his view that there is no God? I am a Christian!. framing Focusing on a certain aspects of a problem while ignoring other aspects preliminary evidence has still not pointed out the actual cause of the plane crash, but investigators are currently focusing on the possibility of pilot error.
- 31. Bias Characteristics Example hindsight The tendency to see past events as predictable, or to ascribe a pattern to historical events. Magellans assault on Mactan Island was a foolhardy venture, made by an overconfident, careless man who underestimate the valor of the native Filipinos !. conflict of interest A person or group is connected to or has a vested interest in the issue being discussed As the daughter of the accused I believe I have the right to express my opinion on the issue of his alleged corrupt practices Cultural bias Analyzing an event or issue based on ones standards I do not agree with Western practice of placing aged parents in retirement homes. We Filipinos take care of our family members.
- 33. Assignment