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METHODS OF
PHILOSOPHIZING
LESSON 2

OBJECTIVES
2.1. Distinguish opinion from truth PPT11/12-Ic-2.1
2.2. Analyze situations that show the difference
between opinion and truth PPT11/12-Id-2.2
2.3. Realize that the methods of philosophy lead to
wisdom and truth PPT11/12-Id-2.3
2.4. Evaluate opinions PPT11/12-Ie-2.4

ACTIVITY
1. The sun is the center of the solar system.
2. Asia is the largest continent in the world.
3. God made the world in seven days
4. Man has the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
5. China’s continued presence in the Spratlys is a violation of international law.
6. A person must always consider the interest of his or her family before his or
her own happiness.
7. Citizens have the right to take up arms and overthrow an oppressive
government.
8. The President has done very little to uphold democracy and look after the
interests of the Filipino people.
Which of the following statements are TRUE?

Today, we
encounter a
lot of
information
from various
sources such
as media and
the internet.

Truth lies
at the
heart of
any
inquiry.
Knowledge
must be
fruitful to
gain
validity and
acceptance.

Philosophers
consider truth
as a kind of
quality or
value.
PROPOSITIONS
are statements
about the world or
reality and may or
may not carry truth.

What is truth
and
why is it important?

KNOWLEDG
E-Is the clear awareness and understanding of
something
… the product of
questioning that seeks
for clear answers
provided by facts..
… our knowledge is
comprised of ideas and
beliefs that we know to
be true…

BIRDS
Let’s talk about your knowledge of:
I know that ….
I know how ….
I know why ….

LOVE
I know that ….
I know how ….
I know why ….

HUMAN PERSON
I know that ….
I know how ….
I know why ….

There are
statements
that are not
evidently or
immediately
known to be
true.
These are called CLAIMS.
Further examination is
required to establish its
truthfulness.

TRUTHFUL STATEMENTS
Statements that are based on facts.
Science considers
truth as something
observable and
empirical. While, Philosophy has
various views.

TRUTHFUL STATEMENTS
•Philosophers
emphasize the
importance of
beliefs as a
basis for the
determining the
truth.
One perspective
on truth-- Belief is
true if it can be
justified or proven
through the use of
one’s senses.
.

methods of philosophizing in the introduction to the philosophy

• Exist in Reality
• INDISPUTIBLE .
- A fact is a reality
that cannot be
logically disputed or
rejected.

• UNCHANGEABLE
- Facts are concrete
realities that no amount of
reasoning will change.
• Facts are not discovered,
facts are not created, facts
are simply acknowledged.

How do we know if
something is true?
Can be
justified or
proven
Based on
facts
Getting a
consensus of
many people

Determining truth inthis case
requires apersontoprove a
statementthroughanaction.
This canbetrueif they canbe
applied inreallife.

Claims and beliefs
should also be
subjected to tests to
determine truth and
to prove their validity.

Discovering truths
aboutoneself is
merely theFIRST
steptoward
exploring
knowledgeand
truth.

DOUBT
Has a very
important
purpose.
Doubt helps
determine
the truth
Claims, evidence and
experience is scrutinized and
analyzed
Nothing is taken as TRUE
unless there is sufficient
reason and evidence to prove
it.

How can philosophy
guide us in
distinguishing truth from
opinion?

1.Teenagers, like you, are
emotional and irresponsible.
2. Men are more likely to cheat than
women.
3. A cheater is always a cheater.

FACT or OPINION???
1. It takes me 30 minutes to walk from my home to school.
2. Living near the school is better because we don’t have to spend much
for transportation.
3. My sister ate the last piece of pizza pie.
4. My sister is a selfish person because she ate the last piece of pizza pie
and did not share it with me.
5. The policeman firmly pushed the suspect to his knees and placed him in
handcuffs.
6. The aggressive manner by which the policeman arrested the suspect is
an example of the brutality that characterizes our police force.

Why are we having a
misunderstanding?

OPINION
- Statements that provide conclusions or perspectives
regarding certain situations
CONCLUSION
- A judgement based on certain facts but can still be
contested or questioned.
BELIEFS
- Statements that express convictions that are not easily and
clearly explained by facts.

ARGUMENT
- Series of statements that provide reasons to convince the
reader/listener that a claim or opinion is truthful.
LOGIC
A branch of Philosophy that focuses on the analysis of
arguments
EXPLANATION
- Statements that assume the claim to be true and provide
reasons why.

Fallacies
are called errors in reasoning.
Fallacy comes from the word Fallo or Fallere which
means “Error in Reasoning”

ARGUMENTUM AD HOMINEM
Attacking the person’s character instead of the
argument itself.
Example:
“Do not believe the Senator. Whatever she says
are lies because she is having an affair with her
driver and they have a video scandal.”

ARGUMENTUM AD BACULUM
Use of threat or force to advance an
argument.
Example:
“If you don’t kiss me I’ll post your picture on
the internet.”

ARGUMENTUM AD MISERICORDIAM
Using emotions as pity or sympathy .
Example:
“Sir, maawa na kayo, if you won’t pass me in
your subject, my parents will disown me”

ARGUMENTUM AD POPULUM OR MOB
FALLACY
An attempt to influence the judgment of people by
appealing to the prejudices and attitudes or as
endorsed by a celebrity.
Example:
•Many believed that….
•So, I will believe in it….

APPEAL TO TRADITION
An idea is acceptable because it has been
practiced for a long time.
Example:
“Chinese people will only marry Chinese
people.”

FALLACY OF HASTY GENERALIZATION OR FALLACY OF ACCIDENT
This fallacy arises as the result of the conclusion
“what is true of the whole is true of the parts”.
Example:
“Sonny belongs to an intelligent family. For
sure he is also very intelligent.”

CAUSE-AND-EFFECT
Assuming a “cause-and-effect” relationship between
unrelated events.
Example:
“Ever since you moved to that house, you
have become so problematic!”

FALLACY OF COMPOSITION
This fallacy arises as the result of the conclusion
“what is true of the parts is true of the whole.
Example:
“Sonny is a very intelligent person”. I believe he
belongs to a family of intelligent people. “

FALLACY OF WEAK ANALOGY
This fallacy rests on analogies .
Example:
There was a lady who believed she will get rich
without doing anything…. So, she did become
rich…. And so, shall we.

FALLACY OF EQUIVOCATION
Equal (Equi) sound (Vocare) but different meaning.
Example:
•“A king is a ruler.”
•“A ruler is a measuring device.”

IGNORANTIAM
An argument is true if it cannot be proven
false..
Example:
•Aswang exists. If they don’t, prove it.

BEGGING THE QUESTION OR PETITIO PRINCIPII
This fallacy occurs when the conclusion of an
argument merely restates the same query.
-circular argument
Example:
I have the right to free speech, therefore you cannot stop me
from talking

What should we
consider when looking
at arguments or
opinions?

• Improve understanding and appreciation of varied views and
ideas.
• Help to form one’s own personal point of view
• Help determine ideas that are truthful and acceptable
HOW CAN UNDERSTANDING of the DIFFERENCE
between TRUTH and OPINION LEAD US TO
WISDOM?

What is that one truth that you
regret not telling someone?
(Ano yung isang katotohanan
na pinagsisihan mong hindi
nasabi sa isang tao?)

What is that one truth/reality in
your life that is difficult for you
to accept? (Ano ang isang
katotohanan sa buhay mo na
hindi mo matangap)

What is that one truth about
yourself that you wish the
others would see on you? (Ano
ang isang katotohanan sa iyo,
sa sarili mo o sa buhay mo na
ninanais mong makita rin ing
ibang tao sa iyo?)

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