This document provides an overview of the key concepts and branches of philosophy. It begins by defining philosophy etymologically as the love of wisdom. The main branches of philosophy discussed are ethics, epistemology, metaphysics, politics, aesthetics, logic, religion, and the philosophy of science. For each branch, the document outlines some of the fundamental questions addressed within that area of philosophy to illustrate the nature and scope of the various fields.
This chapter discusses the nature and value of philosophy. It defines philosophy as the love of wisdom and examines Plato's Allegory of the Cave as depicting the philosopher's journey from ignorance to enlightenment. Philosophy addresses fundamental questions about knowledge, reality, and ethics. It also critically examines basic assumptions in various areas. Socrates is presented as a philosopher in action who questioned others' beliefs through dialogues. His trial and defense of philosophy are discussed. Potential objections that philosophy is biased toward men are addressed by some feminist philosophers.
This document defines and provides examples of common logical fallacies. It discusses 12 different types of fallacies: overgeneralization, false cause, weak analogy, circular reasoning, false dilemma, appeal to authority, appeal to pity, begging the question, appeal to ignorance, ad hominem, non sequitur, and defines each as using defective or invalid reasoning in arguments. Examples are provided for most of the fallacies to illustrate how each invalid argument form manifests.
Plato's allegory of the cave describes the journey from ignorance to knowledge. Prisoners are chained in a cave seeing only shadows on the wall from objects carried behind them. One prisoner is freed and sees the real objects, experiencing pain from the light. After adjusting, he understands the shadows were not reality. If he returns to the cave, his knowledge is ridiculed. Plato uses this to represent the intellectual journey from opinions based on appearances to true knowledge grasped by reason. His divided line further shows progressing from lower to higher thought - from images to intelligence of the forms.
The document discusses the concept of doublespeak, which is language that misleads, distorts reality, and avoids responsibility. It provides examples of doublespeak, including a video clip of Donald Rumsfeld using unclear language. The document also analyzes forms of doublespeak such as euphemisms, jargon, gobbledygook, and inflated language which attempt to obscure meaning.
The document discusses John Locke and his work on liberal democracy. It summarizes that while Locke is typically seen as the founder of liberal individualism and possessive individualism, his thinking was actually strongly influenced by medieval Christian traditions. Locke was able to build the modern political form of liberal democracy while retaining aspects of medieval Christian thought. His work provides the foundations for recognizing inalienable human rights and persuades people on the direction society should move in.
This document defines and provides examples of common logical fallacies. It discusses 12 different types of fallacies: overgeneralization, false cause, weak analogy, circular reasoning, false dilemma, appeal to authority, appeal to pity, begging the question, appeal to ignorance, ad hominem, non sequitur, and defines each as using defective or invalid reasoning in arguments. Examples are provided for most of the fallacies to illustrate how each invalid argument form manifests.
Plato's allegory of the cave describes the journey from ignorance to knowledge. Prisoners are chained in a cave seeing only shadows on the wall from objects carried behind them. One prisoner is freed and sees the real objects, experiencing pain from the light. After adjusting, he understands the shadows were not reality. If he returns to the cave, his knowledge is ridiculed. Plato uses this to represent the intellectual journey from opinions based on appearances to true knowledge grasped by reason. His divided line further shows progressing from lower to higher thought - from images to intelligence of the forms.
The document discusses the concept of doublespeak, which is language that misleads, distorts reality, and avoids responsibility. It provides examples of doublespeak, including a video clip of Donald Rumsfeld using unclear language. The document also analyzes forms of doublespeak such as euphemisms, jargon, gobbledygook, and inflated language which attempt to obscure meaning.
The document discusses John Locke and his work on liberal democracy. It summarizes that while Locke is typically seen as the founder of liberal individualism and possessive individualism, his thinking was actually strongly influenced by medieval Christian traditions. Locke was able to build the modern political form of liberal democracy while retaining aspects of medieval Christian thought. His work provides the foundations for recognizing inalienable human rights and persuades people on the direction society should move in.
[Journal reading]20190219-outcome of a multi-center training program in lapar...Yi-Wen Tsai
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This document summarizes a study on a multicenter training program for laparoscopic pancreatoduodenectomy (LPD) in the Netherlands. The training program involved 8 pancreatic surgeons from 4 centers who completed courses in advanced laparoscopic skills as well as open pancreatic surgery. Trainees performed LPDs under proctoring and were assessed. Outcomes of LPDs performed from April 2014 to September 2016 after completion of the training program showed acceptable results, suggesting the training program helped ensure safe adoption of LPD during the learning curve. The study demonstrated the feasibility of a multicenter training approach for complex laparoscopic procedures like LPD.
This document compares the potency and properties of various glucocorticosteroids. It lists cortisone, hydrocortisone, prednisone, prednisolone, and methylprednisolone as intermediate acting steroids with anti-inflammatory potencies ranging from 0.8 to 5 times that of hydrocortisone and sodium retaining effects from 0.6 to 1. Dexamethasone is categorized as long acting with the highest potency of 25 times hydrocortisone and lowest sodium retaining effect of 0.75. The document also notes that physiological cortisol secretion is equivalent to 7.5mg of prednisone per day.
This document summarizes the presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of mesenteric ischemia. It discusses the different classifications of mesenteric ischemia including arterial thrombosis, embolism, non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia, and venous thrombosis. Diagnosis involves imaging such as CT scan or angiography. Treatment depends on the severity and includes revascularization procedures, bowel resection, and management of complications like short bowel syndrome. Prompt diagnosis and revascularization within 12 hours of symptom onset leads to the best outcomes.
Ultrasonographic identification of the cricothyroid membrane and cricothyrotomyYi-Wen Tsai
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The document discusses ultrasonographic identification of the cricothyroid membrane as an alternative to visual inspection and palpation for difficult airway management. It presents techniques for identifying the membrane ultrasonographically and emphasizes its clinical impact, including improved success rates for cricothyrotomy. Complications of cricothyrotomy are also reviewed.
- Lymphangiomas are low-flow vascular anomalies that result from abnormal lymphatic development. They most commonly occur in the neck and can cause swelling, pain, and difficulty swallowing.
- Treatment options include surgical excision, sclerotherapy, ablation techniques like radiofrequency ablation, and lasers. Complete surgical excision has the lowest recurrence rate but may not always be possible. Sclerotherapy is effective for macrocystic lymphangiomas.
- Studies have found no difference in effectiveness between primary surgery and sclerotherapy. Adjuvant therapies like liposuction and sclerotherapy can help treat multi-cystic lesions. Experimental drug therapies are also being explored but require more
Soy milk and vegeterian diet in childrenYi-Wen Tsai
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This document discusses the nutritional aspects of soy milk and vegetarian diets for children. It finds that soy protein can meet protein needs if supplemented with methionine for infants. Soy milk is safe for those with galactosemia and lactose intolerance. Studies show normal growth in infants fed soy formulas. However, vegetarian diets may be lacking in nutrients like iron, zinc, vitamin B12, omega-3 fatty acids, and protein quality without careful planning. High fiber intake from some vegetarian diets can also decrease mineral absorption if intake of nutrients like calcium and iron are low. Overall nutritional adequacy depends on diet variety and nutrient density.