The document discusses airway management for trauma patients. It covers anatomy of the respiratory system, importance of maintaining a patent airway, supplemental oxygen delivery methods, various airway adjuncts including their indications and use, signs of difficult ventilation, and essential components of an airway kit. Maintaining oxygenation and effective ventilation are critical tasks in trauma care.
Ventilatory support in special situations balamugeshDang Thanh Tuan
Ìý
This document summarizes ventilation strategies for different clinical situations including ARDS, COPD, asthma, and bronchopleural fistula. It discusses ventilator settings such as tidal volume, PEEP, FiO2 and prone positioning that are recommended for ARDS. Non-invasive ventilation options for COPD and asthma exacerbations are also reviewed. Intubation criteria and strategies to deliver aerosol treatments during mechanical ventilation are provided. Managing air leak through bronchopleural fistula with techniques like differential lung ventilation or chest tube use is outlined.
Dr. Brijesh Savidhan discusses strategies for evaluating cardiac risk in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. The goals are to identify patients at risk, evaluate the severity of underlying heart disease, and stratify surgical risk. A thorough history, physical exam, electrocardiogram, and assessment of functional capacity are recommended. For higher-risk patients, stress testing and evaluation of left ventricular function may be considered to guide management and minimize perioperative complications. Overall, a multidisciplinary approach is important to optimize cardiac status, determine the safest location and timing of surgery, and develop an anesthesia plan tailored to each patient's cardiac condition.
Kcentra is a 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate approved for reversing vitamin K antagonist-related major bleeding. It contains factors II, VII, IX, X as well as proteins C and S. Kcentra is more effective than fresh frozen plasma for rapidly reversing warfarin-associated coagulopathies and bleeding within 30 minutes of administration. While there is no antidote for newer oral anticoagulants like dabigatran and rivaroxaban, Kcentra may help manage life-threatening bleeding by generating thrombin. Kcentra administration requires monitoring of coagulation parameters and concomitant vitamin K to prevent rebound coagulopathy.
DYSPNOEA IS DEFINED AS THE UNDUE AWARENESS OF UNPLEASANT BREATHING.WHEN THERE IS AMIS MATCH BETWEEN THE AFFERENT VENTILATORY SIGNALS AND THE EFFERENT RESPIRATORY SIGNALS IN THE BRAIN WE MAY GET AN UNIGNORABLE FEELING FOR NEED OF MORE AND MORE OXYGEN.
LVRS involves surgically removing portions of emphysematous lung to allow the remaining lung tissue to expand. The NETT trial found LVRS benefits patients with upper lobe-predominant emphysema and low exercise capacity by improving lung function, exercise ability, and quality of life. Candidates for LVRS have severe emphysema, poor exercise capacity, marked lung hyperinflation, and meet criteria for pulmonary function tests, exercise testing, and cardiac/pulmonary evaluations. The procedure aims to improve ventilation/perfusion matching, reduce airway resistance, and allow the chest wall and diaphragm to resume a more normal position.
This document discusses ventilator induced lung injury (VILI) from barotrauma to biotrauma. It explores how injurious ventilator strategies can increase cytokines and lead to inflammation in isolated rat lung models. High pulmonary vascular flow and pulmonary capillary pressure were shown to promote lung damage, edema, and hemorrhage independent of ventilator settings. A study on isolated perfused rabbit lungs found that high pulmonary vascular flow and low positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) led to increased lung weight gain and hemorrhage scores compared to low flow and high PEEP settings, particularly in a two-hit lung injury model using oleic acid pre-injury.
1. Mechanical ventilation involves using a machine to assist or replace spontaneous breathing by delivering gas to the lungs through an endotracheal tube or mask.
2. The key goals of mechanical ventilation are to provide comfort to the patient and ensure safety by delivering breaths in a controlled manner.
3. There are various modes and variables that determine how breaths are delivered by the ventilator, including the control variable (pressure or volume), trigger and cycle variables, and targeting schemes that aim to achieve certain breath parameters.
This document discusses extracorporeal life support (ECLS) from a pulmonologist's perspective. It defines different types of ECLS including ECMO, iLA, and VAD. ECMO uses an artificial lung and pump to provide oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal. ECLS can be used to bridge patients to organ recovery, transplant, or palliative care. It discusses indications, configurations including veno-arterial and veno-venous modes, considerations, cannulation methods, complications, and clinical trials on ECLS.
Fluid responsiveness in critically ill patientsUbaidur Rahaman
Ìý
This document discusses fluid responsiveness in critically ill patients. It begins by defining fluid responsiveness as an increase in cardiac index after fluid infusion. It then describes three scenarios involving fluid resuscitation: patients with acute blood or fluid loss requiring immediate resuscitation, patients with suspected septic shock where early goal-directed therapy with fluids is important, and ICU patients who have already received fluids and their fluid responsiveness needs to be assessed. The document discusses various methods of assessing preload and preload dependence, including filling pressures, volumes, respiratory variations in inferior vena cava diameter, inspiratory drops in right atrial pressure, and predicting responsiveness through respiratory variations in parameters related to cardiac index. It emphasizes that preload alone
This document discusses sepsis scoring systems. It describes the historical definitions and consensus guidelines for sepsis from 1991 to 2016. It also discusses the Surviving Sepsis Campaign from 2004 to 2008. The document compares different scoring systems for sepsis like SIRS, SOFA, qSOFA, and MEWS and explains which are best for identifying sepsis in ICU versus non-ICU patients. It outlines the pathogens commonly associated with sepsis and trends in incidence and mortality.
Hemoptysis is defined as the spitting of blood from the lungs or bronchial tubes. It can be classified based on severity from mild to massive. Common causes include infections like tuberculosis, cancers, vascular abnormalities and vasculitis. Initial management focuses on airway protection, oxygenation and circulation. Bronchoscopy helps identify the bleeding site and allows local measures like lavage, vasoconstrictors and tamponade. For persistent or massive bleeding, bronchial artery embolization or surgery may be needed. Precise localization through CT and arteriography guides definitive treatment.
The document discusses diffusion capacity of the lungs, including the physiology of gas diffusion through the lungs, terminology used, methods of measuring diffusion capacity, and factors that affect diffusion capacity. It provides details on the single-breath method for measuring diffusion capacity, including procedures, acceptability criteria, calculations, and potential sources of error. Diseases that may increase or decrease diffusion capacity are also summarized.
The document describes the anatomy and components of a ventilator, including filters, valves, monitors, and modes of breath delivery such as volume control, pressure control, and pressure support ventilation. It discusses factors that affect aerosol drug delivery to mechanically ventilated patients and compares different ventilator modes, noting that no single new mode has been proven superior for improving patient outcomes. The goals of setting the ventilator are also summarized.
Cardiopulmonary Bypass overview for beginnersNICS, Bangalore
Ìý
This document provides an overview of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), including its history, components of the modern CPB machine, and the CPB procedure. Some key points:
- John Heysham Gibbon Jr. performed the first successful open heart surgery using total cardiopulmonary bypass in 1953.
- The main components of the modern CPB machine include the systemic pump, oxygenator, venous reservoir, and arterial filter.
- CPB allows for an open, bloodless field during cardiac surgery by taking over the functions of the heart and lungs. Various techniques like hypothermia, cardioplegia, and venting are used to protect the heart during bypass.
1. The patient presented with STEMI and was successfully thrombolyzed.
2. Echocardiogram showed akinetic anterior and inferior walls, indicating extensive myocardial damage.
3. Given the extensive damage seen on echo, further testing such as cardiac catheterization is recommended to evaluate potential revascularization options.
This document discusses various cardiopulmonary exercise testing metrics including:
1. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) reflects the highest attainable oxygen level during exercise and is defined by the Fick equation. The oxygen pulse reflects stroke volume.
2. End tidal carbon dioxide (PetCO2) normally increases slightly during exercise and then declines at maximal effort due to increased minute ventilation.
3. The ventilatory efficiency ratio (VE/VCO2) measured at the anaerobic threshold can indicate obstructive, restrictive, or vascular lung diseases.
4. Achieving age-predicted maximal heart rate indicates maximal effort and likely achievement of VO2max, while little heart rate reserve at
This document discusses fluid responsiveness and methods for assessing preload responsiveness. It summarizes that dynamic indices of preload responsiveness like pulse pressure variation (PPV) and stroke volume variation (SVV) can help identify patients who will respond to fluid by increasing their stroke volume. However, these indices have limitations and may not be reliable in patients with spontaneous breathing, arrhythmias, low tidal volumes, low lung compliance, high frequency ventilation, open chest conditions, or severe right ventricular failure. In these situations where the indices cannot be interpreted reliably, other dynamic tests are needed to assess fluid responsiveness.
Muscle relaxants are used as part of the triad of anesthesia to induce muscle relaxation. They are classified based on their type of neuromuscular blockade and duration of action. The choice of muscle relaxant depends on factors like duration of action, cost, side effects, and route of excretion. Succinylcholine is a depolarizing muscle relaxant that acts quickly but has a short duration, while non-depolarizing muscle relaxants like vecuronium and atracurium have intermediate durations and are commonly used. Contraindications for muscle relaxants include inability to maintain an airway and prior conditions affecting neuromuscular function or potassium levels.
The document provides criteria for diagnosing ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) on electrocardiogram (ECG). It lists cut-off values for ST elevation in different leads used to identify STEMI based on the patient's age, sex and lead location. It cautions that baseline ECG abnormalities like left bundle branch block (LBBB) could obscure interpretation and provides examples of STEMI in different heart locations identified by affected leads on ECG.
This document discusses cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) which allows simultaneous study of cardiovascular and respiratory responses to exercise through measurement of various parameters. CPET provides a noninvasive way to evaluate exercise tolerance and identify underlying causes of dyspnea. Key parameters measured include maximum oxygen uptake, ventilatory threshold, respiratory exchange ratio, minute ventilation, and others. Interpretation of changes in these parameters with increasing exercise intensity can help locate defects in lungs, heart, blood vessels, muscles or other systems involved in oxygen transport and exercise.
This document discusses mechanical ventilation waveforms. It begins by stating the objectives are to discuss commonly used waveforms, their applications, and combined waveforms. It then provides an outline and introduction on waveforms and how they represent ventilator data graphically over time or against each other. The majority of the document discusses specific commonly used waveforms including pressure-time, flow-time, and volume-time curves and how to interpret each to evaluate the patient and ventilator settings.
Cardiac output monitoring provides important information about a patient's hemodynamic status. There are several invasive and non-invasive methods to measure cardiac output. Invasive methods include thermodilution, Fick method, lithium dilution. Thermodilution, using a pulmonary artery catheter, is considered the clinical gold standard but has fallen out of favor due to risks. Non-invasive options include esophageal Doppler, bioreactance, pulse contour analysis, and partial CO2 rebreathing. Choice of monitoring method depends on the patient's condition and goals of therapy.
This document discusses pulmonary function tests (PFTs), including their goals, uses, limitations, procedures, and interpretations. PFTs are used to assess lung function before surgeries and characterize any pulmonary dysfunction. Key information obtained from PFTs includes measurements of forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), their ratio (FEV1/FVC), and peak expiratory flow rate. Interpretations of these values can indicate restrictive or obstructive lung disease. The document outlines how PFTs are performed using portable devices or clinic spirometers and flow-volume loops.
The document discusses three key determinants of cardiac output: preload, afterload, and contractility. Preload refers to the presystolic stretch of the heart and is reflected by the end-diastolic pressure and volume. Afterload is the pressure the left ventricle must overcome during systole and is often represented by systolic pressure. Contractility determines the strength of the heart's contraction and can be measured by the left ventricular ejection fraction.
Patient ventilator interactions during mechanical ventilationDr.Mahmoud Abbas
Ìý
Patient Ventilator Interaction during Mechanical Ventilation lecture presented by Dr.Lluis Blanch at Pulmonary Critical Care Egypt Meeting and Exhibition, January 2014. www.pccmegypt.com
Valutazione degli effetti sul sistema epatico e renale di due metodi di perfusione circolatoria extracorporea. Laureando: Andrea Anceschi. Co-Relatore: Prof. Antonio Scafuri
1. Mechanical ventilation involves using a machine to assist or replace spontaneous breathing by delivering gas to the lungs through an endotracheal tube or mask.
2. The key goals of mechanical ventilation are to provide comfort to the patient and ensure safety by delivering breaths in a controlled manner.
3. There are various modes and variables that determine how breaths are delivered by the ventilator, including the control variable (pressure or volume), trigger and cycle variables, and targeting schemes that aim to achieve certain breath parameters.
This document discusses extracorporeal life support (ECLS) from a pulmonologist's perspective. It defines different types of ECLS including ECMO, iLA, and VAD. ECMO uses an artificial lung and pump to provide oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal. ECLS can be used to bridge patients to organ recovery, transplant, or palliative care. It discusses indications, configurations including veno-arterial and veno-venous modes, considerations, cannulation methods, complications, and clinical trials on ECLS.
Fluid responsiveness in critically ill patientsUbaidur Rahaman
Ìý
This document discusses fluid responsiveness in critically ill patients. It begins by defining fluid responsiveness as an increase in cardiac index after fluid infusion. It then describes three scenarios involving fluid resuscitation: patients with acute blood or fluid loss requiring immediate resuscitation, patients with suspected septic shock where early goal-directed therapy with fluids is important, and ICU patients who have already received fluids and their fluid responsiveness needs to be assessed. The document discusses various methods of assessing preload and preload dependence, including filling pressures, volumes, respiratory variations in inferior vena cava diameter, inspiratory drops in right atrial pressure, and predicting responsiveness through respiratory variations in parameters related to cardiac index. It emphasizes that preload alone
This document discusses sepsis scoring systems. It describes the historical definitions and consensus guidelines for sepsis from 1991 to 2016. It also discusses the Surviving Sepsis Campaign from 2004 to 2008. The document compares different scoring systems for sepsis like SIRS, SOFA, qSOFA, and MEWS and explains which are best for identifying sepsis in ICU versus non-ICU patients. It outlines the pathogens commonly associated with sepsis and trends in incidence and mortality.
Hemoptysis is defined as the spitting of blood from the lungs or bronchial tubes. It can be classified based on severity from mild to massive. Common causes include infections like tuberculosis, cancers, vascular abnormalities and vasculitis. Initial management focuses on airway protection, oxygenation and circulation. Bronchoscopy helps identify the bleeding site and allows local measures like lavage, vasoconstrictors and tamponade. For persistent or massive bleeding, bronchial artery embolization or surgery may be needed. Precise localization through CT and arteriography guides definitive treatment.
The document discusses diffusion capacity of the lungs, including the physiology of gas diffusion through the lungs, terminology used, methods of measuring diffusion capacity, and factors that affect diffusion capacity. It provides details on the single-breath method for measuring diffusion capacity, including procedures, acceptability criteria, calculations, and potential sources of error. Diseases that may increase or decrease diffusion capacity are also summarized.
The document describes the anatomy and components of a ventilator, including filters, valves, monitors, and modes of breath delivery such as volume control, pressure control, and pressure support ventilation. It discusses factors that affect aerosol drug delivery to mechanically ventilated patients and compares different ventilator modes, noting that no single new mode has been proven superior for improving patient outcomes. The goals of setting the ventilator are also summarized.
Cardiopulmonary Bypass overview for beginnersNICS, Bangalore
Ìý
This document provides an overview of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), including its history, components of the modern CPB machine, and the CPB procedure. Some key points:
- John Heysham Gibbon Jr. performed the first successful open heart surgery using total cardiopulmonary bypass in 1953.
- The main components of the modern CPB machine include the systemic pump, oxygenator, venous reservoir, and arterial filter.
- CPB allows for an open, bloodless field during cardiac surgery by taking over the functions of the heart and lungs. Various techniques like hypothermia, cardioplegia, and venting are used to protect the heart during bypass.
1. The patient presented with STEMI and was successfully thrombolyzed.
2. Echocardiogram showed akinetic anterior and inferior walls, indicating extensive myocardial damage.
3. Given the extensive damage seen on echo, further testing such as cardiac catheterization is recommended to evaluate potential revascularization options.
This document discusses various cardiopulmonary exercise testing metrics including:
1. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) reflects the highest attainable oxygen level during exercise and is defined by the Fick equation. The oxygen pulse reflects stroke volume.
2. End tidal carbon dioxide (PetCO2) normally increases slightly during exercise and then declines at maximal effort due to increased minute ventilation.
3. The ventilatory efficiency ratio (VE/VCO2) measured at the anaerobic threshold can indicate obstructive, restrictive, or vascular lung diseases.
4. Achieving age-predicted maximal heart rate indicates maximal effort and likely achievement of VO2max, while little heart rate reserve at
This document discusses fluid responsiveness and methods for assessing preload responsiveness. It summarizes that dynamic indices of preload responsiveness like pulse pressure variation (PPV) and stroke volume variation (SVV) can help identify patients who will respond to fluid by increasing their stroke volume. However, these indices have limitations and may not be reliable in patients with spontaneous breathing, arrhythmias, low tidal volumes, low lung compliance, high frequency ventilation, open chest conditions, or severe right ventricular failure. In these situations where the indices cannot be interpreted reliably, other dynamic tests are needed to assess fluid responsiveness.
Muscle relaxants are used as part of the triad of anesthesia to induce muscle relaxation. They are classified based on their type of neuromuscular blockade and duration of action. The choice of muscle relaxant depends on factors like duration of action, cost, side effects, and route of excretion. Succinylcholine is a depolarizing muscle relaxant that acts quickly but has a short duration, while non-depolarizing muscle relaxants like vecuronium and atracurium have intermediate durations and are commonly used. Contraindications for muscle relaxants include inability to maintain an airway and prior conditions affecting neuromuscular function or potassium levels.
The document provides criteria for diagnosing ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) on electrocardiogram (ECG). It lists cut-off values for ST elevation in different leads used to identify STEMI based on the patient's age, sex and lead location. It cautions that baseline ECG abnormalities like left bundle branch block (LBBB) could obscure interpretation and provides examples of STEMI in different heart locations identified by affected leads on ECG.
This document discusses cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) which allows simultaneous study of cardiovascular and respiratory responses to exercise through measurement of various parameters. CPET provides a noninvasive way to evaluate exercise tolerance and identify underlying causes of dyspnea. Key parameters measured include maximum oxygen uptake, ventilatory threshold, respiratory exchange ratio, minute ventilation, and others. Interpretation of changes in these parameters with increasing exercise intensity can help locate defects in lungs, heart, blood vessels, muscles or other systems involved in oxygen transport and exercise.
This document discusses mechanical ventilation waveforms. It begins by stating the objectives are to discuss commonly used waveforms, their applications, and combined waveforms. It then provides an outline and introduction on waveforms and how they represent ventilator data graphically over time or against each other. The majority of the document discusses specific commonly used waveforms including pressure-time, flow-time, and volume-time curves and how to interpret each to evaluate the patient and ventilator settings.
Cardiac output monitoring provides important information about a patient's hemodynamic status. There are several invasive and non-invasive methods to measure cardiac output. Invasive methods include thermodilution, Fick method, lithium dilution. Thermodilution, using a pulmonary artery catheter, is considered the clinical gold standard but has fallen out of favor due to risks. Non-invasive options include esophageal Doppler, bioreactance, pulse contour analysis, and partial CO2 rebreathing. Choice of monitoring method depends on the patient's condition and goals of therapy.
This document discusses pulmonary function tests (PFTs), including their goals, uses, limitations, procedures, and interpretations. PFTs are used to assess lung function before surgeries and characterize any pulmonary dysfunction. Key information obtained from PFTs includes measurements of forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), their ratio (FEV1/FVC), and peak expiratory flow rate. Interpretations of these values can indicate restrictive or obstructive lung disease. The document outlines how PFTs are performed using portable devices or clinic spirometers and flow-volume loops.
The document discusses three key determinants of cardiac output: preload, afterload, and contractility. Preload refers to the presystolic stretch of the heart and is reflected by the end-diastolic pressure and volume. Afterload is the pressure the left ventricle must overcome during systole and is often represented by systolic pressure. Contractility determines the strength of the heart's contraction and can be measured by the left ventricular ejection fraction.
Patient ventilator interactions during mechanical ventilationDr.Mahmoud Abbas
Ìý
Patient Ventilator Interaction during Mechanical Ventilation lecture presented by Dr.Lluis Blanch at Pulmonary Critical Care Egypt Meeting and Exhibition, January 2014. www.pccmegypt.com
Valutazione degli effetti sul sistema epatico e renale di due metodi di perfusione circolatoria extracorporea. Laureando: Andrea Anceschi. Co-Relatore: Prof. Antonio Scafuri
L'ipertensione polmonare:come diagnosticarla e trattarlaASMaD
Ìý
Presentazione a cura del Dottor Carmine Dario Vizza - XII° Congresso Nazionale FIMeG 2018 - The Silver Tsunami: l'anziano fra appropriatezza e farmaeconomia
Validazione di una piattaforma ICT per il monitoraggio in telemedicina del pr...Giovanni Toccu
Ìý
L’oggetto della relazione scientifica è un prodotto/servizio che si compone di un prototipo di cardiografo ad impedenza portatile di nostra progettazione (CI-Proto N°06) che consente il monitoraggio della portata cardiaca battito per battito e in modo non invasivo per periodi prolungati, e quindi particolarmente adatto al monitoraggio del profilo cardiodinamico in pazienti cardiopatici in condizioni di home care.
CTEPH, Surgcal and Medical Therapy. Terapia Chirurgica e medicaCTEPH
Ìý
This document summarizes the experience of pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) at a hospital in Pavia, Italy. It describes that PEA is the primary treatment for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH), and has better long-term outcomes than lung transplantation. The Pavia center has performed over 357 PEAs since 1994 and has developed expertise in evaluating, diagnosing, and performing the surgery on CTEPH patients.
CTEPH, Surgical and Medical Therapy. CTEPH, Terapia Chirurgica e MedicaCTEPH
Ìý
This document summarizes the experience of pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) at a hospital in Pavia, Italy. It describes that PEA is the primary treatment for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH), which can be surgically treated to remove blockages in the pulmonary arteries. The hospital has performed over 357 PEAs and seen good outcomes with low mortality and technical failure rates when performed by experienced surgeons.
The document discusses the use of various imaging techniques for identifying chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) as the cause of pulmonary hypertension, including ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scintigraphy, CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA), and pulmonary digital subtraction angiography (DSA). It summarizes the results of studies comparing the diagnostic accuracy of V/Q scintigraphy and CTPA to pulmonary angiography. V/Q scintigraphy has high sensitivity but moderate specificity, while CTPA has moderate sensitivity and high specificity. The combination of V/Q scintigraphy and CTPA can improve diagnostic accuracy for CTEPH when their results are considered together.
This document summarizes the post-operative management of patients undergoing pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) surgery. It discusses strategies for mechanical ventilation and weaning from ventilation. It also covers management of hemodynamics like weaning from inotropes and vasopressors. The document notes potential post-operative complications and their treatment, including reperfusion pulmonary edema, pulmonary hemorrhage, infections, and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Effective anticoagulation and monitoring is also emphasized.
The document discusses chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) and its pathophysiology. It describes the core pathologic process as an imbalance between prothrombotic factors and disturbed thrombus resolution, leading to in situ thrombosis over thromboembolic lesions. It also discusses the BENEFIT trial which found that treatment with bosentan improved exercise capacity and hemodynamics in inoperable CTEPH patients. The CHEST trial then evaluated riociguat, a soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator, in inoperable or recurrent CTEPH patients and found improvements in pulmonary vascular resistance and other outcomes.
1. Dott. Nicolardi Salvatore Dottorando in Chirurgia Sperimentale e Microchirurgia VALUTAZIONE FUNZIONALE DEL PAZIENTE CON IPERTENSIONE POLMONARE CRONICA TROMBOEMBOLICA (IPCTE): IL TEST CARDIOPOLMONARE Università di Pavia Policlinico San Matteo
2. VALUTAZIONE FUNZIONALE DEL PAZIENTE CON IPCTE TEST CARDIOPOLMONARE (TCP) Metodica non-invasiva e dinamica che fornisce una valutazione delle risposte integrate dei seguenti organi ed apparati: Apparato respiratorio Apparato cardio- vascolare Apparato muscolo- scheletrico Emopoietico Neuro-psicologico
3. VALUTAZIONE FUNZIONALE DEL PAZIENTE CON IPCTE APPLICAZIONI CLINICHE E SPECIFICITA’ DIAGNOSTICHE DEL TCP Diagnosi differenziale delle cause di deficit funzionale Severità e prognosi dello scompenso cardiaco Indicazione trapianto cardiaco Diagnosi di ischemia miocardica Diagnosi di patologia polmonare (ostruttiva, restrittiva, vasculopatia) Stima della gittata cardiaca Valutazione efficacia di un trattamento (farmaci, training, riabilitazione) Valutazione in campo medico sportivo
4. VALUTAZIONE FUNZIONALE DEL PAZIENTE CON IPCTE LINEE GUIDA ACC/AHA CONTROINDICAZIONI ASSOLUTE TCP IMA recente (3-5 gg) Angina instabile ad alto rischio Aritmie cardiache non controllate, emodinamicamente instabili e sintomatiche Endocardite, miocardite o pericardite acuta Stenosi aortica severa sintomatica Scompenso cardiaco in fase di instabilità Sospetto aneurisma dissecante Embolia o infarto polmonare in fase acuta Affezioni acute in atto che possono compromettere l’esercizio fisico o essere aggravate dall’esercizio (infezioni gravi, insufficienza renale, tireotossicosi) Trombosi venosa profonda in atto Insufficienza respiratoria (PaO2 < 60 mmHg)
5. VALUTAZIONE FUNZIONALE DEL PAZIENTE CON IPCTE LINEE GUIDA ACC/AHA CONTROINDICAZIONI RELATIVE TCP Stenosi del TC o suo equivalente Stenosi valvolare cardiaca di grado moderato Alterazioni elettrolitiche Ipertensione arteriosa severa non controllata (PAS > 200 mmHg; PAD > 120 mmHg) Ipertensione polmonare significativa Tachiaritmia e bradiaritmia Cardiomiopatia ipertrofica BAV di grado elevato Gravidanza complicata o avanzata Alterazioni ortopediche che compromettono lo svolgimento dell’esercizio
6. VALUTAZIONE FUNZIONALE DEL PAZIENTE CON IPCTE TEST CARDIOPOLMONARE Esistono due tipi di TCP: Test incrementale massimale Test a carico costante I test possono essere condotti con l’ausilio di un: Cicloergometro Treadmill L’analisi dei gas espirati viene eseguita con un sistema breath by breath e con l’ausilio di un computer appositamente dedicato Il test incrementale massimale va eseguito preferibilmente con la metodica a rampa in modo da incrementare il carico di lavoro in maniera più fisiologica
7. VALUTAZIONE FUNZIONALE DEL PAZIENTE CON IPCTE TCP MASSIMALE INCREMENTALE Dopo alcuni minuti di riposo 2 minuti di riscaldamento (pedalata senza carico) Incremento del carico di lavoro ogni minuto (test a rampa) fino a raggiungere la massima tollerabilità dell’individuo (incapacità a mantenere la pedalata tra 50-60 rpm) Il recupero avviene in un tempo variabile tra 2 e 4 min La durata ottimale del test deve essere tra 8-12 min
8. VALUTAZIONE FUNZIONALE DEL PAZIENTE CON IPCTE TCP MASSIMALE INCREMENTALE L’incremento del carico di lavoro viene scelto sull’età e sul grado del presunto allenamento Nei pazienti con dispnea da sforzo si utilizzano incrementi tra 5 e 15 W/min Al termine, si valutano i sintomi che hanno determinato la fine dell’esercizio (es. Scala di Borg per la fatica muscolare e la dispnea)
9. VALUTAZIONE FUNZIONALE DEL PAZIENTE CON IPCTE TCP A CARICO COSTANTE Permette un’analisi dettagliata di: cinetica della ventilazione scambi gassosi Nei soggetti normali e nei pazienti con malattie cardiovascolari o polmonari permette una validazione dei dati precedentemente ottenuti con un TCP incrementale Permette un’analisi dettagliata delle curve flusso-volume sotto sforzo per la valutazione della iperinflazione dinamica nella BPCO
10. VALUTAZIONE FUNZIONALE DEL PAZIENTE CON IPCTE TCP A CARICO COSTANTE La durata dell’esercizio è di solito di 6 min; in pz con malattie respiratorie croniche e risposta ventilatoria rallentata può essere allungata a 8-10 min Il carico di lavoro influenza la risposta cardiovascolare e ventilatoria allo sforzo In genere si utilizzano carichi tra il 50 ed il 70% del massimo carico sostenuto durante un test incrementale precedente Per carichi di lavoro moderati, in assenza di aumento sensibile del lattato arterioso, si assiste al raggiungimento di uno steady state delle variabili cardiovascolari e ventilatorie dopo alcuni minuti Tali carichi possono essere sostenuti per periodi prolungati di tempo
12. VO 2 : quantità di ossigeno consumata dal paziente VO 2 max : valore massimale teorico raggiungibile al massimo dello sforzo VO 2 picco : consumo di ossigeno misurato al picco dello sforzo VCO 2 : quantità di CO 2 prodotta RQ : rapporto tra VCO 2 /VO 2 ; indice grossolano del substrato energetico utilizzato in quel momento (RQ 0.8 lipidi; RQ ≥1 carboidrati) AT : soglia anaerobica -> passaggio dal metabolismo aerobico al metabolismo prevalentemente anaerobico VALUTAZIONE FUNZIONALE DEL PAZIENTE CON IPCTE PARAMETRI METABOLICI TCP
13. Frequenza cardiaca (FC) Risposta pressoria Risposta ECG Polso d’ossigeno: rapporto tra VO 2 /FC; riflette il consumo di ossigeno per ogni battito cardiaco e da una stima della gittata cardiaca (stroke volume) VALUTAZIONE FUNZIONALE DEL PAZIENTE CON IPCTE PARAMETRI CARDIACI TCP
14. VOLUME TIDAL (Vt) : volume di aria mobilizzato per ogni atto respiratorio ed è pari a 500 ml FREQUENZA RESPIRATORIA (FR) : numeri di atti respiratori in 1 minuto VENTILAZIONE MINUTO (VE) : volume totale di gas espirato al minuto (VE=Vt x FR) Vd/Vt : rapporto tra spazio morto fisiologico e Vt EQUIVALENTI VENTILATORI VE/VO 2 : rapporto tra litri di ventilazione e litri di O2 consumati al min VE/VCO 2 : rapporto tra i litri di ventilazione e litri di CO2 prodotti al min PETO 2 : pressione parziale di O2 a fine espirazione PETCO 2 : pressione parziale di CO2 a fine espirazione VALUTAZIONE FUNZIONALE DEL PAZIENTE CON IPCTE PARAMETRI RESPIRATORI TCP
15. VO 2 max o di picco 84% del predetto AT >40% VO 2 max predetto FC >90% predetto per età PA <220/90 mmHg Polso O 2 >80% del predetto FR <60 atti/min VE/VO 2 alla AT <34 VE/VCO 2 alla AT <34 VD/VT <0.28; <0.30 per età >40 anni PaO 2 >80 mmHg VALUTAZIONE FUNZIONALE DEL PAZIENTE CON IPCTE VALORI DI NORMALITA’ TCP
16. CAUSE INTRINSECHE: Fatica Dispnea Angina Vertigini Dolori alle gambe Eccessiva salivazione (boccaglio) Mancanza di aria (maschera) VALUTAZIONE FUNZIONALE DEL PAZIENTE CON IPCTE MOTIVI DI INTERRUZIONE TCP
17. CAUSE ESTRISECHE: Raggiungimento FC massimale Pressione arteriosa sistemica >240 mmHg Calo pressorio >10 mmHg durante il test Sottoslivellamento o sopraslivellamento ischemico del tratto ST Aritmie: Tachiaritmie sopraventricolare o ventricolari Bigeminismo extrasistolico ventricolare Blocco atrio-ventricolare di grado avanzato VALUTAZIONE FUNZIONALE DEL PAZIENTE CON IPCTE MOTIVI DI INTERRUZIONE TCP
18. VALUTAZIONE FUNZIONALE DEL PAZIENTE CON IPCTE TEST CARDIOPOLMONARE Esercizio fisico  Resistenze arteriose periferiche ï‚ Gc = ï‚ FC x ï‚ GS ï‚ VE = ï‚ FR x ï‚ VC ï‚ Flusso muscolare O2 ï‚ Lattacidemia ï‚ pH ï‚ CO2 FATICA
21. VO 2 picco ridotto VO 2 /W ridotto AT ridotta Polso d’ossigeno ridotto Equivalenti respiratori aumentati Vd/Vt aumentato VALUTAZIONE FUNZIONALE DEL PAZIENTE CON IPCTE PROFILI DI RISPOSTA DEL TCP NELL’IPERTENSIONE POLMONARE
22. E’ stato dimostrato che la riduzione della capacità funzionale è significativamente correlata a: Parametri emodinamici Peggioramento clinico nel tempo Sopravvivenza Pertanto l’ esercizio fisico è un fattore prognostico significativo nella valutazione di pazienti con IP
23. VALUTAZIONE FUNZIONALE DEL PAZIENTE CON IPCTE TEST CARDIOPOLMONARE E’ in grado di valutare quantitativamente la capacità di esercizio fisico del paziente in maniera più completa rispetto al semplice 6MWT. Può valutare separatamente i contributi dei vari meccanismi fisiopatologici implicati nell’ipertensione polmonare
24. STUDIO CLINICO Groepenhoff et al hanno comparato il valore prognostico del TCP e del 6MWT nei pazienti con ipertensione polmonare April 2008; 40: 1725-1732
25. RISULTATI STUDIO CLINICO Hanno trovato che i pazienti con miglior prognosi (p<0.005) erano coloro che presentavano:
26. RISULTATI STUDIO CLINICO Hanno trovato che i pazienti con miglior prognosi (p<0.005) erano coloro che presentavano:
27. RISULTATI STUDI CLINICI Eseguendo un analisi statistica multivariata secondo il modello di Cox, inoltre il valore prognostico della distanza percorsa al 6MWT (>339 m) risultava statisticamente potenziato dalla variabile inclusa Δ O2pulse . CONCLUSIONI : i parametri ottenuti durante TCP predicono la sopravvivenza nei pazienti con ipertensione polmonare e sono complementari ai fattori prognostici del 6MWT
29. VO2 e SBP al picco sono predittori di sopravvivenza fortemente significativi ed indipendenti nei pazienti affetti da ipertensione polmonare
30. Pz con VO2max ≤ 10.4 ml/Kg/min sono a rischio di morte precoce durante il 1° (50%) o 2° (85%) anno. Invece pz con VO2 >10.4 ml/Kg/min hanno un rischio rispettivamente del 10% e 30%. Pz con VO2 ≤ 10.4 ml/Kg/min ed un picco pressorio (SBP) durante il test <120 mmHg hanno una sopravvivenza del 23% nei successivi 12 mesi VALUTAZIONE FUNZIONALE DEL PAZIENTE CON IPCTE RISULTATI
32. Sindrome disventilatoria restrittiva secondaria all’atto chirurgico Alterazione della diffusione dei gas per danno da riperfusione Shunt artero-venosi polmonari Decondizionamento muscolare Perdita momentanea di elasticità vascolare Disomogeneità della perfusione (zone iperperfuse EAP vs quelle non modificate chirurgicamente) IPOTESI FISIOPATOLOGICHE
37. Valutazione funzionale sicura, affidabile, completa e non invasiva Quantità innumerevole di informazioni riguardo l’efficienza dell’apparato cardiovascolare, respiratorio e muscolo-scheletrico nell’arco di breve tempo VO 2 ed SBP al picco sono predittori di sopravvivenza fortemente significativi ed indipendenti nei pazienti con ipertensione polmonare TCP è un esame complementare al 6MWT nella stratificazione prognostica dell’ ipertensione polmonare CONCLUSIONI
38. 4) TCP utile esame nel follow-up dei pz EAP Lento ma costante recupero funzionale (circa 1 anno), ma duraturo nel tempo dopo intervento di EAP 6) Potenzialmente utile strumento di valutazione dell’efficacia di nuove terapie in pazienti con IPCTE inoperabili CONCLUSIONI
Editor's Notes
#32: Miglioramento rapido emodinamico con un plateau dopo 1-3 mesi dall’intervento
#33: Ipossimia in TEAP è dovuta ad una alterazione del rapporto ventilazione/perfusione
#34: Emodinamica migliora dopo 1 mese poi raggiunge un plateau
#36: Emodinamica migliora dopo 1 mese poi raggiunge un plateau