mere pro邸irene reanimacije izvodi obueni i opremljeni medicinski kadar i sastoje se iz obezbeivanja puteva primene lekova, primene lekova i rastvora, ekg dijagnostike i leenja malignih poremeaja ritma defibrilacijom.
U ovoj prezentaciji bie vam obja邸njene osnovne osobine endokrinih 転lezda i hormona, kao i patologija istih (Ku邸ingov sindrom, Adisonova bolest, Adisonova kriza, Grejvs-Bazedovljeva bolest, Hipotireoidizam, Hipopituitarizam, Tumori hipofize itd.)
This document describes various in vitro models and methods that can be used to study hepatotoxicity, including hepatocyte cell cultures, assays to measure cell viability and metabolic activity (trypan blue dye exclusion test, MTT assay), staining to visualize lipid accumulation (Oil Red O), and techniques to examine gene and protein expression changes (RT-PCR, western blotting). Specifically, it discusses using these methods to establish models of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by treating hepatocyte cultures with fatty acids like palmitic and oleic acid, and models of drug-induced hepatotoxicity by treating with acetaminophen or amiodarone. Key readouts include lipid accumulation, apoptosis levels
This document describes various in vitro models and methods that can be used to study hepatotoxicity, including hepatocyte cell cultures, assays to measure cell viability and metabolic activity (trypan blue dye exclusion test, MTT assay), staining to visualize lipid accumulation (Oil Red O), and techniques to examine gene and protein expression changes (RT-PCR, western blotting). Specifically, it discusses using these methods to establish models of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by treating hepatocyte cultures with fatty acids like palmitic and oleic acid, and models of drug-induced hepatotoxicity by treating with acetaminophen or amiodarone. Key readouts include lipid accumulation, apoptosis levels
This document summarizes various liver diseases and their etiologies. It discusses alcoholic liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, viral hepatitis infections from hepatitis B, C, and D viruses, autoimmune disorders like autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis, genetic disorders, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The liver's important functions are outlined. Causes, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment approaches are described for each disease.
An introduction to experimental epidemiology improvemed
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This document provides an overview of experimental epidemiology methods. It discusses the key features and types of experimental epidemiology studies, including controlled field trials and community trials. Controlled field trials involve dividing healthy subjects into an exposed group that receives an active substance (like a vaccine) and an unexposed control group that receives a placebo. Community trials involve entire exposed and unexposed communities. Randomized controlled trials, which assign individual subjects randomly to intervention or control groups, are described as the most common experimental method but are covered in more depth separately. Overall, the document outlines the design and purpose of various experimental epidemiology study types.
Genotyping methods of nosocomial infections pathogenimprovemed
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Nosocomial infections afflict around 2 million patients in the US each year, resulting in around 88,000 deaths and $4.5 billion in excess healthcare costs. Understanding the distribution and relatedness of pathogens that cause these infections is important for designing effective control methods. Historically, phenotypic characterization was used, but increasingly molecular or genotyping techniques are being used, including pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, multilocus sequence typing, and polymerase chain reaction-based methods. Studies have shown that integrating molecular typing into infection control programs can significantly reduce infection rates and healthcare costs.
Use of MALDI-TOF in the diagnosis of infectious diseasesimprovemed
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MALDI-TOF MS has revolutionized clinical microbiology by drastically improving the time needed to identify bacterial cultures from over 24 hours to just a few minutes. Whereas the entire process from sampling to results previously took 2-3 days or more, new methods like MALDI-TOF MS and molecular technology have reduced this to just a few hours or one day. MALDI-TOF MS is a powerful, cost-effective, and easy to implement technique that provides rapid and reliable identification of bacteria and yeast from clinical samples at the genus and species level through analysis of their protein mass spectral signatures.
1. Molecular microbiology methods like PCR and hybridization have revolutionized clinical diagnostics by enabling fast and direct detection of pathogens from clinical samples.
2. PCR in particular has become a mainstay technique, allowing amplification of specific DNA sequences from small amounts of input DNA. Variations like real-time PCR, multiplex PCR, and broad-range PCR further expanded diagnostic capabilities.
3. Emerging technologies like DNA microarrays promise even greater multiplexing, with the ability to simultaneously genotype large genomic regions or measure expression of many genes, positioning them as promising future molecular diagnostic tools.
This document provides information about setting up and conducting experiments with isolated organs and tissue rings, including:
1. Describing the mechanical setup for a four-channel system bath for isolated organs.
2. Explaining the preparation of Krebs-Hanseleit solution and common drugs used.
3. Outlining typical experiment protocols, including stabilizing tissues, pre-contraction testing, and assessing endothelial function.
4. Noting that each experiment begins by preparing Krebs-Hanseleit solution and activating the system before surgery and setting rings in wells.
This document describes the components, work principles, and experimental protocols for using a pressure myograph system to study isolated blood vessels. The system allows measuring vessel diameter in response to drugs and stimuli while maintaining constant temperature. Experiments involve isolating small arteries from rats and attaching them to glass micropipettes in a chamber filled with physiological salt solution. Vessel diameter is recorded under varying pressures and drug exposures to study endothelial function and vasoactive mechanisms. Statistical analysis of diameter changes under different conditions uses repeated measures ANOVA to compare responses between experimental groups.
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This document describes the laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) method for measuring blood flow in the microcirculation of skin. Specifically, it discusses post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH) testing using LDF to assess microvascular reactivity by inducing a brief occlusion of blood vessels. It also covers iontophoresis of acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside combined with LDF to evaluate endothelium-dependent and independent vasodilation respectively. Standardization of methods like occlusion duration and probe placement is important for reproducibility. LDF provides a general index of microvascular function rather than direct flow measurements.
Notes for STAINING AND ANALYSIS of HISTOLOGICAL PREPARATIONSimprovemed
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This document provides an overview of histological staining techniques. It discusses how histological preparations are stained using interactions between dyes, solvents, and tissue components. Different staining methods result in different colors that highlight various structures. A classic example is hematoxylin and eosin staining, where hematoxylin stains acidic components blue and eosin stains basic components pink. Specialized staining techniques also exist, such as immunohistochemistry. Proper staining selection depends on the tissue and research goals. Histological preparations are then analyzed under a microscope to study cell and tissue morphology.
Notes for Fixation of tissues and organs for educational and scientific purposesimprovemed
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Fixation of tissues and organs is done to preserve them for scientific and educational purposes. Various chemical fixatives are used including formaldehyde, alcohols, and acids. Formaldehyde cross-links proteins to harden the tissue while maintaining the original structure. Several fixation protocols are used for different purposes, balancing preservation of color and long-term durability. Key steps include diffusion or injection of fixatives, followed by storage in preservative solutions. Proper fixation and storage are necessary to prevent degradation over time.
The document summarizes the process of preparing tissue samples for histological analysis, including fixation, dehydration, infiltration/embedding, sectioning, staining, and examination. Key steps involve fixing tissues to prevent degradation, dehydrating using increasing alcohol concentrations, infiltrating with paraffin wax or resin for structural support during sectioning, precisely cutting thin sections, mounting them to glass slides, staining, and examining under a microscope. The quality of prepared samples depends on carefully following each step of the preparation process.
Notes for The principle and performance of capillary electrophoresisimprovemed
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This document provides an overview of capillary electrophoresis (CE). It begins by introducing CE and its advantages over other separation techniques. It then describes the basic theory behind CE, including electrophoretic mobility, electroosmotic flow, and how samples migrate through the capillary when an electric field is applied. The document details the key components of a CE instrument and various CE separation techniques such as capillary zone electrophoresis, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, and capillary isoelectric focusing. It focuses on the principles and applications of CE.
Notes for The principle and performance of liquid chromatographymass spectro...improvemed
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This document provides an overview of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). It describes the basic components and functioning of an LC-MS system, including the liquid chromatograph and mass spectrometer connected by an interface. The document discusses various ionization sources like electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, as well as mass analyzers like quadrupoles and time-of-flight analyzers. It also covers detectors used in LC-MS like electron multipliers and photomultipliers. Overall, the document serves as a technical introduction to the principles and components of LC-MS.
This document provides an overview of basic cell culture techniques. It discusses the history of cell culture, defining primary and secondary cell cultures. It describes different types of cell lines and how cells grow as monolayers or in suspension. The document outlines the key equipment needed for a cell culture laboratory, including biosafety cabinets, CO2 incubators, centrifuges, microscopes, and supplies. It emphasizes the importance of aseptic technique to prevent microbial contamination when working with cell cultures.
This document discusses systems biology and its goals of understanding how biological molecules interact and systems function as a whole. It covers:
1) Systems biology uses large datasets from "omics" experiments and computational models to understand complex biological interactions beyond individual molecules.
2) Pioneering work used microarrays to measure thousands of genes in serum-stimulated cells, finding over 500 changed in proliferation.
3) The field aims to discover emergent system properties and functions not evident from separate parts, like switches that change cell behavior.
Systems biology for Medicine' is 'Experimental methods and the big datasetsimprovemed
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This document discusses experimental methods used in systems biology to generate large datasets, including microarrays, sequencing-based methods, mass spectrometry, and liquid chromatography. It explains that systems biology studies must be quantitative and enable computational modeling. Key methods covered are microarrays, RNA-seq, ChIP-seq, whole-genome sequencing, whole-exome sequencing, proteomics using mass spectrometry, and combining liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry for lipidomics, metabolomics and glycomics. Sources of variation are also discussed for genomic and proteomic studies.
Systems biology for medical students/Systems medicineimprovemed
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Systems biology takes a holistic approach to studying biological systems by considering all the interactions within a system and how they generate complex behaviors. Lecture 1 introduces key concepts in systems biology like how increasing levels of biological organization give rise to new system properties like robustness. Lecture 2 discusses experimental methods like genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics that generate large data sets for systems analysis. Lecture 3 covers mathematical and statistical tools for analyzing these data sets, such as using differential equations to model signaling networks. Lecture 4 provides examples of medical applications of systems biology in finding diagnostic markers, personalizing therapy, and predicting disease interactions from human disease networks, with the future of medicine taking a more predictive, preventive, and personalized approach
The document discusses several use cases for applying data mining and machine learning techniques in healthcare and biomedical research. Three examples are:
1) Early diagnosis of cancers like lung cancer and breast cancer through predictive modeling of patient data to detect cancers at earlier stages when survival rates are higher.
2) Predicting patient responses to drug therapies for cancers like breast cancer by combining different types of molecular profiling data using techniques like support vector machines and random forests.
3) Using imaging data and temporal analysis of metrics like medication purchases to better understand and predict chronic diseases like diabetes and associated health complications.
2. FIZIOLOGIJA KRVNIH 貼ILA
Dobro razumijevanje fiziologije vaskularnog sustava nu転no je za
razumijevanje tijeka pokusa
Mehanizmi vazodilatacije i vazokonstrikcije
3. Unutarstanina signalizacija
V r s t e r e c e p t o r a:
1. R e c e p t o r o v i s n i i o n s k i k a n a l i (ionotropni receptori)
2. R e c e p t o r i s p r e g n u t i s G -p r o t e i n o m (metabotropni
receptori)
3. K i n a z n i r e c e p t o r i
4. N u k l e a r n i r e c e p t o r i
4. R R E R
G G
Stanini
odgovor Stanini odgovor
Stanini
odgovor
Stanini
odgovor
Hiperpolarizacija ili
depolarizacija
Promjena
podra転lji-
vosti
Drugi glasnici
Otpu邸tanje
Ca2+
Fosforilacija
proteina drugo
Fosforilacija
proteina
Transkripcija gena
Sinteza proteina
R
Transkripcija
gena
Sinteza proteina
1. Receptor-ovisni
ionski kanali
2. Receptori spregnuti sa
G-proteinima
(metabotropni receptori)
3. Kinazni
receptori
4. Nuklearni
receptor
Vremenska skala:
Milisekunde
Primjer:
Nikotinski
receptor za Ach
Vremenska skala:
Sati
Primjer:
Citokinski
receptor
Vremenska skala:
Sati
Primjer:
Estrogenski
receptori
Vremenska skala:
sekunde
Primjer:
Muskarinski receptor za Ach
6. Unutarstanina signalizacija
Receptori spregnuti sa G proteinom
Meta
1
Meta
2 留 硫粒
GDP
Meta
1
Meta
2 留 硫粒
GDP
GTP
Meta
1
Meta
2 留 硫粒
GTP
Meta
1
Meta
2 留 硫粒
GDP
+
P
Receptor zauzet
Meta aktiviranaGTP hidroliziran
1.
4. 3.
2.
GDP
25. PRIPREMA ZA POKUS
Pokretanje sustava (temp . 37 C, doprema O2 itd.)
Kalibracija sustava
Priprema Krebs Henseleitove otopine
Razrijaivanje lijekova
26. 4-vero kanalni sustav kupki za izolirane organe
sadr転i:
etverokanalni standardni sustav kupki za izolirane organe (tkivne prstenove i trakice) sa svom
prikljunom opremom (cijevi, kablovi itd.)
etverokanalni pojaiva mjerene sile
Izometrini pretvara sile
Softwer za prikupljanje i obradu podataka
Sustav za primanje i prijenos siganala sa sustava kupki za izolirane organe na raunalo (etverokanalni s
moguno邸u pro邸irivanja na osamkanalni sustav)
Sustav za grijanje i cirkulaciju vode sa spremnikom od 20 l i moguno邸u prilagodbe temperature u
rasponu od 20 50 尊C te s precizno邸u od 賊0,1 尊C
31. PRIPREMA LIJEKOVA ZA POKUS
Lijekovi se pripremaju kao 20 mM (iznimno 3M i 2mM)
uvaju se 2 do 3 mjeseca na -20 C
KCl
32. Lijek/aktivna tvar Mr (g/L)
Priprema
20 mM
otopine
Koncentra-cija u
bazenu
Potrebno dodatno razrjeenje
20 mM otopine
Vol. koji se dodaje
u bazeni (亮L)
KCl 74,56
Priprema se 3M
11,3g/50mL
60 mM Ne 400
Noradrenalin 205,0 41mg/10mL 10-4 M
Zamorac: 100 x (10-6)
takor: 1000x (10-7)
100
Acetilkolin 181,7 36,4mg/10mL 10-4 M
Zamorac: 10 x (10-5)
takor: 100x (10-6)
100
L-NAME 268,0 53,6mg/10mL 3x10-4 M Ne 300
Indometacin 358,0 71,6mg/10mL 10-4 M 10x (10-5 M) 100
Klotrimazol 344,8 69mg/10mL 10-4 M 10x (10-5 M) 100
Verapamil
491,0
amp: 5mg/2mL
Priprema se 2 mM
4 mL iz amp. + 6 mL H2O
20 亮M Ne 200
* Otapalo za Indometasin je 96% etanol ili DMSO/ ponekad i dr. Ovisno o proizvoau
37. STANDARDNI PROTOKOL
1. Stabilizacija krvne 転ile
2. Inicijalni prekontrakcijski test
3. Test intaktnosti endotela
4. Ispitivanje vazoaktivne tveri
38. 1. Stabilizacija krvne 転ile (60 min)
Krvna 転ila se prenapregne za 20 mN
U vi邸e navrata napetosti krvne 転ile se ispravlja
na 20 mN (ili 0 mN ako sustav bazino pode邸en
na 20 mN)
Tijekom tog perioda bazenii se ispiru 3-4puta
(cca. svakih 15 min)
40. 3. Testiranje intaktnosti endotela
100亮L 1000x razr. 20 mM
NORADRENALINA
(10-7M)
100亮L 100x razr. 20 mM
ACETILKOLINA
(10-6M)
Ispiranje4 min 1 min
1 min
Ispiranje
Ispiranje
4 min
41. 4. Testiranje vazoaktivne tvari
100亮L 1000x razr. 20 mM
NORADRENALINA
(10-7M)
VAZODILATATOR
u razliitim dozama
4 min
47. Skupina GUK (mmol/l) Te転ina (g) Sustav na kojem se radilo Opaske Oznake prstenova
A - Kontrola Citrat (okot
10.08.2009., TH: 09.09.2009, m 90. g)
A1a 9,7 310 I. Aorta bila skvrena i kontrahirana A1a 1-4
A1b 9,7 320 II. A1b 1-4
A1c 9,7 305 I. Aorta bila skvrena i kontrahirana A1c 1-4
A2a 11,3 310 I. A2a 1-4
A2b 10 290 II.
Problemi tijekom pokusa - 転ila bila du転e na suhom jer
sust. nije bio spreman
A2b 1-4
A2c Falilo trakica 300 II. A2c 1-4
B - Kontrola netretirana (okot
12.08.2009.)
B1a 9,3 360 I. B1a 1-4
B1b 8,6 320 II. B1b 1-4
B1c 10,9 305 I. B1c 1-4
B2a 9,5 350 I.
Serum odmrzavan zajedno s A2a, A2b i B2b - da
Danijeli ostavim 0,5 ml za Oksi.kapac.
B2a 1-4
B2b 10,7 285 II. Serum mogue razrijeen kod odmrzavanja B2b 1-4
B2c 10,3 280 I. B2c 1-4
C - Dijabetiari + HBTh (okot
25.07.2009., TH: 09.09.2009, m 90. g)
C1a > 33 250 I. C1a 1-4
C1b > 33 285 II. C1b 1-4
C1c 8 290 II. C1c 1-4
C2a > 33 225 I. C2a 1-4
C2b > 33 250 II. C2b 1-4
C2c > 33 225 II. C2c 1-4
D - Dijabetiari netretirani (okot
01.08.2009., TH: 09.09.2009, m 90. g)
D1a > 33 250 I. D1a 1-4
D1b 7,8 320 II. D1b 1-4
D1c > 33 210 II. D1c 1-4
D2a > 33 200 I. D2a 1-4
D2b > 33 170 II. D2b 1-4
D2c 10,2 300 I. Kod odvajanja serum bijel + bijeli ugru邸ak D2c 1-4
Nisu razvili dijabetes