The Romans advanced architecture by adopting techniques from Greeks and innovating uses of materials like concrete and brick. They constructed grand public structures like the Colosseum and Pantheon using vaults and arches supported by stone, concrete, or wood. Roman architectural orders and designs for buildings like aqueducts, bridges, and forums had a lasting influence on Western architecture.
The document is a collection of photos from various Roman architecture sites in Italy, including the Odeon of Athens commissioned by a Roman senator, the Pantheon in Rome, St. Peter's Basilica at the Vatican, the Coliseum and its columns and lifting system, original tiles from structures, the Arch of Constantine, the Circus Maximus chariot racing site, Castel Sant'Angelo which was originally a mausoleum and later a papal fortress, and the Roman Forum with an excavated area showing ancient Rome.
This document summarizes some key geographical, geological, climatic, and religious differences between ancient Greece and Rome. It notes that Italy has a simpler coastline than Greece and fewer islands. The Apennine Mountains run through Italy but do not break it up as much as Greece. It also discusses the different building materials available, including marble in Greece but also terra-cotta, stone, and brick in Italy. North Italy has a temperate climate, central Italy is sunny, and south Italy is almost tropical. Meanwhile, Roman religion was tied to the state rather than having a powerful priesthood, and ancestor worship was also part of their religious practices.
The Ancient Romans adopted aspects of Greek architecture and developed new styles using techniques like arches and improved concrete and brick-making. They built many aqueducts, bridges, and public buildings like baths and temples that showed the peak of Roman architectural achievements. Key Roman architectural developments included the use of the arch, concrete, domes, columns, and marble in large projects like aqueducts and baths that are still standing today and influenced later Western architecture.
Roman architecture adopted styles and techniques from Greek architecture but also developed new styles such as arches, vaults and domes. Some key features of Roman architecture included temples, theaters, amphitheaters, circuses, thermae (baths), basilicas, arches, columns, and advanced engineering techniques for building roads.
The document provides a brief history of writing, beginning with pictograms/ideograms used by early civilizations, then moving to syllabaries which represented syllables rather than full words. It discusses the evolution to the alphabet, noting the Phoenician alphabet originated all western alphabets. The document outlines some early writing materials like stone, clay, wax and wood, then discusses later materials like papyrus, parchment and paper. It provides examples of different alphabets and scripts throughout history.
From the Indo-European to Our Languagesdomenechino
油
The document discusses the discovery of the Indo-European language family and its evolution and branches. It was realized that many languages shared similar words, indicating a common ancestral language now called Proto-Indo-European. The main branches discussed are the Italic languages including Latin and Romance languages, the Germanic languages including English and German, and the Celtic and Greek families which contributed to the vocabularies of Spanish and Galician. Maps show the distributions of the various language families throughout Europe and the world.
The document provides a brief history of writing, beginning with pictograms/ideograms used by early civilizations, then moving to syllabaries which represented syllables rather than full words. It discusses the evolution to the alphabet, noting the Phoenician alphabet originated all western alphabets. The document outlines some early writing materials like stone, clay, wax and wood, then discusses later materials like papyrus, parchment and paper. It provides examples of different alphabets and scripts throughout history.
From the Indo-European to Our Languagesdomenechino
油
The document discusses the discovery of the Indo-European language family and its evolution and branches. It was realized that many languages shared similar words, indicating a common ancestral language now called Proto-Indo-European. The main branches discussed are the Italic languages including Latin and Romance languages, the Germanic languages including English and German, and the Celtic and Greek families which contributed to the vocabularies of Spanish and Galician. Maps show the distributions of the various language families throughout Europe and the world.
The Romans were very religious and believed in many gods and spirits. They adopted gods from other cultures but maintained gods specific to Rome like Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva. Religion was an important part of Roman society and integrated into both public and domestic life. Over time, Christianity grew despite early persecution until it became the dominant religion in the late Roman Empire.
Greek religion was polytheistic and centered around mythology to explain the world. The Greeks worshipped anthropomorphic gods like the Olympians, who ruled over different domains. They held various festivals and games throughout the year and made sacrifices to the gods in sanctuaries and oracles. Mysteries also existed that offered explanations about the afterlife to initiates through nightly rituals.
Galicia is an autonomous region in northwest Spain with its own language, Galician. Its capital is Santiago de Compostela, an important pilgrimage site. The document then focuses on the town of Oleiros, located near A Coru単a. It describes the public school IES Mar鱈a Casares, located in Oleiros, including its classrooms, facilities, schedules, holidays, activities, and festivities in the town.
Hercules visits his friend the centaur Pholus, who shares food and wine with him. The other centaurs get drunk and attack Hercules, who fights them off with poison arrows, killing several. While burying the victims, Pholus examines one of Hercules' arrows and accidentally wounds himself with it, dying from the foot wound. Hercules later finds and captures the Wild Boar of Erymanthus, carrying it alive on his shoulders back to Mycenae.
Hercules was tasked with retrieving the golden apples from the garden of the Hesperides as his eleventh labor. The apples were guarded by Ladon, a hundred-headed dragon. Hercules sought information from the sea god Nereus, who he had to defeat. Nereus told Hercules the apples were located in the Atlas Mountains of Africa. There, Hercules killed Ladon and found the giant Atlas, who agreed to pick the apples if Hercules took the weight of the world on his shoulders temporarily. When Atlas had the apples, he tried to trick Hercules but Hercules outwitted him instead. Hercules returned the apples to Eurystheus,
Hercules' second labor was to kill the Hydra of Lerna, a nine-headed monster. He and his nephew Iolaus fought the Hydra, cutting off its heads, but more grew back. Iolaus helped Hercules by burning the wounds so the heads wouldn't regrow, allowing Hercules to destroy the last head and bury it under a rock, completing his labor.
Hercules accepted King Eurystheus's request to retrieve Hippolyte's golden belt for Princess Admete. Hercules traveled to the Amazons and asked Hippolyte for the belt, which she agreed to give him as a sign of respect. However, the goddess Hera spread rumors that caused a group of Amazons to attack Hercules' men. Hercules believed Hippolyte had betrayed him but ultimately gave the belt to Admete, though the full truth of the events was never discovered.
1) Hercules won a contest for the hand of Iole in marriage but was refused by her father Eurytus, leading to a fight where Eurytus's son died.
2) Hercules served Queen Omphale of Lydia for three years after consulting the Oracle at Delphi.
3) Hercules fell in love with and married Deianeira but she accidentally poisoned him with the blood of the dying centaur Nessus, leading to Hercules' death.
Hercules was called by King Eurystheus to rid the Stymphalian Marsh of man-eating birds that had brass wings, beaks, and claws. The king's archers had previously failed to remove the birds. When Hercules arrived, Athena gave him a brass rattle. Hercules shook the rattle from the top of a cliff, causing the birds to take flight. He then shot many of them with his bow and arrows. The remaining birds fled, and Hercules stayed for a couple days to ensure they did not return before returning in triumph.
Hercules must go to the Spanish peninsula to kill King Geryon, a three-headed giant, and steal his prized red cattle. When he arrives at Geryon's island, Hercules battles and kills the giant's two-headed dog Orthrus. Hercules then fights and defeats Geryon. He has difficulty returning home with the cattle, facing attacks from other giants who try to steal the cattle along the way, but ultimately brings the cattle back to Eurystheus as requested.
Hercules' task was to steal a herd of red cattle from King Geryon, a three-headed giant, who kept them guarded by his two-headed dog Orthrus on the Spanish peninsula. Hercules fought and killed Orthrus, then battled and slew King Geryon. He had difficulty driving the cattle safely home and had to rescue two bulls stolen by another giant, Cacus. During the journey back, Hera sent an attack against the herd but Hercules evaded it by rushing into a river. Finally, he delivered the cattle to Eurystheus as tasked.
The king of Elis, Augeas, had extremely dirty stables that had not been cleaned in many years due to his laziness. For one of his labors, Heracles was tasked with cleaning the Augean stables, deemed an impossible task. Heracles came up with a clever solution, knocking holes in the walls and diverting two nearby rivers through the stables to wash away all the built up dung. Within a few hours, the rushing waters had swept the stables completely clean, completing the task.
Hercules' final task assigned by King Eurystheus was to retrieve Cerberus, the hound of Hades. Guided by Hermes, Hercules traveled through the underworld and wrestled Cerberus with his bare hands as allowed by Hades. Hercules then carried the hound back to Eurystheus' palace, scaring the king so much he fled and was never seen again, completing Hercules' final task.
This document summarizes information about Zeus/Jupiter. It states that Zeus/Jupiter is the god of men and gods and the god of the sky, with attributes including the beam, bull, and eagle. It provides details that Zeus is the son of Cronos and Rhea and that his siblings include Hades, Hestia, Demeter, Hera, and Poseidon. It also briefly mentions the myth of Zeus's birth where Cronos eats his offspring but Rhea saves Zeus by giving Cronos a stone instead.
4. Os exipcios usaban a escritura xerogl鱈fica, un tipo de
escritura chamada pictogr叩fica que se compo単鱈a de debuxos
e signos. Os exipcios representaban en cada xerogl鱈fico un
obxecto ou unha idea global.
xerogl鱈ficos exipcios
5. Os fenicios crearon o primeiro alfabeto fon辿tico, e dicir, un
alfabeto no que cada signo representaba un son.
Os gregos elaboraron o seu alfabeto a partir do fenicio; a s炭a
vez, os romanos desenvolveron o seu a partir do grego.
alfabeto romano
6. Do pictograma ao alfabeto
Os pictogramas
A pictogr叩fica 辿 unha
forma primitiva que consiste en
representar ideas por medio de
debuxos e signos ,
chamados pictogramas.
pictogramas
Os ideogramas
Unha evoluci坦n posterior no
cami単o da escritura o constit炭en os
ideogramas. Neste caso, os
debuxos xa non s坦 representan
obxectos concretos e ideas se non que
representan palabras.
ideogramas
7. Pictograma:
Xerogl鱈ficos
Nun principio, o xerogl鱈fico
(hieros = sagrado, glyphein =
tallar, gravar) foi un signo
sagrado, gravado sobre os
templos e as tumbas, que
representaban aos deuses.
Para escribir, os exipcios,
utilizaban sobre todo o
papiro. Para escribir sobre
unha superficie dura,
utilizaban un estilete de
madeira.
8. Ideogramas: Chino ou
Xapon辿s
Tanto en China como en
Xap坦n existen, na
actualidade, sistemas de
escritura ideogr叩fica. Para
facerse unha idea, o chino
conta con 50000 car叩cteres
diferentes. Isto fai que a
aprendizaxe de esas linguas
requira moito tempo; incluso
os seus propios falantes
empregan moitos anos en
lograr o nivel aceptable no
manexo da lingua.
9. Silabario
Nesta etapa, cada signo representa
unha s鱈laba. o que se co単ece como
silabario.
Este sistema segue evolucionando e
empezan a aparecer as letras, signos
坦s que se lle da un valor fon辿tico.os
signos fon辿ticos representan sons,
non ideas.
silabario
A escritura cuneiforme
Recibe o seu nome de cuneus, o
estilete que se empregaba para gravar
os signos sobre taboleiros de arcilla.
Esta escritura cambiou co tempo,
pasando de ser ideogr叩fica a sil叩bica,
e, por 炭ltimo, alfab辿tica.
escritura cuneiforme
11. O alfabeto fenicio
O primeiro alfabeto cuneiforme serviu de base para o posterior
alfabeto. Os fenicios, ata o ano 1400 a.C., desenrolaron un
abecedario formado por vintedous signos.
Era un alfabeto fon辿tico, a鱈nda que s坦 para as consoantes, e dicir, a
cada letra correspond鱈alle un son conson叩ntico. Carec鱈a de signos
voc叩licos.
Os fenicios escrib鱈an en papiro, en pergami単o ou en t叩boas de
arxila. Estes materiais non perduran co tempo, e por esa raz坦n non
se conservan moitas testemu単as hist坦ricas da escritura fenicia.
12. Alfabeto grego
O alfabeto grego procede do fenicio,
con algunhas modificaci坦ns; por
exemplo, incorpor叩ronse as vogais e
engad鱈ronse novas consoantes.
Todos os alfabetos utilizados hoxe
en Europa proceden do alfabeto
grego.
alfabeto grego
Alfabeto latino
O alfabeto latino non procede
directamente do alfabeto grego,
sen坦n do etrusco, que a s炭a vez, e
unha variante do alfabeto grego. O
alfabeto latino consta de vinte e tres
letras. A principal novidade deste
alfabeto consistiu en adoptar a
graf鱈a c para o son k.
Os romanos difundiron o alfabeto
coa s炭a lingua, con algunhas
modificaci坦ns feitas na Idade
Media.
o alfabeto que utilizamos n坦 s
hoxe en d鱈a.
13. Cir鱈lico
O alfabeto cir鱈lico foi inventado no s辿culo X por un misioneiro do Imperio
bizantino en Bulgaria. Este alfabeto est叩 baseado no abecedario grego. O
idioma 辿 o eslavo eclesi叩stico antigo. Este idioma usouse pola Igrexa ortodoxa
rusa. No s辿culo XIV nace o eslavo eclesi叩stico, usado hoxe en d鱈a no culto.
alfabeto cir鱈lico o ruso
14. Outros alfabetos
Morse
O c坦digo morse o tam辿n co単ecido como
alfabeto morse 辿 un sistema de
representaci坦n de letras e n炭meros
mediante sinais emitidas deforma
intermitente.
c坦digo morse ou alfabeto morse
Braille
O braille 辿 un sistema de lectura e
escritura t叩ctil pensado para persoas
cegas. Foi ideado por o franc辿s Louis
Braille a mediados do s辿culo XIX.
Cando ti単a 13 anos, o director da escola
de cegos e xordos de Par鱈s , onde
estudaba, pediulle que probara un
sistema de lecto-escritura t叩ctil
inventado por un militar. Braille
descubriu que o sistema funcionaba e o
reinventou utilizando un sistema de 8
puntos. Ao paso do tempo o
simplificou deixando no sistema 6
puntos.
