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Counters
 Counters are a specific type of
    sequential circuit.
   Like registers, the state, or the flip-
    flop values themselves, serves as the
    output.
   The output value increases by one on
    each clock cycle.
   After the largest value, the output
    wraps around back to 0.

                       1
Using two bits:
                                        1
                               00           01

Present State Next State
  A       B    A     B
 0       0     0     1              1            1

 0       1     1     0
 1       0     1     1
                                        1
 1       1     0     0
                               11           10




                           2
RIPPLE COUNTER

(ASYNCHRONOUS COUNTER)


          3
Asynchronous Counters

 This counter is
called asynchronous
because not all flip
flops are hooked to
the same clock.




                       4
 This is called as a ripple
 counter due to the way the FFs
 respond one after another in a
 kind of rippling effect.


 In a ripple counter, a flip-flop
 output transition serves as a
 source for triggering other flip-
 flops.          5
6
Asynchronous counters

If the clock has period T.
Q0 has period 2T. Q1
period is 4T
With n flip flops the period
is 2n.




                          7
 Binary Ripple Counter
  (2 bits, 3 bits, 4 bits, )
   1 to 0
 Binary Countdown Counter
   0 to 1
 BCD Ripple Counter
  4 bits
                  8
9
BINARY RIPPLE COUNTER




         10
BINARY COUNTDOWN COUNTER




           11
12
BCD RIPPLE COUNTER




        13
14

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