Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao, Grado 10, mga Modyul 7 at 8:
Modyul 7: Ang Kabutihan o Kasamaan ng Kilos Ayon sa Paninindigan, Gintong Aral, at Pagpapahalaga
Modyul 8: Mga Yugto ng Makataong Kilos at Mga Hakbang sa Moral na Pagpapasiya
Ayon kay Max Scheler (Dy M., 1994), ang pagpapahalaga ay obheto ng ating intensyonal na damdamin. Mauunawaan natin ang pagpapahalaga sa pamamagitan ng pagdama dito. Hindi ito naghihintay ng katuwiran upang lumitaw sa ating buhay. Ang pagpapahalaga ay hindi iniisip; ito ay dinaramdam. Hindi ito obheto ng isip kundi obheto ng puso. Ang ating isip ay bulag sapagpapahalaga; tulad ng ating mata na bingi sa ingay at ng ating tainga na bulag sa kulay. Ngunit hindi ito nangangahulugan na hindi na natin mapag-iisipan ang halaga. Kapag ito ay pinag-iisipan na nang mabuti, hindi na ito sa pagpapahalaga bilang pagpapahalaga kundi ang konsepto na ngpagpapahalaga. Sinasabi ni Scheler na ang pagpapahalaga ang nagbibigay ng kabuluhan o kalidad sa buhay ng tao. Narito ang mga katangian ng pagpapahalaga:
a. Immutable at objective. Ibig sabihin, hindi nagbabago ang mga pagpapahalaga dahil ang mga ito, lalo na ang nasa higit na mataas na antas, ay mga kalidad kung saan nakasalalay ang pagkatao. Halimbawa, ang pagpapahalaga ng kalusugan ay hindi nagbabago. Kung ang tao ay hindi tumugon sa pagpapahalaga ng kalusugan; hindi siya kumakain ng masustansiyang pagkain, hindi nag-eehersisyo o kayay palagiang umiinom ng alak at naninigarilyo, hindi ang pagpapahalaga ng kalusugan ang nasisira kundi ang tao mismo. Dahil ang mga gawaing ito ay magiging sanhi upang magkasakit siya.
The document discusses the history and definitions of humanities. It explains that originally "humanity" referred to distinguishing humans from those seen as less than human, but this evolved to focus on human fallibility and responsibility. The humanities emerged in the Middle Ages alongside new artistic styles. The humanities deal with human phenomena through reflection, while sciences deal with natural phenomena empirically. The basic question of humanities is "Who am I?", focusing on self-knowledge, in contrast to sciences which focus on objective knowledge. Art is considered part of the humanities as it expresses human experience.
This document introduces key concepts related to gender, including:
- The difference between gender and sex, with gender referring to socially constructed roles and sex referring to biological attributes.
- Gender equality means equal rights and opportunities regardless of gender, while gender equity aims to compensate for historical disadvantages faced by women.
- Gender analysis, mainstreaming, and empowerment are tools and strategies to promote gender equality and make programs more inclusive of both women and men.
- There are practical benefits to considering gender in development work such as increased productivity and household welfare, as well as strategic needs to transform norms and power imbalances.
1. The Filipino culture was shaped by both indigenous and foreign influences over centuries. The basic Malay culture was influenced by Chinese, Hindu, Indian, Spanish, and American interactions in varying degrees across regions.
2. The Malay culture emphasizes pleasantness over law-abiding, and flexible clans. Chinese influence includes filial piety and flexibility. Hinduism shapes beliefs like horoscopes. Indians influenced language, dress, and crafts. Spain brought Christianity, an elite class, and western institutions. America advanced democracy, liberty, and national participation.
3. Filipino values include utang na loob (reciprocity
Gender is a social construct that is determined by culture and society, not biology. It defines the roles and relationships between men and women in a given culture. Gender is socially constructed through various processes such as socialization in institutions like the family and schools, which teach children behaviors deemed appropriate for their sex and reinforce gender norms and stereotypes. The social construction of both masculinity and femininity is shaped by the interests of dominant social groups and changes over time and location.
The document discusses factors that shape Filipino moral identity, including family, social environment, culture, history, education, and economic and political systems. It describes how Filipinos are strongly family-oriented and group-focused due to their history and environment, which can lead to both strengths like resilience and weaknesses like favoritism. It also examines how colonialism, authority figures, and a lack of government accountability have impacted Filipino values and reinforced issues like passivity, conformity, and a reliance on leaders over self-initiative. In general, the document analyzes how Filipino characteristics are both assets and liabilities due to contradictions within their culture and experiences.
The document discusses school culture and climate. It defines school culture as the shared attitudes, values, beliefs, expectations, and relationships within a school. These norms impact how the school operates and are shaped by daily interactions between administrators, teachers, students, staff, and the community. School climate refers to how these underlying norms are communicated and experienced through behaviors and interactions, primarily focusing on students. The document emphasizes that school culture has a significant impact on student learning and behavior, school achievement, and school reform efforts.
Sociology in the Philippines developed in three stages - first as social philosophy, then as problem-oriented, and now striving for more scientific rigor. Early sociology aimed to guide colonial administrators, but now focuses on understanding social realities. Fr. Valentin introduced sociology, while Serafin Macaraig wrote the first sociology textbook. Universities now offer sociology degrees, and organizations like the Philippine Social Science Council promote quality social science. Philippine sociologists contribute knowledge to support policymaking and address underdevelopment, though there is debate around value-neutral research versus activism.
1) The document discusses the socio-legal dimensions of gender, including the social construction of gender, masculinity, and femininity. It describes how gender is socially constructed through socialization agents like family and schools.
2) Power and subordination are intrinsically linked to gender, with patriarchal social systems and institutions maintaining male dominance and women's subordinate status. Women experience subordination through various forms of discrimination and control.
3) Honour killings represent an extreme form of patriarchal control where women are killed for violating social norms around sexuality and relationships. India lacks clear laws around honour killings despite their prevalence.
This document discusses the multidimensional nature of human sexuality. It states that human sexuality involves biological, psychological, and sociocultural dimensions. The biological dimension relates to physiological factors, but human sexuality is also shaped by psychological factors like body image and sociocultural influences like religious beliefs, socioeconomic status, and media portrayals. Societies socialize males and females differently, which influences gender roles and sexuality.
The document discusses the history and definitions of humanities. It explains that originally "humanity" referred to distinguishing humans from those seen as less than human, but this evolved to focus on human fallibility and responsibility. The humanities emerged in the Middle Ages alongside new artistic styles. The humanities deal with human phenomena through reflection, while sciences deal with natural phenomena empirically. The basic question of humanities is "Who am I?", focusing on self-knowledge, in contrast to sciences which focus on objective knowledge. Art is considered part of the humanities as a form of human expression.
Here are two potential responses to the offline tasks:
1. Two universal values that are needed in modern times are honesty and integrity. If we embrace honesty and integrity as individuals and leaders, it can help rebuild trust in our institutions and among one another. With trust, we can have open and meaningful discussions to address challenges, and work together toward shared goals and progress for our country.
2. On a personal level, two values I think I can still develop are compassion and responsibility. To cultivate compassion, I will make an effort to understand other people's perspectives, especially those different from my own. To strengthen my sense of responsibility, I will follow through on my commitments and accept accountability for my actions and their outcomes. Practicing
This document discusses Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development and use of moral dilemmas to assess moral reasoning. It presents Kohlberg's famous Heinz dilemma about a man who considers stealing a drug to save his wife's life. The document outlines Kohlberg's six stages of moral reasoning across three levels of development from obedience to authority to principled moral reasoning. It provides characteristics of moral dilemmas, describing them as open-ended problems without a single right answer that promote discussion of reasoning and development of listening and verbal skills.
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1. PANALANGIN
Panginoon, maraming salamat po sa araw na
ito na ibinigay mo sa amin. Maraming salamat
din sa kalakasan, sa bagong araw, sa mga
biyaya na patuloy mong ibinibigay sa amin.
Sa araw na ito, hangad namin ang Iyong
presensya sa aming kalagitnaan, sa aming
pagka-klase sa bagong panahon na ito.
Naway ang lahat ng aming matututunan
ngayon ay makintal sa aming mga puso at
isipan at maging gabay sa pang-araw-araw
naming pamumuhay.
2. PANALANGIN
Itoy aming hinihiling sa
pangalan ni Hesu-Kristong
aming Panginoon, kasama ng
Banal na Espiritu-Santo
magpasawalang hanggan.
AMEN
3. Ang Kabutihan o Kasamaan
ng kilos ayon sa
Paninindigan, Gintong Aral,
at Pagpapahalaga
Modyul 7
4. MAIKLING PAGPAPAKILALA NG
ARALIN
Likas sa tao na naisin at gawin ang
isang bagay na magbibigay ng
kaligayahan sa kaniya.
Ngunit, naitanong mo na ba sa iyong
sarili kung tama bang gamitin ang
kaligayahan bilang layunin sa
pagsasagawa ng kilos?
5. MAIKLING PAGPAPAKILALA NG
ARALIN
Sa kabilang banda, itinuturing ding
batayan ng paghuhusga nng kabutihan
o kasamaan ng isang kilos ang bunga
o kahihinatnan nito
Maituturing na bang mabuti ang isang
kilos kung ang bunga ay mabuti?
6. TANDAAN:
Hindi sapat na batayan ang bunga o
kahihinatnan sa paghuhusga ng
kabutihan o kasamaan ng kilos. Ang
bunga ay maaaring hindi rin agarang
makita lalo na kung mas mahaba ang
oras at proseso ng paggawa ng isang
kilos, katulad ng PANGONGOPYA.
7. SA MAKATUWID:
Hindi sapat na batayan ang Layunin,
paraan, sirkumstansya at
kahihinatnan ng isang kilos sa
paghuhusga ng kabutihan o
kasaman
9. Ang kautusang Walang Pasubali
(Categorical Imperative)
Gawin mo ang iyong
tungkulin alang-alang sa
tungkulin
Immanuel Kant
10. Ang kautusang walang
pasubali o categorical Imperative
ay ang pagkilos sa ngalan ng
tungkulin, ginagawa ng isang tao
ang mabuti dahil ito ang
nararapat at hindi dahil sa
kasiyahan na gawin ito.
12. 1. Sinasabi na dapat kumikilos ang
tao sa paraan na maaari niyang
gawing pangkalahatang batas
ang paninindigan.
Ano nga ba ang
paninindigan?
13. Ang PANINIDIGAN ang
dahilan ng pagkilos ng tao sa
isang sitwasyon. Itinatakda nito
ang kilos bilang isang tungkulin
at mabuting dapat gawin.
Paano nga ba ito
maisasagawa?
15. a. Maisapangkalahatan (universability)
Maaari bang maging paninindigan ng iba
ang paninindigan ng isa sa parehong
sitwasyon?
Maaari bang ilapat ang paninindigan sa
isang sitwasyon sa mga kapareho nitong
sitwasyon?
16. b. Gawin sa sarili ang gagawin sa
iba (reversibility)
Maaari bang ilapat ang
paninindigang ito sa iba tulad ng
paglapat mo nito sa iyong sarili?
17. 2. Dapat mangibabaw ang
paggalang sa bawat isa, pagtrato
ayon sa kanilang pagkatao
nilang taong may dignidad, hindi
lamang bilang isang
kasangkapan kundi bilang isang
layunin mismo. Ang paggalang
sa dignidad ng tao ay ang
pagbibigay-halaga sa kaniya
bilang rasyonal na indibidwal.
18. Ang Gintong Aral (The Golden Rule)
Huwag mong gawin sa
iba ang ayaw mong
gawin nila sa iyo
Confucius
19. Kailangang pag-isipan nang
malalim ang bawat kilos bago
isagawa at ang magiging epekto
nito sa iba. Dito higit na
mapatutunayan kung mabuti o
masama ang isang partikular na
kilos.
20. Kung ano ang ibig
ninyong gawin sa inyo
ng mga tao, gayon din
ang gawin ninyo sa
kanila
Lukas 6:31
21. Wala ni isa man sa inyo ang
tunay na mananamapalataya
hanggat hindi niya ninanais sa
kanyang kapatid ang nais niya
para sa kaniyang sarili
Hadith
22. Ang pagnanais: Kilos ng Damdamin
Sa bawat kilos na ating ginagawa,
may nakikita tayong
pagpapahalaga na nakatutulong
sa pagpapaunlad ng ating
pagkatao tungo sa pagiging
personalidad.
23. Ang Pagpapahalaga bilang batayan sa
paghusga ng kabutihan o kasamaan ng
kilos
Ang tao ay may
kakayahang humusga
kung mabuti o masama
ang isang gawi o kilos
ayon sa pagpapahalaga
(values)
Max Scheler
24. Ang mga pagpapahalaga ang
nagbibigay ng kabuluhan o
kalidad sa buhay ng tao.
Sa paanong paraan ito
nangyayari?
25. Gabay natin sa bawat pagpapasya bilang
tao ang ating mga pagpapahalaga.
Nasasalamin sa ating mga kilos at pasiya
ang mga bagay na may halaga sa atin.
Obhektibo ang mga pagpapahalaga, kahit
tanging damdamin ang nakakikita ng mga
ito. Ngunit, kailangan nating maging
maingat sa pagnanais ng anumang
mahalaga para sa atin.
26. Ano nga ba ang tunay na
batayan sa paghuhusga ng
kabutihan o kasamaan ng
kilos?
31. 1. Kakayahang tumatagal at manatili
(timelessness or ability to endure)
2. Mahirap o hindi mabawasan ang
kalidad ng pagpapahalaga
(Indivisibility)
3. Lumikha ng iba pang mga
pagpapahalaga
32. 4. Nagdudulot ng higit na malalim na
kasiyahan o kaganapan (depth of
satisfaction)
5. Malaya sa organismong
dumaranas nito.
33. Ang malalim na pag-unawa sa
kautusang walang pasubali,
gintong aral, at ang
pagpapahalaga ay magbibigay sa
iyo ng matatag na kakayahan na
gawin ang mabuti at iwasan ang
masama.
34. Hindi man ito magiging madali sa
simula, ang pagsasabuhay ng
mga ito ang makatutulong sa
pagpupunyagi mong abutin ang
ikatlong yugto ng pagpapakatao
ang pagiging personalidad.