This document provides an overview of Helicobacter pylori, including its historical discovery in 1982 by Marshall and Warren which revolutionized ulcer treatment. It describes H. pylori's morphology as a spiral-shaped, flagellated, gram-negative bacterium that lives in the stomach mucus layer. The document discusses H. pylori's worldwide prevalence, routes of transmission, virulence factors, mechanisms of infection, associated diseases like ulcers and stomach cancer, and laboratory tests for diagnosis. In conclusion, H. pylori infection typically causes long-term gastritis in most cases, while clinical complications represent an imbalance in gastric homeostasis.
ICF-CY and early childhood developmentlamiaa Gamal
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This document discusses early childhood development and developmental delays. It begins by explaining the importance of early childhood development between birth and age 8. It then discusses the current status of early childhood development globally and in Egypt. Key points include developmental delays being common, affecting 1 in 6 children, and early childhood education attendance and quality varying greatly between socioeconomic groups. The document also defines developmental delay and developmental quotients. It discusses international classification systems like ICD and ICF and their application to early childhood. Early identification, assessment, and intervention services are important for children with developmental delays or disabilities.
This document discusses female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C), including terminology, global prevalence, types of procedures, complications, and social dynamics. It defines four main types of FGM/C and lists potential early and late complications. Socio-cultural factors that perpetuate the practice include ensuring marriageability, cleanliness, and controlling women's sexuality. Religious, social, and cultural misperceptions also contribute to the continuation of FGM/C in some communities.
This document discusses epilepsy and its impact on human rights and quality of life. It notes that epilepsy accounts for 0.75% of the global burden of disease and results in economic costs including lost productivity. People with epilepsy often face discrimination and social stigma. They may experience reduced access to health insurance, driving licenses, and some occupations. Legislation is needed to prevent discrimination and improve access to healthcare and quality of life for those with epilepsy. The document also discusses factors that impact quality of life such as seizure frequency, medication side effects, psychological issues, social functioning, academic achievement, and family stress. Mortality is higher for those with epilepsy due to a variety of causes that differ between countries depending on available resources and conditions.
This document discusses diabetes during pregnancy, including gestational diabetes and prediabetes. It provides statistics on the prevalence of different types of diabetes during pregnancy. Type 2 diabetes in pregnancy has a better prognosis than type 1 diabetes, with fewer complications. The document also discusses risk factors, screening, and management of gestational diabetes and prediabetes during and after pregnancy. It provides guidelines for screening and outlines the one-step and two-step approaches to screening and diagnosing gestational diabetes.
Inborn errors of metabolism are caused by single gene mutations that alter protein structure or amount synthesized. They can range from mild to lethal. Most are autosomal recessive but some like ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency are X-linked. Metabolic disorders are classified by clinical presentation, age of onset, tissues involved, and defective pathways. Common types include amino acid disorders, organic acidurias, lysosomal storage disorders, and fatty acid oxidation defects. Treatment approaches include restricting intake of toxic substances, increasing excretion of metabolites, enzyme replacement therapy, substrate reduction, and transplantation.
Malnutrition refers to both undernutrition and overnutrition. Undernutrition is when the diet does not provide enough calories and protein for growth and maintenance. It can result in stunting, wasting, and micronutrient deficiencies. Overnutrition is consuming too many calories and can lead to overweight and obesity. Globally in 2013, 51 million children under 5 had wasting and 161 million had stunting, with most cases in Asia and Africa. While malnutrition rates have declined overall, they continue to rise in parts of Africa. Vulnerable groups like young children are most at risk.
This document discusses intellectual disability, including definitions, classifications, prevalence, causes, assessment, management, and issues faced by children with intellectual disability in the MENA region. It provides details on the DSM-5 and ICD-11 classifications and describes the assessment process. It notes that intellectual disability is often co-occurring with other neurological or mental health conditions. The document also discusses prevention, early intervention, education, and support services that can help children with intellectual disability and their families.
This document discusses common childhood illnesses including their causes, symptoms, methods of transmission, incubation periods, contagious periods, and prevention strategies. It covers viral illnesses like fifth disease, measles, mumps, rubella, chickenpox, hand foot and mouth disease as well as bacterial infections like impetigo, pertussis, and hepatitis A. Routine hygiene practices like handwashing and cough etiquette are emphasized as ways to prevent the spread of these illnesses among children.