Pedagogy of Citizenship Education: Community Education and Service Learningbongsir
?
Pedagogy of Citizenship Education: Community Education and Service Learning
Major Questions to ask
1. Service Learning as Experiential Learning
- Vygotsky: Zone of Proximal Development & Scaffolding?
- Critical Pedagogy: Hidden Curriculum?
- Pedagogical Coherence: Learning Transfer & Reflection Design?
2. Service Learning as Community Education
- Community Knowledge and Understanding?
- Community Belongingness?
- Community Efficacy
3 "Good" Service-Learning?
- Strong linkage of Learning and Services?
- Begin with Powerful Issue?
- Reflection Design?
- Reciprocity?
- Social Justice focused?
Pedagogy of Citizenship Education: Community Education and Service Learningbongsir
?
Pedagogy of Citizenship Education: Community Education and Service Learning
Major Questions to ask
1. Service Learning as Experiential Learning
- Vygotsky: Zone of Proximal Development & Scaffolding?
- Critical Pedagogy: Hidden Curriculum?
- Pedagogical Coherence: Learning Transfer & Reflection Design?
2. Service Learning as Community Education
- Community Knowledge and Understanding?
- Community Belongingness?
- Community Efficacy
3 "Good" Service-Learning?
- Strong linkage of Learning and Services?
- Begin with Powerful Issue?
- Reflection Design?
- Reciprocity?
- Social Justice focused?
4. 二、為了實現這一權利,締約各國應當確保:
? (一)不以身心障礙為由,將身心障礙者拒於普通教育系統之外,不以身心障
礙為由,將身心障礙兒童拒於免費和義務小學教育和中學教育之外。
? (二)身心障礙者可以在自己生活的社區 ,在與其他人平等的基礎上,得到內
具有包容性 (inclusive) 的高質量免費小學教育和中學教育。
? (三)提供合理便利(合理的調整)( Reasonable accommodation )以滿足有
關個人的需要。 Reasonable accommodation of the individual's requirements is
provided;
? (四)身心障礙者在普通教育系統 獲得必要的援助,便於他們切實獲得教育內
。
? (五)依照有教無類的目標,在最有利於培養學習和社交能力的環境中,提供
適合個人情況的有效援助措施。 Effective individualized support measures are
provided in environments that maximize academic and social development, consistent
with the goal of full inclusion. 在強化學術與社會發展,同時以全面融合為目標的
環境下提供有效個個別化測量。
5. 合理的調整,怎麼樣才合理?
? Accommodation consists of modifications ( 修改 ), adjustments
( 調整 ) 、 adaptations ( 適應 ) and even flexibilities in the material
and normative environment in which it is claimed, through the
employment of a wide variety of mechanisms
? 財務限制
? 身體功能限制
7. ? 四、締約各國應當確保,身心障礙者能 在不受 視和與其他人平等的情夠 歧
況下,獲得普通高等教育、職業培訓、成人教育和終生學習。為此,締約各
國應當確保向身心障礙者提供合理便利(調整)。 ? States Parties shall
ensure that persons with disabilities are able to access general tertiary education,
vocational training, adult education and lifelong learning without discrimination and
on an equal basis with others. To this end, States Parties shall ensure that
reasonable accommodation is provided to persons with disabilities.
? 高等教育的障礙生受教權是 得被深入研究的議題值
? 台灣在職訓、成人教育、終生學習幾乎沒有融合教育的概念
9. 社會模式
? Social Model of Disability
? 所謂社會模式的障礙並不否認功能損傷 (impairment) 在
身心障礙者生命經驗中的顯著性,而是著重在生理的損
傷之外,各種經濟、政治、社會建構的阻礙。也就是說
,社會模式的障礙不認為「障礙」是一種個人的缺點,
而是社會建構出來的。在社會組織、結構上我們可以看
到各種對身心障礙者的限制和改變。社會模式的障礙不
把生理上的障礙視為一種個人的限制
? ( Barnes 、 Oliver 及 Barton 2002: 5)
10. 什麼是障礙?
? 生物醫療模型 VS 社會模型
? 功能損傷 (impairment) VS 障礙 (disability)
? 社會模式的不足與修正
? WHO(2001) 定義
? 障礙:個人條件、外在條件、身體狀態
11. 障礙者權利
? 無障礙 (accessibility) 到 Enabling
? 積極公民權
? 障礙者有維持人類尊嚴的基本權利。身心障礙者不論
他們的出身、障礙的性質和嚴重程度,都應該享有和
其他同齡公民一樣的基本權利,也就是擁有一個正常
而充足的生活的權利」( Declaration on the Rights of
Disabled Persons, United Nations 1975 )