MRI spectroscopy- Its Application, Principle & Techniques Nitish Virmani
Ìý
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a noninvasive imaging technique that measures biochemical and metabolic processes in tissues without using ionizing radiation. MRS provides additional clinical information for diseases such as brain tumors, metabolic disorders, and systemic diseases. MRS can distinguish between neoplastic and non-neoplastic brain masses, identify tumor recurrence versus radiation necrosis, and help monitor treatment response. Key metabolites that MRS evaluates include NAA, creatine, choline, lactate, lipids, and myo-inositol. Metabolite ratios are used for interpretation, with abnormal ratios indicating various conditions like tumors, demyelination, ischemia, and infection. MRS has wide clinical applications and provides valuable physiological information to
1. Felix Bloch and Edward Purcell independently discovered nuclear magnetic resonance in 1946, which led to the development of NMR and its use for molecular analysis between 1950-1970.
2. In 1971, Raymond Damadian showed tissues and tumors had differing nuclear magnetic relaxation times, motivating the use of magnetic resonance for disease detection. He then spent seven years creating the first MRI machine.
3. The first commercial MRI was introduced in 1980 by FONAR and MRI continued developing, including the creation of open MRI machines and use of surface coils to optimize imaging of specific regions.
This document provides an overview of approaches to spinal tumors. It begins by discussing how location, clinical presentation, age and gender are important for differential diagnosis. Spinal tumors are classified as intramedullary, intradural extramedullary, or extradural. The approach involves first examining the spinal cord and CSF spaces for expansion or compression. Common intramedullary tumors discussed include ependymomas, astrocytomas, gangliogliomas, and hemangioblastomas. Intradural extramedullary tumors include meningiomas, nerve sheath tumors, and myxopapillary ependymomas. Imaging features that help characterize different tumors are also summarized.
Mammography Positioning Technique for Additional Views Selin Prasad
Ìý
This document discusses additional views that can be performed in mammography, including magnification views, spot compression views, and views for patients with breast implants. Magnification views use a smaller focal spot size and elevated breast position to provide higher resolution of areas of interest, though at the cost of increased radiation dose and potential for motion blur. Spot compression views apply targeted compression over areas of concern to spread overlapping tissues and better define lesion features. Views for implants displace the implant posteriorly during compression to exclude it from the image and allow improved visualization of breast tissue.
Interventional Radiology : Devices and Embolic Agents that a Resident NEEDS T...Saurabh Joshi
Ìý
Interventional Radiology is full of various devices and materials. The general radiology resident needs to know these in order to impress the examiner. This file also contains information on various embolic agents.
Mammography positioning technique for MLO View Selin Prasad
Ìý
The document provides guidance on proper positioning technique for medio-lateral (MLO) mammography views. Key points include:
1. Positioning aims to visualize the entire breast parenchyma while avoiding superimposition of structures.
2. Prerequisites for successful positioning include choosing an appropriate tube angle and image receptor height/position based on the patient's anatomy.
3. Technique involves pulling the breast gently but firmly upward and outward, away from the chest wall, while applying compression to separate tissues for clear visualization.
1. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) provides information about the metabolic and biochemical composition of brain tissue by detecting certain metabolites. It can help differentiate between various brain pathologies and tumor types.
2. Common metabolites detected by MRS include NAA, creatine, choline, myoinositol, and lactate. Changes in levels of these metabolites indicate different disease states. For example, decreased NAA and increased choline suggest a brain tumor.
3. MRS has various clinical applications such as distinguishing tumor recurrence from treatment effects like radiation necrosis, tumor grading, aiding tumor biopsy, and monitoring responses to therapy. It provides complementary information to structural MRI for diagnostic and management purposes.
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a noninvasive imaging technique that measures metabolite levels in tissues. It works by detecting signals from atomic nuclei such as hydrogen placed in a strong magnetic field. MRS is useful for evaluating brain tumors, infections, demyelinating diseases, and neurodegenerative conditions. It provides diagnostic information by analyzing peak levels of metabolites including NAA, creatine, choline, and lactate. MRS can help distinguish tumors from other lesions, detect radiation necrosis, and monitor treatment response. It is also used to diagnose inborn errors of metabolism and mitochondrial disorders.
Esta presentacion esta dirigida para estudiantes de medicina que recien entran a este gran mundo de la neuroradiologia. Les dejo un material practico dirigido un poco mas hacia trauma obviamente se entenderia mejor con la parte explicada . Espero que les sirva .
Perfusion MRI (DSC and DCE perfusion techniques) for radiology residentsRiham Dessouky
Ìý
This document provides an overview of perfusion weighted MR imaging techniques. It discusses three main types: dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) MR perfusion, dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) MR perfusion, and arterial spin labeling (ASL) MR perfusion. DSC relies on signal loss from gadolinium contrast to measure parameters like relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) and flow (rCBF). DCE uses T1 shortening effects of contrast to calculate permeability and perfusion. Both techniques are used to evaluate brain tumors and strokes by analyzing signal intensity curves. DCE is also used in breast MRI to classify enhancement curves and measure permeability with the Ktrans parameter.
Cyberknife is a robotic radiosurgery system that can treat tumors anywhere in the body with sub-millimeter accuracy. It contains a linear accelerator mounted on a robotic arm that moves in six degrees of freedom to accurately deliver radiation from numerous angles. Treatment is tracked in real-time using x-ray images and the robotic arm moves to correct for any tumor motion during treatment. Cyberknife allows for both single and multiple fraction stereotactic radiosurgery treatments without the need for invasive head frames.
This document discusses tractography, which uses directional information from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to generate 3D maps of white matter tracts in the brain. It explains that DTI measures the diffusion of water molecules to probe cellular structure without invasiveness. Tractography approaches can be deterministic, with a single pathway from each seed point, or probabilistic, with distributions of trajectories. The document notes that tractography is useful for surgical planning by helping surgeons spare important white matter tracts to aid functional outcomes, while its limitations include providing only structural and not functional information.
This document discusses the use of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to analyze brain metabolites. It describes how MRS can detect specific metabolites and changes in their concentrations that indicate different disease states. Key points covered include:
- MRS can detect metabolites like NAA, creatine, choline, myo-inositol, and lactate.
- Different concentrations and ratios of these metabolites provide information about conditions like tumors, strokes, infections, demyelinating diseases, and epilepsy.
- MRS is useful for characterizing lesions, determining tumor grade, and evaluating treatment response.
- Specific metabolite patterns can help distinguish conditions like brain tumors from abscesses.
Lipoma arborescens is a rare benign condition where the synovial lining of joints is replaced by hypertrophied villi containing mature fat cells. It most commonly affects the suprapatellar bursa of the knee. Patients typically present with painless joint swelling and effusion. MRI is the best imaging method, demonstrating frond-like proliferations of high signal fat within effusions. Treatment involves synovectomy, with rare recurrence. It must be differentiated from other intra-articular masses and synovial proliferative disorders.
Shoulder joint xray & usg by Dr Soumitra HalderSoumitra Halder
Ìý
This document provides an overview of the shoulder joint, including its bones, joints, muscles, and common imaging techniques. It discusses the anatomy of the shoulder, describing the humerus, scapula, clavicle, and their joints. Rotator cuff muscles are identified along with their functions. Common shoulder x-ray views and what they show are outlined. Finally, common shoulder issues like dislocations, injuries, and diseases are summarized, along with how they appear on imaging.
Interventional radiology uses minimally invasive techniques guided by imaging to diagnose and treat medical conditions. Procedures use small incisions or catheters inserted through blood vessels to access internal organs. The Seldinger technique is commonly used, involving insertion of a guidewire and catheter through a needle into the femoral artery. A variety of catheters and guidewires are used depending on the target vessel. Angiography involves injecting contrast dye to visualize vessels. Interventional radiology suites contain specialized equipment like large X-ray tubes and digital image receptors to facilitate complex image-guided procedures.
This document discusses several inherited white matter diseases:
1. Metachromatic leukodystrophy is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme arylsulfatase A, leading to accumulation of sulfatides. MRI shows symmetric T2 hyperintensities in the periventricular and cerebellar white matter.
2. Krabbe disease is caused by a deficiency of galactocerebrosidase, leading to accumulation of galactocerebrosides. Characteristic MRI findings include T2 hyperintensities along the corticospinal tracts.
3. Mucopolysaccharidoses result from deficiencies of lysosomal enzymes involved in glycosaminoglycan breakdown, leading to their accumulation. MRI
This document discusses various methods for fat suppression in MR imaging. It introduces fat suppression techniques, including STIR, CHESS, SPIR, SPAIR, water excitation, and Dixon-based methods. STIR uses an inversion recovery pulse sequence to suppress fat signal. CHESS selectively saturates fat protons using RF pulses tuned to fat resonance frequencies. Dixon-based methods extract water-only and fat-only images from in-phase and out-of-phase data. Each method has advantages and limitations regarding field inhomogeneities, acquisition time, and applications.
Este documento proporciona protocolos para angio-TC de diferentes regiones anatómicas, incluyendo parámetros de cobertura, colimación, caudal de contraste, bolus tracking, post-proceso e indicaciones. Los protocolos recomiendan usar tiempos de rotación rápidos, altos caudales de contraste y sincronizar el bolus tracking con la fase arterial temprana para obtener un óptimo realce vascular.
CRANIOVERTEBRAL JUNCTION ANATOMY, CRANIOMETRY, ANAMOLIES AND RADIOLOGY dr sum...SUMIT KUMAR
Ìý
The craniovertebral junction (CVJ) refers anatomically to the occiput, atlas, axis, and their articulations and ligaments. It is a complex region forming the transition between the skull and upper cervical spine.
The document describes the normal anatomy of the CVJ bones including the occiput, atlas, and axis. It discusses the important ligaments including the occipitoatlantoaxial ligaments. Key radiological measurements and lines used to evaluate the CVJ are presented, along with classification of various congenital and acquired CVJ anomalies and their imaging appearance. Basilar invagination, basilar impression, and platybasia are distinguished.
This document provides information on osteoporosis, including its definition, etiology, frequency, diagnosis, and treatment. It defines osteoporosis as a disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, leading to increased bone fragility and fracture risk. Risk factors include medications, lifestyle, diet, and genetics. Approximately one in five women and one in eight men over 50 will have an osteoporosis-related fracture in their lifetime. Diagnosis involves measuring bone mineral density (BMD) via tests like DXA scans, with BMD T-scores used to determine osteoporosis severity. Treatment aims to increase BMD and reduce fracture risk.
This document provides information about an atlas of anatomy created using sectional imaging techniques. It was created by Dr. Tomas Sempere Dura, a radiologist and associate professor of anatomy. The atlas contains over 10,000 images of the chest, abdomen, head and neck, musculoskeletal system, circulatory system, and nervous system obtained from CT, MRI, ultrasound and other modalities. It is intended to aid in the teaching of anatomy and diagnosis using modern imaging techniques.
1. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) provides information about the metabolic and biochemical composition of brain tissue by detecting certain metabolites. It can help differentiate between various brain pathologies and tumor types.
2. Common metabolites detected by MRS include NAA, creatine, choline, myoinositol, and lactate. Changes in levels of these metabolites indicate different disease states. For example, decreased NAA and increased choline suggest a brain tumor.
3. MRS has various clinical applications such as distinguishing tumor recurrence from treatment effects like radiation necrosis, tumor grading, aiding tumor biopsy, and monitoring responses to therapy. It provides complementary information to structural MRI for diagnostic and management purposes.
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a noninvasive imaging technique that measures metabolite levels in tissues. It works by detecting signals from atomic nuclei such as hydrogen placed in a strong magnetic field. MRS is useful for evaluating brain tumors, infections, demyelinating diseases, and neurodegenerative conditions. It provides diagnostic information by analyzing peak levels of metabolites including NAA, creatine, choline, and lactate. MRS can help distinguish tumors from other lesions, detect radiation necrosis, and monitor treatment response. It is also used to diagnose inborn errors of metabolism and mitochondrial disorders.
Esta presentacion esta dirigida para estudiantes de medicina que recien entran a este gran mundo de la neuroradiologia. Les dejo un material practico dirigido un poco mas hacia trauma obviamente se entenderia mejor con la parte explicada . Espero que les sirva .
Perfusion MRI (DSC and DCE perfusion techniques) for radiology residentsRiham Dessouky
Ìý
This document provides an overview of perfusion weighted MR imaging techniques. It discusses three main types: dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) MR perfusion, dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) MR perfusion, and arterial spin labeling (ASL) MR perfusion. DSC relies on signal loss from gadolinium contrast to measure parameters like relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) and flow (rCBF). DCE uses T1 shortening effects of contrast to calculate permeability and perfusion. Both techniques are used to evaluate brain tumors and strokes by analyzing signal intensity curves. DCE is also used in breast MRI to classify enhancement curves and measure permeability with the Ktrans parameter.
Cyberknife is a robotic radiosurgery system that can treat tumors anywhere in the body with sub-millimeter accuracy. It contains a linear accelerator mounted on a robotic arm that moves in six degrees of freedom to accurately deliver radiation from numerous angles. Treatment is tracked in real-time using x-ray images and the robotic arm moves to correct for any tumor motion during treatment. Cyberknife allows for both single and multiple fraction stereotactic radiosurgery treatments without the need for invasive head frames.
This document discusses tractography, which uses directional information from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to generate 3D maps of white matter tracts in the brain. It explains that DTI measures the diffusion of water molecules to probe cellular structure without invasiveness. Tractography approaches can be deterministic, with a single pathway from each seed point, or probabilistic, with distributions of trajectories. The document notes that tractography is useful for surgical planning by helping surgeons spare important white matter tracts to aid functional outcomes, while its limitations include providing only structural and not functional information.
This document discusses the use of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to analyze brain metabolites. It describes how MRS can detect specific metabolites and changes in their concentrations that indicate different disease states. Key points covered include:
- MRS can detect metabolites like NAA, creatine, choline, myo-inositol, and lactate.
- Different concentrations and ratios of these metabolites provide information about conditions like tumors, strokes, infections, demyelinating diseases, and epilepsy.
- MRS is useful for characterizing lesions, determining tumor grade, and evaluating treatment response.
- Specific metabolite patterns can help distinguish conditions like brain tumors from abscesses.
Lipoma arborescens is a rare benign condition where the synovial lining of joints is replaced by hypertrophied villi containing mature fat cells. It most commonly affects the suprapatellar bursa of the knee. Patients typically present with painless joint swelling and effusion. MRI is the best imaging method, demonstrating frond-like proliferations of high signal fat within effusions. Treatment involves synovectomy, with rare recurrence. It must be differentiated from other intra-articular masses and synovial proliferative disorders.
Shoulder joint xray & usg by Dr Soumitra HalderSoumitra Halder
Ìý
This document provides an overview of the shoulder joint, including its bones, joints, muscles, and common imaging techniques. It discusses the anatomy of the shoulder, describing the humerus, scapula, clavicle, and their joints. Rotator cuff muscles are identified along with their functions. Common shoulder x-ray views and what they show are outlined. Finally, common shoulder issues like dislocations, injuries, and diseases are summarized, along with how they appear on imaging.
Interventional radiology uses minimally invasive techniques guided by imaging to diagnose and treat medical conditions. Procedures use small incisions or catheters inserted through blood vessels to access internal organs. The Seldinger technique is commonly used, involving insertion of a guidewire and catheter through a needle into the femoral artery. A variety of catheters and guidewires are used depending on the target vessel. Angiography involves injecting contrast dye to visualize vessels. Interventional radiology suites contain specialized equipment like large X-ray tubes and digital image receptors to facilitate complex image-guided procedures.
This document discusses several inherited white matter diseases:
1. Metachromatic leukodystrophy is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme arylsulfatase A, leading to accumulation of sulfatides. MRI shows symmetric T2 hyperintensities in the periventricular and cerebellar white matter.
2. Krabbe disease is caused by a deficiency of galactocerebrosidase, leading to accumulation of galactocerebrosides. Characteristic MRI findings include T2 hyperintensities along the corticospinal tracts.
3. Mucopolysaccharidoses result from deficiencies of lysosomal enzymes involved in glycosaminoglycan breakdown, leading to their accumulation. MRI
This document discusses various methods for fat suppression in MR imaging. It introduces fat suppression techniques, including STIR, CHESS, SPIR, SPAIR, water excitation, and Dixon-based methods. STIR uses an inversion recovery pulse sequence to suppress fat signal. CHESS selectively saturates fat protons using RF pulses tuned to fat resonance frequencies. Dixon-based methods extract water-only and fat-only images from in-phase and out-of-phase data. Each method has advantages and limitations regarding field inhomogeneities, acquisition time, and applications.
Este documento proporciona protocolos para angio-TC de diferentes regiones anatómicas, incluyendo parámetros de cobertura, colimación, caudal de contraste, bolus tracking, post-proceso e indicaciones. Los protocolos recomiendan usar tiempos de rotación rápidos, altos caudales de contraste y sincronizar el bolus tracking con la fase arterial temprana para obtener un óptimo realce vascular.
CRANIOVERTEBRAL JUNCTION ANATOMY, CRANIOMETRY, ANAMOLIES AND RADIOLOGY dr sum...SUMIT KUMAR
Ìý
The craniovertebral junction (CVJ) refers anatomically to the occiput, atlas, axis, and their articulations and ligaments. It is a complex region forming the transition between the skull and upper cervical spine.
The document describes the normal anatomy of the CVJ bones including the occiput, atlas, and axis. It discusses the important ligaments including the occipitoatlantoaxial ligaments. Key radiological measurements and lines used to evaluate the CVJ are presented, along with classification of various congenital and acquired CVJ anomalies and their imaging appearance. Basilar invagination, basilar impression, and platybasia are distinguished.
This document provides information on osteoporosis, including its definition, etiology, frequency, diagnosis, and treatment. It defines osteoporosis as a disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, leading to increased bone fragility and fracture risk. Risk factors include medications, lifestyle, diet, and genetics. Approximately one in five women and one in eight men over 50 will have an osteoporosis-related fracture in their lifetime. Diagnosis involves measuring bone mineral density (BMD) via tests like DXA scans, with BMD T-scores used to determine osteoporosis severity. Treatment aims to increase BMD and reduce fracture risk.
This document provides information about an atlas of anatomy created using sectional imaging techniques. It was created by Dr. Tomas Sempere Dura, a radiologist and associate professor of anatomy. The atlas contains over 10,000 images of the chest, abdomen, head and neck, musculoskeletal system, circulatory system, and nervous system obtained from CT, MRI, ultrasound and other modalities. It is intended to aid in the teaching of anatomy and diagnosis using modern imaging techniques.
Türk jinekoloji ve Obstetri Derneği Antalya şubesi ilk bilimsel toplantısını, 22 Ocak 2015 tarihinde Porto Bello Hotel'de yaptı. Toplantıya, çoğunluğunu Kadın Hastalıkları ve Doğum Uzmanları'nın oluşturduğu yaklaşık 100 Uzman hekim katıldı. Bende konuşmacı olarak davetli olduğum bu toplantıda "Meme Kanseri ve Fertilite Prezervasyonu" başlıklı bir konuşma yaptım.
4. Dezavantajlar
• Yüksek duyarlık, düşük özgüllük
– Maliyet yüksekliği
– Gereksiz biyopsi
– Hasta anksiyetesi
• MR eşliğinde biyopsi yapmada zorluklar
• Teknik donanımda, bilgi ve tecrübe düzeyinde
farklılık
5. Endikasyonlar
• Tarama; yüksek risk grubunda (yaşam boyu
kanser olma riski %20-25 ve üzerinde)
– aile öyküsü (meme, over ca)
– klinik hikaye (mediastinal RT)
– genetik yatkınlık (BRCA1-2, TP53, PTEN genleri)
6. Endikasyonlar
• Lokal evreleme
– Biyopsi ile kanser tanısı almış olgularda hastalığın
yaygınlığı (aksiller nodal tutulum, multifokalite,
multisentrisite, pektoral kas tutulumu)
• Problem çözümü
– Rezidü, nüks
– Adjuvan kemoterapiye yanıtın değerlendirilmesi
– Skar-rekürrens ayrımı
– Primeri bilinmeyen aksiller metastazlarda
deÄŸerlendirme
• İmplantlar
7. Teknik
• Standartta bulunması gerekenler
– Meme koili ile pron pozisyonda
– İVKM(Gadodiamid) ile dinamik inceleme
• Pre ve postkontrast 2D/3D GRE T1A SERİLER
– Yağ baskılı sekanslar ve T2A sekansı
8. Normal meme
• Premenapozal
– Hormona duyarlı
– Östrojenle histamin benzeri etki
• vazodilatasyon, hiperemi, kapiller kaçak
– Benign parankimal kontrastlanma
• difüz ya da fokal
– UBO (Unidentified breast objects)
(menstruasyonun 1. ve 4. hf sık)
• Postmenapozal
– Meme dansitesinde azalma, yağ replasmanı
13. • Dinamik serilerde izlenen normal
fibroglandüler doku kontrastlanması (ya da
zemin kontrastlanması) duyarlılık ve özgüllüğü
azaltır
– Yok
– Orta derecede
– Ciddi (erken fazda yoğun difüz veya multifokal
olabilir ve meme kanserini gizleyebilir)
14. BÄ°-RADS MR
• ACR tarafından terminolojide ortak dil
• Radyolog-klinisyen anlaşmasını kolaylaştırır
• Morfolojik özellikler (kontur, kenar)
mamografik Bi-Rads ile aynı
• İlaveten lezyonun kontrastlanma kinetik
özellikleri var
16. Kontrast tutan alanın tanımı
– Fokus
• 5mm den küçük, nonspesifik , tek noktasal
kontrastlanma
• Çok sayıda fokus; stippled
– Mass
• 3 boyutlu yer kaplayan lezyon, T1A ve T2Aserilerde
karşılığı var
– Nonmass-like enhancement (NMLE)
• Kitle oluşturmaksızın kontrastlanan alan