�ݺ�ߣ

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SOCIETY
Society is a large grouping
that shares the same territory
and is subject to the same
political authority dominant
cultural expectations

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BASIC FEATURES OF A
SOCIETY
 society is universal having no boundary or limits.
 family is the force of biological interdependence
of society.
 Society is the mutual interaction of individuals. It
is invisible.
 Active cooperation is the back bone of the society.

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BASIC FEATURES OF A
SOCIETY
 Liberty is regulated through the
mutual agreement of individuals.
 Likeness of members is the
essential pre-requisite for society.

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SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
 Social institutions have been
created by man from social
relationships in society to meet
such basic needs as stability, law
and order and clearly defined roles
of authority and decision making.

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Five major institutions in rural
sociology are political, educational,
economic, family and religion.

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Social Structure in the
Macro Level Perspective
• Social structure is a stable pattern of
social relationships that exist within a
particular group or society
• Structure is provided by status and
roles, groups, and social institutions

Social Structure in the Macro
Level Perspective
• social structure creates boundaries
that define which persons or groups
will be the insiders and which will be
the outsiders
• social marginality is the state of
being part insiders in part outsider in
the social structure

Social Structure in the
Macro Level Perspective
• social marginality results in
stigmatization
• a stigma is any physical or social
attribute or sign that shows a
person's social identity that
disqualifies that person from full
social acceptance

Components of
Social Structure

STATUS
• A status is a socially defines position in a
group or society characterized by certain
expectations rights and duties
• Ascribed status is a social position
conferred at birth or received involuntarily
later in life
• Achieved status is a social position in
person assumes involuntarily as a result of
personal choice merit or direct effort

What is Social Stratification?
• For tens of thousands of years, humans
lived in small hunting and gathering
societies. These bands of people show
little signs of inequality. As societies
became more complex, major changes
came about, these changes elevated
certain categories of the population by
giving them more power, money, and
prestige.

• Social Stratification- a
system by which a society
ranks categories of people
in a hierarchy.

1. Social stratification is a trait of society, not
simply a reflection of individual differences.
 Children born into wealthy families are more likely
than children born in poverty to experience good
healthy, achieve academically, succeed in life’s
work and live a long life.
2. Social stratification persists over generations.
 To see stratification as a trait of society rather than
one of individuals, we need to only look at how
inequality persists along generations. In all
societies, parents pass their social position on to
their children.

• 3. Social stratification is universal but
variable.
In some societies, inequality is mostly a
matter of prestige; in others, wealth or
power is the key dimension of difference.
More importantly some societies display
more inequality than others.
• 4. Social stratification involves not just
inequality but beliefs.
Any system of inequality gives some
people more than others and the society
also defines the arrangements as fair.

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SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
• Social stratification:
 Refers to persistent patterns of social
inequality in a society
 Is perpetuated by the way wealth, power,
and prestige are distributed and passed
on from one generation to the next
 EXISTS IN ALL SOCIETIES

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FEATURES OF SOCIAL
HIERARCHIES
• Status: Rank or position in a social
hierarchy
• Statuses may be:
Ascribed (assigned at birth), or
Achieved (earned by performance)*

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TYPES OF STRATIFICATION
SYSTEMS
1. Open stratification system:
 Stratification system in which merit rather than
inheritance (ascribed characteristics) determines
social rank
 Allows for social change
• Is reflected in a meritocracy:
 Positions are achieved, not ascribed
 Characterized by equal opportunity and high
social mobility (movement up or down a social
hierarchy)*

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TYPES OF STRATIFICATION
SYSTEMS
2. Closed stratification system
 Stratification system in which inheritance rather
than merit determines social rank
 Little social change possible
• Reflected in a caste system:
 Positions are ascribed, not achieved
 Characterized by little social mobility

Kin, clan, tribe, ethnicity
• Many small-scale societies are made up of groups that take kinship,
i.e. marriage, descent and filiation as the primary principles of
membership.
• Descent groups, i.e. groups that define their membership through
descent from a common ancestor are very common in small-scale
societies. They can be patrilineal, matrilineal, or consanguineal, i.e.
descent is traced from either mother or father.
• A descent group formed from unilineal descent, and to which a
common ancestor can be traced is called a lineage.
• A descent group formed through unilineal descent, and to which a
common ancestor cannot be exactly traced, is called a clan.
• A tribe is a social division in a traditional society consisting of families
or communities linked by social, economic, religious, or blood ties,
with a common culture and dialect, typically having a recognized
leader.
• An Ethnic group is a community or population made up of people who
share a common cultural background or descent.
• Kinship, clan, tribe, ethnic groups etc

Caste and Class Systems
• A Caste System- is a social system based
on ascription, or birth.
• A pure caste system is closed because birth
alone determines one’s destiny, with little or
no opportunity for social mobility based on
effort.

Caste
• Feature of the South Asian subcontinent.
• Thought to have arisen through the transformation of ‘tribes’
in the transition to agricultural revolution.
• Elements of caste appear to have existed in the Harappan
civilization, c. 3,000 BC
• A major feature of caste is endogamy, i.e. the requirement
that people marry within their own caste, not outside it.
• Also religious and cosmological ranking associated with
caste, found in major Hindu scriptures: earliest were the
division of society into 4 varnas (colours): Brahmins,
Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras.
• 2nd
century AD, a fifth category, the ati-Shudras, or
untouchables was added.
• Untouchability was outlawed by the Indian constitution, 1951.

• First, traditional caste groups have specific
occupations, so generations of a family
perform the same type of work.
• Second, maintaining a rigid social hierarchy
depends on people marrying within their own
categories; “mixed” marriages would blur the
ranking of children.
• Endogamy- marriage between people of the
same social category.
• Third, caste norms guide people to stay in
the company of “their own kind.”
• Fourth, caste systems rest on powerful
cultural beliefs.

• Caste systems exist in agrarian societies
because life long routines of agriculture
depend on a rigid sense of duty and
discipline.

The Class System
• Class System- social stratification based on both
birth and individual achievement.
• The class system categorizes people according to
their color, sex, or social background comes to be
seen as wrong in industrial and post-industrial
societies, and all people gain political rights and
roughly equal standing before the law.
• Meritocracy- social stratification based on personal
merit.
• People in industrial societies develop a broad range
of capabilities, stratification is based on “merit,” which
is the job one does and how well one does it.

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CLASS AND CLASS
STRUCTURE
• Class: Position in an economic hierarchy
occupied by individuals or families with similar
access to, or control over, material resources
(e.g., working class, professional class)
• Class structure: Relatively permanent economic
hierarchy comprising different social classes
• Socioeconomic status: Person’s general status
within an economic hierarchy, based on income,
education, and occupation*

Nations and Nationalism
• Shared heritage and historical experience the basis of a state.
• Common language, shared origin, unique customs are features
that define a sense of nationhood.
• Nationalism can often arise as a result of an ethnic movement.
• 19th
century nationalisms, formed through defining themselves
as ‘one people, one language, one culture.’
• Difference between territorial nationalism versus a ‘blood’
nationalism, e.g. in Quebec.
• Monocultural nationalisms are increasingly challenged by
transnational phenomena and groups, as increasing quantities
of information, cultural knowledge and people cross ‘national’
boundaries.

What is Social Mobility
• Social mobility is defined as movement
from one class/status position to another
• There are 2 types:
Intra- generational – movement within one
generation e.g. a person moves from one
social class to another in the course of their
life time
Inter generational – movement between
generations e.g. a person’s father was a
Liverpool docker and he is a teacher

What is Social Mobility?
Definition: Movement from one class —or more
usually
status group—to another

Horizontal Mobility
Movement from one position to another within
the same social level
 Ex: Changing jobs without altering occupational status
 Moving between social groups having the same social
status.

Vertical Mobility
 Movement from one social level to a higher one
(upward mobility) or a lower one (downward
mobility)
Ex: Changing Jobs or Marrying
Cultural diffusion from one
social level to another
 Adoption by one economic
class of the current fashions
or formerly current in a higher
class

Intergenerational Mobility
Movement within or between social classes and
occupations, the change occurring from one
generation to the next
Ex: Father to Son
Ex: Mother to Daughter
Can be horizontal or vertical

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OCCUPATIONAL
MOBILITY AND STATUS
ATTAINMENT
• Occupational mobility: Moving up and down
occupational and income ladders
• Intragenerational occupational mobility: Mobility
within an individual’s lifetime
• Intergenerational occupational mobility: Process
of reaching occupation location higher or lower
than location held by parents
• Occupational status attainment: Main determinant
of status of a person’s current job is status of first
job (dependent on educational attainment)*

�ݺ�ߣ

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