semiological classification of seizure, localisation and lateralisation Vinayak Rodge
Ìý
This document discusses seizure semiology and classification. It begins with an overview of seizure types including motor, aura, dialeptic, autonomic, and special seizures. Motor seizures are further divided into simple and complex seizures. Aura symptoms are described and their localizing value discussed. Dialeptic seizures include absence and complex partial seizures. Autonomic seizures must have objective evidence of autonomic changes. Special seizures include atonic, astatic, negative myoclonic, akinetic, aphasic, and hypomotor seizures. Lateralizing signs and their localizing value are then reviewed. Finally, generalized and focal epilepsies are contrasted, and features of frontal lobe seizures are outlined.
INTRACEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE IN YOUNG ADULTS.pptxNeurologyKota
Ìý
1) The document discusses intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in young adults aged 18-50 years.
2) Risk factors for ICH in this age group include hypertension, smoking, alcohol, medications like anticoagulants and cocaine use.
3) Common causes of ICH in young adults are structural abnormalities like arteriovenous malformations, aneurysms, and cavernomas. Other causes include hypertension, coagulopathies, vasculitis and reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome.
Neurofeedback is a type of biofeedback that uses real-time displays of brain activity, commonly EEG readings, to teach patients to self-regulate their brain function. It works by translating brain waves into visual or auditory feedback to help improve certain brain functions like attention, memory, or relaxation. Research shows neurofeedback can help treat conditions like ADHD, anxiety, depression, and more, as it allows patients to learn to consciously control their brain activity through repetitive neurofeedback training sessions over time.
Multiple system atrophy is a rare, fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by parkinsonian or cerebellar features and autonomic dysfunction. It is caused by the accumulation of alpha-synuclein protein in oligodendrocytes throughout the brain and spinal cord. There are no disease-modifying treatments available, so management focuses on alleviating motor symptoms and addressing problems related to autonomic failure and other non-motor issues.
This document discusses parietal lobe tumors. It begins with the anatomy of the parietal lobe and its functions, which include body image representation, tactile discrimination, visual spatial properties, and more. It then discusses the clinical features, investigations, and management of parietal lobe tumors. Key points include that parietal lobe tumors can cause affective or psychotic symptoms. Investigations include CT, MRI, EEG, and lumbar puncture. Management involves treating any psychiatric sequelae, and approaches to the tumor such as chemotherapy, surgery, and radiotherapy.
This document discusses normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). It provides a historical overview of NPH and describes the classic triad of symptoms as gait disturbance, urinary incontinence, and dementia. Diagnostic criteria including brain imaging findings and response to lumbar puncture are outlined. Surgical treatment involves placing a shunt to drain cerebrospinal fluid, with variable response rates reported. Prognostic factors and long-term outcomes are also discussed.
This document outlines an approach to diagnosing and evaluating dementia. It discusses the subtypes of mild cognitive impairment and dementia, the importance of a detailed patient history and neurological exam, and diagnostic criteria. Investigations may include cognitive testing, brain imaging, and lab tests to identify reversible causes or distinguish between dementia subtypes like Alzheimer's disease or Lewy body dementia. Follow up is important to monitor progression. The take home message is that dementia causes significant impairment, so a thorough history and early diagnosis are crucial.
This document summarizes multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. It discusses the etiology, pathology, clinical presentation, imaging features, diagnostic criteria, variants, and differential diagnosis of MS. Key points include: MS is characterized by inflammatory demyelinating lesions ("plaques") in the brain and spinal cord; risk factors include genetic and environmental factors; clinical presentation varies from relapsing-remitting to progressive forms; MRI is important for diagnosis and demonstrates disseminated hyperintense lesions; and differential diagnosis includes ADEM, Susac syndrome, and CNS tumors.
This lecture is all about the recognition of an abnormal EEG, its characteristics, its appearance and all about how to differentiate the abnormal activity with normal EEG background.
The document discusses the anatomy and functional areas of the frontal lobes, including the motor cortex, premotor cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and their connections. It also examines frontal lobe circuits and the neurotransmitters that project to the frontal lobes. Common frontal lobe syndromes and deficits associated with lesions to different frontal areas are described.
1. Post-stroke neuropsychiatric problems include neurocognitive disorders, depression, anxiety disorders, and psychosis. Vascular neurocognitive disorder is the most common, affecting up to 32% of patients.
2. Post-stroke depression has a prevalence of 29% and is associated with disability, cognitive decline, and worse recovery. Risk factors include personal or family history of psychiatric illness and poor social support.
3. Treatment of post-stroke depression may improve recovery of activities of daily living and decrease mortality over many years compared to untreated depression. Antidepressants like fluoxetine and nortriptyline are effective treatments.
Disorders of amino acid metabolism
Disorders of renal amino acid transport
Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism and transport
Carbohydrate-deficient protein syndromes
carbohydrate metabolism and transport
Disorders of fatty acid oxidation
Disorders of purine and pyrimidine metabolism
Disorders of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism
Ceroid lipofuscinosis and other lipidoses.
Disorders of serum lipoproteins
Lysosomal disorders
Peroxisomal disorders
Disorders of metal metabolism
Porphyrias
This document provides information about chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), including:
1) CIDP is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the peripheral nervous system, specifically targeting the myelin insulation around nerves.
2) Symptoms include numbness, tingling, muscle weakness, loss of reflexes, and abnormal sensations that typically start distally and progress proximally.
3) Diagnosis involves nerve conduction studies showing signs of demyelination in multiple nerves as well as EMG findings such as prolonged latencies and conduction blocks. Nerve biopsy may also show signs of inflammation and demyelination.
Approach to Neurological causes of Vision loss.pptxNeurologyKota
Ìý
This document provides an overview of the general approach and examination for neurological causes of vision loss. It discusses evaluating for monocular versus binocular visual loss and whether the loss is transient or persistent. The examination involves assessing visual acuity, color vision, visual fields, pupils, eye examination, and funduscopy. For transient monocular visual loss, causes like emboli, vasculitis, and giant cell arteritis are discussed. Persistent monocular loss localizes to the eye or optic nerve. Binocular transient loss is often due to migraines or TIAs, while persistent binocular loss results from retrochiasmal strokes. Progressive vision loss indicates a compressive lesion. Specific conditions like optic neuritis, NA
DR. BHARAT BHUSHAN (DM-NEUROLOGY) ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR GOVERNMENT MEDICAL CO...Bharat Bhushan
Ìý
This document provides information on various topics related to alcoholism and its effects on the brain and body. It discusses:
1) The phenomenology of alcoholism including definitions of terms like alcoholic, alcohol dependence, binge drinking, craving, and tolerance.
2) How alcohol is metabolized and its effects on neurotransmitters in the brain. Chronic alcohol exposure can affect many genes and neurological systems.
3) The acute and chronic effects of alcoholism including intoxication, withdrawal, blackouts, seizures, nutritional deficiencies like Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, cerebellar degeneration, and other neurological complications.
4) Evaluation, diagnosis and treatment approaches for various alcohol-related
Thirst is a physiological response that motivates organisms to drink water when they lose it through processes like defecation, perspiration, respiration, and excretion. Dehydration occurs when there is an excessive loss of body fluid and results in increased thirst and decreased urine output. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system helps regulate blood volume and fluid balance in response to cellular dehydration by signaling the hypothalamus to stimulate drinking, the kidneys to reabsorb more water, and blood vessels to conserve water.
The temporal lobe plays important roles in processing sensory input such as auditory and visual information. It is involved in functions such as memory formation, emotion processing, and language comprehension. Damage to temporal lobe structures can cause symptoms like auditory or visual processing issues, memory impairments, and changes in emotional behavior or personality. The superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyri and medial temporal structures each contribute to these various temporal lobe functions.
This document discusses various disorders of thought and speech, including disorders of intelligence, thinking, the stream of thought, content of thinking, and form of thinking. It describes conditions like low intelligence/learning disabilities, dementia, disorders that affect the tempo or continuity of thoughts (like flight of ideas, thought blocking), and thought disorders seen in conditions like schizophrenia including delusions and thought alienation. Formal thought disorder refers to impaired conceptual thinking most common in schizophrenia and brain disorders.
This document outlines a 10 step approach to evaluating and diagnosing movement disorders. It begins by identifying the type of movement and overall syndrome. It then discusses determining the disease pattern through differential diagnosis. Additional steps include considering odd dyskinesias, emphasizing clinical clues, investigations for primary vs. symptomatic disorders, additional tests for specific syndromes, and guidelines for children/young adults.
This document discusses encephalopathy and summarizes key points about its causes, features on EEG, and types. Encephalopathy is defined as altered brain function resulting in impaired consciousness. It can be caused by metabolic, toxic, infectious, hepatic or other issues. On EEG, encephalopathy typically shows generalized slowing and reduced reactivity. Specific patterns like triphasic waves indicate metabolic encephalopathy. The document outlines different types of encephalopathy and their associated EEG findings to help evaluate severity and guide treatment.
The document provides information about the frontal lobe of the brain. It discusses the three main areas of each frontal lobe - the dorsolateral aspect, medial aspect, and inferior orbital aspect. It describes the functions of the primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, supplementary motor cortex, and Broca's area. It lists some common symptoms of frontal lobe lesions such as changes to motor function, language and speech, and executive functioning abilities. It also summarizes several bedside tests used to evaluate frontal lobe functions.
Sexuality is influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors. The human sexual response cycle involves four phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. Sexual orientation has biological roots in genes, hormones, brain structure, and behavior. Individual differences exist, but attitudes toward sexuality are changing.
This document discusses the somatosensory system including sensory receptors, pathways, and patterns of sensory loss. It describes the different types of sensory receptors, including those that mediate touch, pain, temperature, vibration and proprioception. The pathways from receptors to the thalamus and cortex are outlined. Methods for examining sensation are provided along with different patterns of sensory loss including peripheral, segmental, conductive, cortical and functional syndromes. Potential causes of various sensory loss patterns are listed.
This document summarizes the examination of the sensory system and neurogenic bladder. It describes evaluating superficial, deep, and cortical sensations. It also discusses speech disorders like dysarthria and different types. Language examination and aphasia are mentioned. Neurogenic bladder is examined, including lesions affecting the reflex arc at different levels causing atonic, motor atonic, or autonomic bladders. Lesions above the reflex arc can cause retention, incontinence, or automatic bladder function.
This document summarizes relational learning and amnesia. It defines relational learning as a complex form of learning involving relations among stimuli, including spatial, episodic, and observational learning. It describes two types of long-term memory - declarative and non-declarative. Declarative memory, impaired in amnesia, involves facts and life events. Amnesia causes difficulty learning new information and remembering the past. There are two types of amnesia - anterograde involving new learning, and retrograde involving past memories. Damage to the hippocampus and related structures causes anterograde amnesia by impairing relational learning, or learning relationships among stimuli.
This document discusses important technical factors that can influence nerve conduction studies (NCS). It outlines physiological factors like temperature, age, nerve length, and position. It also discusses non-physiological factors such as electrode impedance, filters, stimulus artifact, electrode placement, distance measurements, and sweep settings. Specifically, it notes how factors like height, temperature, age, and myelination can impact nerve conduction velocities and how settings like filters, stimulus levels, and electrode positioning are important for accurate NCS results.
This document summarizes multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. It discusses the etiology, pathology, clinical presentation, imaging features, diagnostic criteria, variants, and differential diagnosis of MS. Key points include: MS is characterized by inflammatory demyelinating lesions ("plaques") in the brain and spinal cord; risk factors include genetic and environmental factors; clinical presentation varies from relapsing-remitting to progressive forms; MRI is important for diagnosis and demonstrates disseminated hyperintense lesions; and differential diagnosis includes ADEM, Susac syndrome, and CNS tumors.
This lecture is all about the recognition of an abnormal EEG, its characteristics, its appearance and all about how to differentiate the abnormal activity with normal EEG background.
The document discusses the anatomy and functional areas of the frontal lobes, including the motor cortex, premotor cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and their connections. It also examines frontal lobe circuits and the neurotransmitters that project to the frontal lobes. Common frontal lobe syndromes and deficits associated with lesions to different frontal areas are described.
1. Post-stroke neuropsychiatric problems include neurocognitive disorders, depression, anxiety disorders, and psychosis. Vascular neurocognitive disorder is the most common, affecting up to 32% of patients.
2. Post-stroke depression has a prevalence of 29% and is associated with disability, cognitive decline, and worse recovery. Risk factors include personal or family history of psychiatric illness and poor social support.
3. Treatment of post-stroke depression may improve recovery of activities of daily living and decrease mortality over many years compared to untreated depression. Antidepressants like fluoxetine and nortriptyline are effective treatments.
Disorders of amino acid metabolism
Disorders of renal amino acid transport
Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism and transport
Carbohydrate-deficient protein syndromes
carbohydrate metabolism and transport
Disorders of fatty acid oxidation
Disorders of purine and pyrimidine metabolism
Disorders of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism
Ceroid lipofuscinosis and other lipidoses.
Disorders of serum lipoproteins
Lysosomal disorders
Peroxisomal disorders
Disorders of metal metabolism
Porphyrias
This document provides information about chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), including:
1) CIDP is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the peripheral nervous system, specifically targeting the myelin insulation around nerves.
2) Symptoms include numbness, tingling, muscle weakness, loss of reflexes, and abnormal sensations that typically start distally and progress proximally.
3) Diagnosis involves nerve conduction studies showing signs of demyelination in multiple nerves as well as EMG findings such as prolonged latencies and conduction blocks. Nerve biopsy may also show signs of inflammation and demyelination.
Approach to Neurological causes of Vision loss.pptxNeurologyKota
Ìý
This document provides an overview of the general approach and examination for neurological causes of vision loss. It discusses evaluating for monocular versus binocular visual loss and whether the loss is transient or persistent. The examination involves assessing visual acuity, color vision, visual fields, pupils, eye examination, and funduscopy. For transient monocular visual loss, causes like emboli, vasculitis, and giant cell arteritis are discussed. Persistent monocular loss localizes to the eye or optic nerve. Binocular transient loss is often due to migraines or TIAs, while persistent binocular loss results from retrochiasmal strokes. Progressive vision loss indicates a compressive lesion. Specific conditions like optic neuritis, NA
DR. BHARAT BHUSHAN (DM-NEUROLOGY) ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR GOVERNMENT MEDICAL CO...Bharat Bhushan
Ìý
This document provides information on various topics related to alcoholism and its effects on the brain and body. It discusses:
1) The phenomenology of alcoholism including definitions of terms like alcoholic, alcohol dependence, binge drinking, craving, and tolerance.
2) How alcohol is metabolized and its effects on neurotransmitters in the brain. Chronic alcohol exposure can affect many genes and neurological systems.
3) The acute and chronic effects of alcoholism including intoxication, withdrawal, blackouts, seizures, nutritional deficiencies like Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, cerebellar degeneration, and other neurological complications.
4) Evaluation, diagnosis and treatment approaches for various alcohol-related
Thirst is a physiological response that motivates organisms to drink water when they lose it through processes like defecation, perspiration, respiration, and excretion. Dehydration occurs when there is an excessive loss of body fluid and results in increased thirst and decreased urine output. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system helps regulate blood volume and fluid balance in response to cellular dehydration by signaling the hypothalamus to stimulate drinking, the kidneys to reabsorb more water, and blood vessels to conserve water.
The temporal lobe plays important roles in processing sensory input such as auditory and visual information. It is involved in functions such as memory formation, emotion processing, and language comprehension. Damage to temporal lobe structures can cause symptoms like auditory or visual processing issues, memory impairments, and changes in emotional behavior or personality. The superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyri and medial temporal structures each contribute to these various temporal lobe functions.
This document discusses various disorders of thought and speech, including disorders of intelligence, thinking, the stream of thought, content of thinking, and form of thinking. It describes conditions like low intelligence/learning disabilities, dementia, disorders that affect the tempo or continuity of thoughts (like flight of ideas, thought blocking), and thought disorders seen in conditions like schizophrenia including delusions and thought alienation. Formal thought disorder refers to impaired conceptual thinking most common in schizophrenia and brain disorders.
This document outlines a 10 step approach to evaluating and diagnosing movement disorders. It begins by identifying the type of movement and overall syndrome. It then discusses determining the disease pattern through differential diagnosis. Additional steps include considering odd dyskinesias, emphasizing clinical clues, investigations for primary vs. symptomatic disorders, additional tests for specific syndromes, and guidelines for children/young adults.
This document discusses encephalopathy and summarizes key points about its causes, features on EEG, and types. Encephalopathy is defined as altered brain function resulting in impaired consciousness. It can be caused by metabolic, toxic, infectious, hepatic or other issues. On EEG, encephalopathy typically shows generalized slowing and reduced reactivity. Specific patterns like triphasic waves indicate metabolic encephalopathy. The document outlines different types of encephalopathy and their associated EEG findings to help evaluate severity and guide treatment.
The document provides information about the frontal lobe of the brain. It discusses the three main areas of each frontal lobe - the dorsolateral aspect, medial aspect, and inferior orbital aspect. It describes the functions of the primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, supplementary motor cortex, and Broca's area. It lists some common symptoms of frontal lobe lesions such as changes to motor function, language and speech, and executive functioning abilities. It also summarizes several bedside tests used to evaluate frontal lobe functions.
Sexuality is influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors. The human sexual response cycle involves four phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. Sexual orientation has biological roots in genes, hormones, brain structure, and behavior. Individual differences exist, but attitudes toward sexuality are changing.
This document discusses the somatosensory system including sensory receptors, pathways, and patterns of sensory loss. It describes the different types of sensory receptors, including those that mediate touch, pain, temperature, vibration and proprioception. The pathways from receptors to the thalamus and cortex are outlined. Methods for examining sensation are provided along with different patterns of sensory loss including peripheral, segmental, conductive, cortical and functional syndromes. Potential causes of various sensory loss patterns are listed.
This document summarizes the examination of the sensory system and neurogenic bladder. It describes evaluating superficial, deep, and cortical sensations. It also discusses speech disorders like dysarthria and different types. Language examination and aphasia are mentioned. Neurogenic bladder is examined, including lesions affecting the reflex arc at different levels causing atonic, motor atonic, or autonomic bladders. Lesions above the reflex arc can cause retention, incontinence, or automatic bladder function.
This document summarizes relational learning and amnesia. It defines relational learning as a complex form of learning involving relations among stimuli, including spatial, episodic, and observational learning. It describes two types of long-term memory - declarative and non-declarative. Declarative memory, impaired in amnesia, involves facts and life events. Amnesia causes difficulty learning new information and remembering the past. There are two types of amnesia - anterograde involving new learning, and retrograde involving past memories. Damage to the hippocampus and related structures causes anterograde amnesia by impairing relational learning, or learning relationships among stimuli.
This document discusses important technical factors that can influence nerve conduction studies (NCS). It outlines physiological factors like temperature, age, nerve length, and position. It also discusses non-physiological factors such as electrode impedance, filters, stimulus artifact, electrode placement, distance measurements, and sweep settings. Specifically, it notes how factors like height, temperature, age, and myelination can impact nerve conduction velocities and how settings like filters, stimulus levels, and electrode positioning are important for accurate NCS results.
This document discusses residual neuromuscular blockade (RNMB) following surgery under general anesthesia using muscle relaxants. It summarizes several studies that found high rates of RNMB, even after a single intubating dose of intermediate-acting relaxants. One study of over 500 patients found RNMB (TOF ratio <0.9) in 44.9% upon arrival in the post-anesthesia care unit. The document advocates for quantitative monitoring of train-of-four ratio to at least 0.9 before extubation to ensure adequate recovery from muscle relaxants and minimize risks of RNMB such as impaired pharyngeal or respiratory function in postoperative patients.
This document discusses self-regulatory organizations (SROs) in the context of securities markets regulation in India. It provides background on the rationale for establishing SROs and notes some confusion around their role. It then outlines the organization of the discussion, functions of SROs, the relationship between regulators and SROs, different models of SROs, and issues in SRO regulation. Finally, it discusses SROs that currently exist in India and some debates around their role and relationship with the securities regulator SEBI.
1. The document is a sample paper containing 67 multiple choice questions about mutual funds. It covers topics like mutual fund types, regulations, risks and returns, performance evaluation, financial planning and asset allocation.
2. The questions test understanding of concepts like open-ended vs closed-ended funds, fund regulations set by SEBI, benchmarks used to evaluate performance, and strategies for different investor lifecycles.
3. The sample paper is a useful study guide for anyone looking to learn more about mutual funds and how to advise investors on choosing appropriate funds and asset allocations.
2.  Dünya Sağlık Örgütüne göre: "Sağlık;
bedensel, ruhsal ve sosyal olarak tam bir iyilik
halidir." Freud'a göre ruh sağlığı sevmek ve çalışmak
olarak tanımlanır. Ruh sağlığı iyi olan bireylerin genel
özellikleri:
 Kendini ve çevreyi gerçekçi bir biçimde algılayabilen
ve değerlendirebilen, kendine güvenen, saygı duyan
ve seven ve kendisi ile barışık olan,
4.  Aynı şekilde başkalarını da anlayabilen, seven ve
sayan, çevresine gerçekçi biçimde güvenen, kişiler arası
iliÅŸkilerden doÄŸum saÄŸlayabilen, gerektiÄŸinde onlara iliÅŸkin
sorumluluklar yüklenebilen,
 Yaşadığı toplumun kültürel, sosyal ve ekonomik normlarına
uyabilen, uymadığında çevreyi rahatsız etmeden bunu çözmeyi
baÅŸarabilen,
 Yaşama hevesi ile yaratıcı olabilen, kendisi için uygun
planlamalar yapan, uygun amaçlar belirleyen, onlara esnek
olarak eÄŸilebilen,
 Başarısızlıklarını, düş kırıklıklarını yani sınırlı yetilerini olumlu
biçimde kabul edebilen, problemlerini çözümleyebilen,
 Değişen durumları değerlendirebilen, yani seçenekler
sunabilen, kendisi ve çevresi için en yararlıyı seçip
uygulayabilen,
6.  Yeniliklere açık olan, farlılıkları anlayışla karşılayan, esneklik ve saygı
gösterebilen,
 Gerektiğinde çevreyi biçimlendiren, biçimlenmiş çevreye uyum
saÄŸlayabilen,
 Tutum ve davranış eylemleri ile kendisine ve çevresine rahatsızlık
deÄŸil huzur ve neÅŸe verebilen,
 Karşı cinsle anlaşmada saygı ve sevgiye dayanabilen; heteroseksüel
ilişki kurup onu sürdüren, kendisine ve eşine doyum sağlayabilen,
 Güncel olaylardan zevk alabilen, yaptığından tat alan; gerektiğinde
üzülebilen, sevinebilen,
 Uygun yer ve zamanda gereken kişilere bilgi, duygu, düşünce, inanç
ve tutumlarını aktarabilen bireyler ruhsal açıdan sağlıklıdır.
Kavrayışta, sevgide, çalışmada, başarmada ve eğlenmede yeterli olan
kişi ruh sağlığı iyi olan kişidir.
8.  Ruhsal yönden sağlıklı yaşama yollarını geliştiren, ruhsal
problemleri oluşmadan önleme yollarını gösteren bilgi koluna
"Koruyucu Ruh Sağlığı", ruh hastalıklarının
nedenleri, belirtileri, çeşitleri ve tedavisiyle uğraşan bilim dalına
da "Psikiyatri" denir. Piskiyatristler; 6 yıllık tıp fakültesini
bitirdikten sonra 5 yıl ruh sağlığı ve hastalıkları alanında
uzmanlık eğitimi görürüler. İlaç yazma yetkileri vardır.
Psikologlar; 4 yıllık psikoloji bölümü mezunudurlar ve ilaç yazma
yetkileri yoktur.
 Ruhsal durum ve beden bir bütündür ve iç içe geçmiştir. Örneğin
utandığımızda yüzümüz kızarır, heyecanlanınca kalbimiz hızlı
çarpar. Birçok ruh hastalığında bedensel hastalıklarda olduğu
gibi ağrı, uyuşma, halsizlik, kasılma, felç, körlük gibi belirtiler
görülebilir.
10.  Doğum öncesi, Doğum, Doğum sonrası dönemi
 Okul öncesi ve Okul çağı
 Gençlik dönemi
 Yetişkinlik dönemi
 Yaşlılık dönemi
 Doğum Öncesi, Doğum, Doğum Sonrası Dönemi
12. ï‚ž Akraba evliliklerinden kaynaklanan genetik sorunlar
nedeniyle şizofreni ve madde bağımlılığı gibi
bozukluklara yakalanma riski artar. Doğum öncesi ve
sonrasında beslenme yetersizlikleri, bilgisizlik ve
fakirlikten dolayı oluşan enfeksiyonlar sonucu zeka
geriliği ve epilepsi gibi hastalıklar sık görülür.
Okul Öncesi ve Okul Çağı;
 Aile içi, yuva ve okuldaki yetiştirme ile eğitim kusurları
çocuk ruh sağlığı için önemli sorun alanlarıdır.
Gençlik Dönemi;
 Niteliksiz eğitim koşulları, gelecek kaygısı, spor
alanlarının ve serbest zaman etkinliklerinin kısıtlılığı
gençler için önemli stres kaynaklarıdır.
14. Yetişkinlik Dönemi
 Ekonomik sorunlar, iş olanaksızlıkları ve sosyal
güvence eksiklikleri olumsuz etkiler oluşturur.
Yaşlılık Dönemi
 Yaşlı nüfusun hızla artması, aile içi değersizlik ve
yük olma kaygıları ve bakım-beslenme sorunları
sayılabilir.
16. RUH HASTALIKLARINDA DAMGALANMA (YAFTALANMA,
ETÄ°KETLENME, STÄ°GMATÄ°ZASYON) SORUNU
 Damgalanma; bir kişiye gerçeğe dayanmaksızın adını kötüye çıkaran
utanç verici bir özellik yüklenmesi olarak tanımlanır. Stigma sözcüğü
eski Yunancada bir suçlunun suçluluğunu ya da kölenin köleliğini
tanınır kılmak ve toplumda alçaltmak için kızgın demirle dağlamaktır.
Ruhsal bozukluklar damgalanmaya ilişkin tüm olumsuzluklara en üst
düzeyde maruz kalınan rahatsızlıklardır. Damgalanmanın hasta ve
ailesi üzerinde oluşturduğu yükler, başarılı bir ruhsal hastalık tedavisi
önündeki en önemli engelleri oluşturur.
 Toplumda her dört kişiden birinde ruhsal sıkıntı belirtileri, her 6-7
kişiden birinde de ruh hastalığı bulunduğu bildirilmektedir. Ruh
hastalıkları bireye, aile ve topluma en çok acı veren rahatsızlıkları
kapsar.
 İnsan yetisini ve gücünü ağır derecede ve uzun süre azaltması
nedeniyle büyük ekonomik kayıplara neden olur.