1) A nanosecond laser photolysis technique was used to measure the rate constants of Ru(bpy)3
2+ phosphorescence quenching, spontaneous fluorescence decay, and nonradiative relaxation.
2) The rate constant for quenching by oxygen (kq) was measured to be 3.008x1011±2.740x1010 M-1 s-1. The rate constant for fluorescence and nonradiative relaxation (kf+knr) was measured to be 3.67x106±8.98x105 s-1.
3) Samples saturated with air, oxygen, and nitrogen were exposed to laser pulses and their intensities over time were measured. Exponential fits to the
IB Chemistry on Electrolysis and Faraday's LawLawrence kok
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This document discusses types of voltaic and electrolytic cells. It provides information on redox reactions, conversion of chemical to electrical energy and vice versa, and factors that affect which ions are discharged during electrolysis. Specifically:
- Voltaic cells convert chemical energy to electrical energy via spontaneous redox reactions. Electrolytic cells require an external voltage to drive non-spontaneous reactions that convert electrical to chemical energy.
- Key components of voltaic and electrolytic cells are discussed, including electrodes, electrolytes, and direction of electron and ion flow.
- Standard reduction potentials are provided for many half-cell reactions to allow calculation of overall cell potentials.
- Examples of specific vol
This document summarizes an experiment to determine the thermodynamic parameters (ΔG, K, ΔS, ΔH) of reactions in an alkaline-manganese dioxide (AA Duracell) battery. The ΔG was calculated to be -303.4±0.2 kJ/mol. K was measured to be 3.7×10^53 ± 3.7×10^50. ΔS was calculated to be -23.0±0.01 J/Kmol. ΔH was experimentally determined to be 310.3±0.4 kJ/mol, which was within 0.55% of the theoretical value calculated from formation energies. Errors may have arisen from measuring external rather
This document discusses molecular orbital theory, which describes how atomic orbitals combine to form molecular orbitals in chemical bonds. When two atomic orbitals overlap, they form one bonding molecular orbital that is lower in energy, and one antibonding orbital that is higher in energy. The number of electrons in bonding orbitals minus the number in antibonding orbitals gives the bond order, which indicates the bond strength and stability. Molecular orbital diagrams are used to illustrate these bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals.
The document discusses the rules for naming binary covalent (molecular) compounds. It explains that these compounds are made of two nonmetals bonded together with covalent bonds. The naming involves identifying the elements present and using prefixes to indicate the number of atoms of each element, with the first word naming the first element and the second using "-ide" to name the second element. Examples are provided and worked through step-by-step.