This document summarizes the management of hepatocellular carcinoma. It begins by introducing HCC as the most common form of liver cancer. It then discusses risk factors, surveillance methods, diagnosis via imaging and biopsy, and the BCLC staging system. The BCLC system links stage of disease to treatment options and expected survival outcomes. For early stages, curative treatments like resection, transplantation, and ablation are recommended. Intermediate stages receive transarterial chemoembolization, while advanced stages are treated with sorafenib. End-stage disease involves symptomatic support only.
This document provides a historical perspective on thyroid gland and thyroid surgery. Some key points covered include:
- Goiter was first documented in the Alps and consuming seaweed was found to cure it due to its high iodine content.
- Leonardo da Vinci discovered and drew detailed sketches of the thyroid gland in the early 1500s.
- In the late 1500s/early 1600s, links were established between goiter in mothers and cretinism in children.
- Iodine was discovered as the key nutrient in preventing goiter in the early 1800s.
- The first total thyroidectomy was performed in 1867 and Theodor Kocher performed over 100 thyroid surgeries,
Chronic pyelonephritis is a chronic inflammation of the renal tubules and interstitium that occurs due to recurrent urinary tract infections and scarring. It most commonly affects children with congenital anomalies or spinal cord injuries and is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. It is typically caused by either chronic obstructive pyelonephritis due to obstruction of urine outflow, or reflux nephropathy caused by vesicoureteral reflux allowing urine to flow back into the kidneys. Symptoms may include fever, flank pain, and symptoms of chronic renal failure like hypertension. The condition can lead to complications like proteinuria, focal glomerulosclerosis, and papillary necrosis.
Thyroid cancer / papillary carcinoma (Doctor Faris Alabeedi MSc, MMedSc, PgD...Doctor Faris Alabeedi
?
Papillary carcinoma is the most common type of thyroid cancer. It typically affects women aged 30-50 and has a high cure rate when detected early as tumors less than 1.5 cm. While often well-differentiated, papillary carcinoma can invade local lymph nodes and in rare cases spread to distant organs. Diagnosis involves ultrasound, biopsy, and testing for thyroid function, while treatment consists of surgery followed by radioactive iodine and medication. Prognosis is generally excellent, especially for younger patients with smaller tumors.
A 60-year-old man presented with abdominal fullness and weight loss. Imaging showed an 11cm right renal mass invading the renal vein. He underwent right nephrectomy. The diagnosis was clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the most common type. Grossly, RCCs are variegated masses that distort the kidney. Microscopically, they show nests of cells with clear cytoplasm. Prognosis depends on stage - 5-year survival is over 90% for stage I but only 10% for stage IV with distant metastasis.
Uterine leiomyomas, or fibroids, are benign smooth muscle tumors that arise from the uterus. They are very common, affecting approximately 25% of women. Symptoms vary depending on the size and location of the fibroids but can include heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain and pressure, and pregnancy complications. Treatment options include observation for small asymptomatic fibroids, medical management to control symptoms, or various surgical procedures like myomectomy or hysterectomy to remove fibroids.
This document summarizes the management of hepatocellular carcinoma. It begins by introducing HCC as the most common form of liver cancer. It then discusses risk factors, surveillance methods, diagnosis via imaging and biopsy, and the BCLC staging system. The BCLC system links stage of disease to treatment options and expected survival outcomes. For early stages, curative treatments like resection, transplantation, and ablation are recommended. Intermediate stages receive transarterial chemoembolization, while advanced stages are treated with sorafenib. End-stage disease involves symptomatic support only.
This document provides a historical perspective on thyroid gland and thyroid surgery. Some key points covered include:
- Goiter was first documented in the Alps and consuming seaweed was found to cure it due to its high iodine content.
- Leonardo da Vinci discovered and drew detailed sketches of the thyroid gland in the early 1500s.
- In the late 1500s/early 1600s, links were established between goiter in mothers and cretinism in children.
- Iodine was discovered as the key nutrient in preventing goiter in the early 1800s.
- The first total thyroidectomy was performed in 1867 and Theodor Kocher performed over 100 thyroid surgeries,
Chronic pyelonephritis is a chronic inflammation of the renal tubules and interstitium that occurs due to recurrent urinary tract infections and scarring. It most commonly affects children with congenital anomalies or spinal cord injuries and is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. It is typically caused by either chronic obstructive pyelonephritis due to obstruction of urine outflow, or reflux nephropathy caused by vesicoureteral reflux allowing urine to flow back into the kidneys. Symptoms may include fever, flank pain, and symptoms of chronic renal failure like hypertension. The condition can lead to complications like proteinuria, focal glomerulosclerosis, and papillary necrosis.
Thyroid cancer / papillary carcinoma (Doctor Faris Alabeedi MSc, MMedSc, PgD...Doctor Faris Alabeedi
?
Papillary carcinoma is the most common type of thyroid cancer. It typically affects women aged 30-50 and has a high cure rate when detected early as tumors less than 1.5 cm. While often well-differentiated, papillary carcinoma can invade local lymph nodes and in rare cases spread to distant organs. Diagnosis involves ultrasound, biopsy, and testing for thyroid function, while treatment consists of surgery followed by radioactive iodine and medication. Prognosis is generally excellent, especially for younger patients with smaller tumors.
A 60-year-old man presented with abdominal fullness and weight loss. Imaging showed an 11cm right renal mass invading the renal vein. He underwent right nephrectomy. The diagnosis was clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the most common type. Grossly, RCCs are variegated masses that distort the kidney. Microscopically, they show nests of cells with clear cytoplasm. Prognosis depends on stage - 5-year survival is over 90% for stage I but only 10% for stage IV with distant metastasis.
Uterine leiomyomas, or fibroids, are benign smooth muscle tumors that arise from the uterus. They are very common, affecting approximately 25% of women. Symptoms vary depending on the size and location of the fibroids but can include heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain and pressure, and pregnancy complications. Treatment options include observation for small asymptomatic fibroids, medical management to control symptoms, or various surgical procedures like myomectomy or hysterectomy to remove fibroids.
Highly malignant tumor of mesenchymal origin.Spindle shaped cells that produce osteoid.2nd most common primary malignant bone tumor after MM.Incidence – 1 to 3 per million per year
Treated by chemo,amputation or rotationplasty
Liver cirrhosis is a chronic, progressive disease characterized by diffuse damage to liver cells and the formation of scar tissue. As healthy liver tissue is replaced by scar tissue, the liver loses its normal structure and function. Common causes include chronic hepatitis from alcohol, viruses, and other toxins. Late stage cirrhosis results in liver failure and life-threatening complications such as internal bleeding, infection, and hepatic encephalopathy.
Colon cancer typically begins as a noncancerous polyp in the lining of the colon or rectum and can become cancerous over time. Risk factors include age, family history, diet high in red meat and saturated fats, obesity, smoking, and alcohol use. Screening is important, as early detection improves outcomes - average risk adults should be screened beginning at age 50. Colon cancer is staged based on how far it has spread, with treatment options including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation depending on the stage. While early stage cancers can often be cured with surgery alone, advanced cancers are difficult to treat and the goals shift to slowing growth and managing symptoms.
34. Abe T, Saitoh J-i, Kobayashi D, et al. Dosimetric comparison of carbon ion radiotherapy and stereotactic body radiotherapy with photon beams
for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Radiat Oncol 2015; 10: 187.
物理?生物