Qa of ct and mamographySelfSpatial resolution quantifies image blurring and the minimum separation required between two high contrast objects to resolve them as separate. Contrast resolution is the ability to demonstrate small changes in tissue contrast. CT image noise is the standard deviation of pixel values in a uniform region.
The document discusses key CT image quality parameters including spatial resolution, contrast resolution, and noise. It describes how these parameters are measured and affected by acquisition factors such as focal spot size, detector width, and slice thickness. Tests are outlined to validate equipment performance meets specifications for these image quality metrics.
Magnification(macro and micro radiography), distortionparthajyotidas11This document discusses the techniques of macroradiography and microradiography. It defines macroradiography as producing a magnified image using increased object to film distance. It describes the principles of magnification using fixed focus-film distance or fixed focus-object distance. Unsharpness from movement or geometry is discussed. Applications include skull and wrist radiography. Microradiography uses ultra-fine film and high voltages for small object imaging. Mass miniature radiography was used to screen for tuberculosis using portable fluoroscopic equipment. Distortion can occur if objects are not parallel to the central x-ray beam.
Audiometric maskingbethfernandezaudThis document provides information about masking techniques used during audiometric testing. It defines masking and explains that the goal is to prevent the non-test ear from participating. Interaural attenuation values are discussed as well as when masking is needed for air and bone conduction tests. Types of masking noise, appropriate levels of noise, and risks of undermasking and overmasking are covered.
CT Generations and ArtefactsDr. Yash Kumar AchantaniThe document summarizes the history and development of computed tomography (CT) scanning technology. It describes the key events and innovations such as the development of the first CT scanner by Godfrey Hounsfield in 1972 (1), the introduction of whole body scanning in 1975 (2), and Hounsfield and Cormack being awarded the Nobel Prize in 1979 (3). Subsequent generations of CT scanners incorporated improvements like faster scanning speeds, multiple detectors, and eliminating moving parts to enable ultra-fast scanning.
Back projection geometry in cbctDrGayatriMehrotra3D imaging uses rotating X-ray beams to generate multiplanar and 3D surface rendered images, providing higher sensitivity than 2D imaging. 3D imaging allows isolated visualization of anatomical structures without overlap and provides anatomically accurate images that can be manipulated from various angles. Image reconstruction in CBCT involves acquiring projection images from multiple angles, preprocessing the data, filtering it using mathematical algorithms, and backprojecting the data to reconstruct axial slice images. Artifacts like beam hardening can be reduced using advanced reconstruction algorithms that correct for the hardening effect during iterations.
Health physicsRuchika GargThose who administer ionizing radiation must become familiar with the magnitude of exposure encountered in medicine, dentistry and every day life; the possible risks associated with such exposure; and the methods used to affect exposure.
Practitioners should remain informed about safety updates to further improve diagnostic quality of radiographs and decrease radiation exposure.
Hearing conservationcccscoetcAbout 30 million workers are exposed to hazardous noise on the job. One in 4 of these workers (or 7.5 million Americans) will develop permanent hearing loss.Noise-induced hearing loss is the most common occupational hazard for American workers.Hearing loss from noise is slow and painless; you can have a disability before you notice it.If you must raise your voice to speak with someone only 3 feet away, you are in high (hazardous) noise. It is 100% preventable
Radiographic technique of skullSaruGosainRadiographic techniques and projections for the examination of the skull and facial bones including paranasal sinuses to determine any diseases and defects in them
Baha & active middle ear implantsUtpal SarmahThe document summarizes bone conduction hearing aids and the BAHA (Bone Anchored Hearing Aid) system. It discusses indications for BAHA, the surgical procedure, outcomes, advantages over conventional hearing aids, and limitations. BAHA provides an alternative for those who cannot use air conduction hearing aids due to ear canal issues or single-sided deafness. The surgery attaches a fixture to the skull bone which integrates and allows mounting of a sound processor externally on an abutment.
Digital Radiography PHYSICSShubhankar MitraDigital radiography has evolved significantly since the 1970s. Computed radiography (CR) was developed in the 1980s using storage phosphor plates to capture latent images, which are then read by a scanner. Direct radiography (DR) systems developed later, directly producing digital images without needing to remove plates from cassettes. DR uses indirect conversion with scintillator layers or direct conversion using photoconductive materials. Both produce digital images but DR allows more rapid viewing and higher throughput.
Emergency in Radiology Department.pptx,Contrast ReactionsRukamaneeYadavContrast Reactions,Emergency in Radiology Department.pptx, Anaphylaxis,Cardiac Arrest,Chemical Spills and Exposure,Mild Reactions:
Moderate Reactions:
Severe Reactions
Congenital Sensoryneural hearing loss imagingDr. Mohit GoelThis document discusses congenital sensorineural hearing loss and the role of high-resolution CT and MR imaging in evaluating the underlying abnormalities. It describes various inner ear malformations including complete labyrinthine aplasia, cochlear aplasia, Mondini deformity, semicircular canal dysplasia, enlarged vestibular aqueduct, and internal auditory canal stenosis. HRCT and MR imaging are important for precisely delineating the inner ear anatomy and any associated brain or skull base anomalies to determine candidacy for cochlear implantation.
Radiation Dose Units and Dose Limits- Avinesh ShresthaAvinesh ShresthaDescribes different units of radiation dose and the dose limits in diagnostic radiology imaging. Discuses different radiation units described by ICRU. Describes different radiation dose limits given by different organizations like ICRP, NCRP, AERB.
Computed tomography by jay&jayPatel JayComputed Tomography (CT) is a medical imaging method that uses tomography to generate 3D images of the inside of an object from a series of 2D X-ray images taken around a single axis of rotation. Sir Godfrey Hounsfield invented the first commercially viable CT scanner in the 1970s, and shared the 1979 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Allan Cormack for their independent inventions. Modern CT scanners use X-ray tubes and multiple detector arrays that rotate around the patient to produce cross-sectional images or "slices" with very fine detail and have largely replaced older generation scanners. CT scanning is a quick and painless procedure but does expose patients to ionizing radiation.
X ray detectorAbdo ManThe document discusses X-ray detectors, defining X-ray detectors and outlining the benefits of digital X-ray detectors and I-Ray detectors. It also includes sample images and contact information for sales and maintenance engineers for questions.
Planning of Nuclear Medicine Facilities.pptxTaushifulHoqueThis document provides information about planning nuclear medicine facilities. It discusses what nuclear medicine is and common applications like diagnosis of hyperthyroidism and bone scans. It also covers commonly used radiopharmaceuticals like Tc-99m and I-131. Facility layout plans are shown for areas like gamma camera, PET, and high dose therapy. Shielding calculations are provided for these areas based on workload, radiopharmaceutical half-lives, and regulatory dose limits. Thickness of concrete required is calculated using transmission values.
Lecture - 3 MBBS (contrast media/agent )Dr.Bijay YadavThe document discusses various contrast media and radiological procedures used in diagnostic imaging. It describes how contrast media help differentiate tissues and can be administered orally, rectally, or via injection. Common contrast agents include barium and iodinated contrast. Procedures discussed include barium swallow/follow through, barium enema, cholangiography, intravenous pyelogram, angiography, and nephrostomy placement. For each procedure, details are provided about indications, preparation, technique, and potential risks/complications.
Digital radiography-Avinesh ShresthaAvinesh ShresthaModern medical imaging has been digitized using various technologies which are described here in this presentation.Presented in Department of radiology, ,B.Sc Medical Imaging technology,Institute of Medicine, Nepal.
Audiometric Maskingতৌকির ধ্রুবThis document discusses masking techniques used during audiological testing. Masking involves using noise in the non-test ear to prevent it from interfering with thresholds measured in the test ear. It explains that masking is necessary for bone conduction testing and varies depending on frequency, skull thickness, and transducer used. The document provides guidelines for when to mask air and bone conduction thresholds and describes different masking types, levels, and challenges like under, over, and dilemma masking. It emphasizes using inserts to reduce interaural attenuation when masking is difficult.
Alara 2 0Foundation Radiology Group1. Communication is important when discussing pediatric nuclear medicine procedures, as perceptions of risk vary. Radiology professionals must provide education to pediatricians and the public about realistic radiation risks.
2. The nuclear medicine procedure will involve small amounts of internal radiation similar to an x-ray, posing a very slight increased lifetime cancer risk. Risk-benefit discussions should focus patients on relative risks.
3. Examples comparing the lifetime cancer risk from common nuclear medicine exams to other risks, like accidents or natural causes, can help provide perspective on the minimal risks involved.
Future Of RadiologyRMLIMSThis document discusses several new and emerging technologies in radiology, including pocket ultrasound devices, optical probes to detect tumor outlines in real time, portable CT scanners, intraoperative CT and MRI, microMRI, diffusion tensor imaging to visualize white matter tracts, live 3D holographic imaging for use in interventional cardiology, MRI spectroscopy to analyze tissue chemicals, ultra-high field MRI to map electromagnetic properties of the brain, high-frequency ultrasound to image the skin, nanoparticle-based contrast agents, PET/CT and PET/MRI scanners, xeroradiography, inter-species radiology applications, using imaging for non-destructive testing in aviation, and virtual autopsy with various imaging modalities as a
Beam restricted device and filter used in x raySushilPattarThis document discusses various beam restricting devices and filters used in radiography to reduce radiation exposure. It describes common beam restricting devices like diaphragms, cones, cylinders and collimators which are used to limit the size of the primary x-ray beam and reduce scatter radiation. It also discusses different types of filters like inherent, aluminum, compound and molybdenum filters which absorb low energy photons and improve image quality. Maintaining proper collimation and use of appropriate filters helps achieve the ALARA principle of keeping radiation exposure As Low As Reasonably Achievable.
Lead apronAnupam NiraulaLead aprons were first introduced in 1906 by French doctor Antoine Béclère to shield against radiation. While effective, lead aprons are heavy, inflexible, and toxic. Alternatives use materials like PVC and synthetic rubber. Lead-free aprons are now preferable as they are lighter, more flexible, protect against all radiation, and avoid toxic waste from disposal. The type of apron used depends on the length of the medical procedure, with lead-free being best for longer exposures.
Image Quality - Radiologic ImagingMaria Nicole SicajaThe document discusses factors that affect medical image quality, including contrast, resolution, noise, and artifacts. It describes how image quality is determined by the imaging method, equipment characteristics, and imaging variables. It then explains several key factors in more detail:
- Contrast is affected by subject properties like tissue characteristics as well as acquisition factors like x-ray energy. Contrast can also be impacted by processing and display.
- Resolution is determined by an imaging system's ability to differentiate objects and is measured by the point spread function and modulation transfer function.
- Noise originates from imaging system sources and can degrade images, though acquisition parameters and reconstruction techniques can help reduce it.
- Artifacts are irregular image
Emergencies in radiology Daniel JayaprakashalmasmkmRole of Radiographer in Emergency Radiology
Daniel Jayaprakash Radiology Technologist.
Khorfakkan hospital. uae
Radiography of eyeravijaichandThis document discusses radiography of the eye. It begins with basic anatomy and indications for eye radiography, which is used to localize foreign bodies. Obsolete methods are mentioned. Image quality is of utmost importance to detect small foreign particles, and techniques to improve quality include reducing geometric unsharpness, using a close object-to-image receptor distance, and small focal spot. The document also describes basic projections - lateral, PA axial, and parietocanthal - including patient positioning and central ray direction. Evaluation criteria for each projection focus on optimal density, lack of rotation or superimposition, and beam restriction.
Radiographic technique of skullSaruGosainRadiographic techniques and projections for the examination of the skull and facial bones including paranasal sinuses to determine any diseases and defects in them
Baha & active middle ear implantsUtpal SarmahThe document summarizes bone conduction hearing aids and the BAHA (Bone Anchored Hearing Aid) system. It discusses indications for BAHA, the surgical procedure, outcomes, advantages over conventional hearing aids, and limitations. BAHA provides an alternative for those who cannot use air conduction hearing aids due to ear canal issues or single-sided deafness. The surgery attaches a fixture to the skull bone which integrates and allows mounting of a sound processor externally on an abutment.
Digital Radiography PHYSICSShubhankar MitraDigital radiography has evolved significantly since the 1970s. Computed radiography (CR) was developed in the 1980s using storage phosphor plates to capture latent images, which are then read by a scanner. Direct radiography (DR) systems developed later, directly producing digital images without needing to remove plates from cassettes. DR uses indirect conversion with scintillator layers or direct conversion using photoconductive materials. Both produce digital images but DR allows more rapid viewing and higher throughput.
Emergency in Radiology Department.pptx,Contrast ReactionsRukamaneeYadavContrast Reactions,Emergency in Radiology Department.pptx, Anaphylaxis,Cardiac Arrest,Chemical Spills and Exposure,Mild Reactions:
Moderate Reactions:
Severe Reactions
Congenital Sensoryneural hearing loss imagingDr. Mohit GoelThis document discusses congenital sensorineural hearing loss and the role of high-resolution CT and MR imaging in evaluating the underlying abnormalities. It describes various inner ear malformations including complete labyrinthine aplasia, cochlear aplasia, Mondini deformity, semicircular canal dysplasia, enlarged vestibular aqueduct, and internal auditory canal stenosis. HRCT and MR imaging are important for precisely delineating the inner ear anatomy and any associated brain or skull base anomalies to determine candidacy for cochlear implantation.
Radiation Dose Units and Dose Limits- Avinesh ShresthaAvinesh ShresthaDescribes different units of radiation dose and the dose limits in diagnostic radiology imaging. Discuses different radiation units described by ICRU. Describes different radiation dose limits given by different organizations like ICRP, NCRP, AERB.
Computed tomography by jay&jayPatel JayComputed Tomography (CT) is a medical imaging method that uses tomography to generate 3D images of the inside of an object from a series of 2D X-ray images taken around a single axis of rotation. Sir Godfrey Hounsfield invented the first commercially viable CT scanner in the 1970s, and shared the 1979 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Allan Cormack for their independent inventions. Modern CT scanners use X-ray tubes and multiple detector arrays that rotate around the patient to produce cross-sectional images or "slices" with very fine detail and have largely replaced older generation scanners. CT scanning is a quick and painless procedure but does expose patients to ionizing radiation.
X ray detectorAbdo ManThe document discusses X-ray detectors, defining X-ray detectors and outlining the benefits of digital X-ray detectors and I-Ray detectors. It also includes sample images and contact information for sales and maintenance engineers for questions.
Planning of Nuclear Medicine Facilities.pptxTaushifulHoqueThis document provides information about planning nuclear medicine facilities. It discusses what nuclear medicine is and common applications like diagnosis of hyperthyroidism and bone scans. It also covers commonly used radiopharmaceuticals like Tc-99m and I-131. Facility layout plans are shown for areas like gamma camera, PET, and high dose therapy. Shielding calculations are provided for these areas based on workload, radiopharmaceutical half-lives, and regulatory dose limits. Thickness of concrete required is calculated using transmission values.
Lecture - 3 MBBS (contrast media/agent )Dr.Bijay YadavThe document discusses various contrast media and radiological procedures used in diagnostic imaging. It describes how contrast media help differentiate tissues and can be administered orally, rectally, or via injection. Common contrast agents include barium and iodinated contrast. Procedures discussed include barium swallow/follow through, barium enema, cholangiography, intravenous pyelogram, angiography, and nephrostomy placement. For each procedure, details are provided about indications, preparation, technique, and potential risks/complications.
Digital radiography-Avinesh ShresthaAvinesh ShresthaModern medical imaging has been digitized using various technologies which are described here in this presentation.Presented in Department of radiology, ,B.Sc Medical Imaging technology,Institute of Medicine, Nepal.
Audiometric Maskingতৌকির ধ্রুবThis document discusses masking techniques used during audiological testing. Masking involves using noise in the non-test ear to prevent it from interfering with thresholds measured in the test ear. It explains that masking is necessary for bone conduction testing and varies depending on frequency, skull thickness, and transducer used. The document provides guidelines for when to mask air and bone conduction thresholds and describes different masking types, levels, and challenges like under, over, and dilemma masking. It emphasizes using inserts to reduce interaural attenuation when masking is difficult.
Alara 2 0Foundation Radiology Group1. Communication is important when discussing pediatric nuclear medicine procedures, as perceptions of risk vary. Radiology professionals must provide education to pediatricians and the public about realistic radiation risks.
2. The nuclear medicine procedure will involve small amounts of internal radiation similar to an x-ray, posing a very slight increased lifetime cancer risk. Risk-benefit discussions should focus patients on relative risks.
3. Examples comparing the lifetime cancer risk from common nuclear medicine exams to other risks, like accidents or natural causes, can help provide perspective on the minimal risks involved.
Future Of RadiologyRMLIMSThis document discusses several new and emerging technologies in radiology, including pocket ultrasound devices, optical probes to detect tumor outlines in real time, portable CT scanners, intraoperative CT and MRI, microMRI, diffusion tensor imaging to visualize white matter tracts, live 3D holographic imaging for use in interventional cardiology, MRI spectroscopy to analyze tissue chemicals, ultra-high field MRI to map electromagnetic properties of the brain, high-frequency ultrasound to image the skin, nanoparticle-based contrast agents, PET/CT and PET/MRI scanners, xeroradiography, inter-species radiology applications, using imaging for non-destructive testing in aviation, and virtual autopsy with various imaging modalities as a
Beam restricted device and filter used in x raySushilPattarThis document discusses various beam restricting devices and filters used in radiography to reduce radiation exposure. It describes common beam restricting devices like diaphragms, cones, cylinders and collimators which are used to limit the size of the primary x-ray beam and reduce scatter radiation. It also discusses different types of filters like inherent, aluminum, compound and molybdenum filters which absorb low energy photons and improve image quality. Maintaining proper collimation and use of appropriate filters helps achieve the ALARA principle of keeping radiation exposure As Low As Reasonably Achievable.
Lead apronAnupam NiraulaLead aprons were first introduced in 1906 by French doctor Antoine Béclère to shield against radiation. While effective, lead aprons are heavy, inflexible, and toxic. Alternatives use materials like PVC and synthetic rubber. Lead-free aprons are now preferable as they are lighter, more flexible, protect against all radiation, and avoid toxic waste from disposal. The type of apron used depends on the length of the medical procedure, with lead-free being best for longer exposures.
Image Quality - Radiologic ImagingMaria Nicole SicajaThe document discusses factors that affect medical image quality, including contrast, resolution, noise, and artifacts. It describes how image quality is determined by the imaging method, equipment characteristics, and imaging variables. It then explains several key factors in more detail:
- Contrast is affected by subject properties like tissue characteristics as well as acquisition factors like x-ray energy. Contrast can also be impacted by processing and display.
- Resolution is determined by an imaging system's ability to differentiate objects and is measured by the point spread function and modulation transfer function.
- Noise originates from imaging system sources and can degrade images, though acquisition parameters and reconstruction techniques can help reduce it.
- Artifacts are irregular image
Emergencies in radiology Daniel JayaprakashalmasmkmRole of Radiographer in Emergency Radiology
Daniel Jayaprakash Radiology Technologist.
Khorfakkan hospital. uae
Radiography of eyeravijaichandThis document discusses radiography of the eye. It begins with basic anatomy and indications for eye radiography, which is used to localize foreign bodies. Obsolete methods are mentioned. Image quality is of utmost importance to detect small foreign particles, and techniques to improve quality include reducing geometric unsharpness, using a close object-to-image receptor distance, and small focal spot. The document also describes basic projections - lateral, PA axial, and parietocanthal - including patient positioning and central ray direction. Evaluation criteria for each projection focus on optimal density, lack of rotation or superimposition, and beam restriction.
ReadWriteWeb's Top 5 Web Trends in 2009Richard MacManusThe State of the Web 2009, according to tech blog ReadWriteWeb. This presentation outlines 5 big trends on the Internet this year: Structured Data, Real-Time Web, Personalization, Mobile Web / Augmented Reality, Internet of Things.
Digitale Tester Gode Spørsmål Horgen DemoSvend Andreas HorgenHvordan lage gode spørsmål i en digital test? Denne presentasjonen er del av et større kursopplegg og gjennomgår en del teori knyttet til gode spørsmål. Presentasjonen brukes som støtte til muntlig gjennomgang og utfylles også av eksempler/demonstrasjoner fra testverktøyet til it´s learning (Test 2.0).
Vurdering for læring i trondheim kommuneHenning FjortoftEt hefte med prinsipper og metoder for vurdering for læring. Heftet er distribuert blant lærere i grunnskolen i Trondheim kommune som del av den store satsingen på formativ vurdering.
2. Hvorfor vurdering?
• Vurdering skal minske gap
mellom nåsituasjon og ønsket
måloppnåelse.
• For at alle skal vokse opp kreves
det at vi gjør hullene mindre og
at de får nok mat slik at de ikke
faller gjennom senere
• På den måten skal vi sikre at alle
kommer trygt fram og ikke faller
gjennom underveis
• Hva gjør du hvis dine elever ikke
har vokst seg store nok – og
risikerer å falle gjennom hullene?
3. •Mange elever
føler at skolen
består av å gjøre
oppgaver og
aktiviteter
• uten at de vet
hvorfor – de forstår
ikke relevansen
• som det er vanskelig
å vite om de lykkes
med eller ikke
• fordi de ikke vet hva
som er viktig, og
hvordan de blir
vurdert
5. Summativ
vurdering
• Vurdering av læring (VAL)
• Omtrent som en obduksjon – vi
kan finne ut hva pasienten døde
av, men det er for sent å gjøre
noe med det
• På samme måte som en lege bør
vurdere om vurderingen av hva
som feilte pasienten var korrekt,
og at riktig behandling ble gitt -
for å lære av sine feil og lære av
situasjonen - bør læreren se på
elevenes resultater som en
evaluering av sin egen
undervisningspraksis og evt.
endre kurs
6. Formativ
vurdering
• Vurdering for læring
(VFL)
• Omtrent som en
helsesjekk hos legen –
hvor man får avdekket
hvordan
helsesituasjonen er, og
får behandling,
medisin eller råd for å
holde seg sunn og frisk
slik at man kan utvikle
seg videre med god
livskvalitet
• Som legen må
undersøke pasienten
for å foreskrive riktig
kur, må læreren vite
mange ting om sin elev
– slik at man vet hva
eleven trenger for å
komme videre
7. Trener eller
dommer?
• Når man arbeider med
summativ vurdering er man
som en dommer, mens med
formativ vurderinger er man
mer som en trener
• Dessverre kan elever oppfatte
en som en dommer når man
ønsker å være en trener – og
de vil prøve å skjule det de
ikke kan framfor å vise hva de
trenger hjelp til for å bli bedre
• Det er derfor viktig at man har
en forståelse og en atmosfære
som gjør at man forstår at
tilbakemeldingene gjøres som
en trener – ikke som en
dommer
8. Vurdering for læring
dreier seg om
• Læreplanforståelse
• Naturlig progresjon
• Forståelige læringsmål
• Gjenkjenne at mål er nådd
• Forholdet mellom oppgaver og
kompetanse/læringsmål
• Elevene må forstå
vurderingskriteriene
• Fokus på læring
• Relasjoner og interaksjoner i
klasserommet (også peer-to-peer)
• Å forstå hvor de lærende befinner
seg (hva som mestres, ikke
mestres)
• Å gi hjelp for at de skal komme
videre
9. Begreper
• Feedback,
tilbakemeldinger, kan skje
på flere måter
• Som formativ
vurdering i form av en
underveisvurdering,
som kan være en
fremovermelding
(feed forward) eller
peke mot overordnet
mål (feed up)
• Som summativ
vurdering, f.eks. i
form av en karakter
eller poenggivning
Kanskje vi kan si at vurdering
handler om å gjøre umulig
om til mulig?
11. Elever lærer best
når de
• Forstår hva de skal lære, og
hva som blir forventet
(læringsmål)
• Får tilbakemeldinger som
forteller om kvaliteten på
arbeidet (kjennetegn på
måloppnåelse)
• Får råd om hvordan de kan
gjøre det bedre
(suksesskriterier)
• Er involverte i eget
læringsarbeid, f.eks. vurdere
eget arbeid og utvikling
(egenvurdering)
12. God vurdering
• Effektive fremovermeldinger
• Konstruktive
• Aktivt involverte elever
• Dekonstruksjon
• Utvikle kriterier
• Elevene vurderer seg selv og forstår
hvordan de skal forberede seg
• Vurderingskriterier
• Lære å lære, læringsstrategier
• Lese med hensikt
• Timing
• Undervisning tilpasset resultat fra
vurderingen
• Bevissthet om vurderingens rolle for
motivasjon og selvfølelse
• Klare mål
• Umiddelbar respons
• Utfordringer tilpasset nivå
• Følelse av kontroll og mestring
• Individuell eller sosial dimensjon
13. Fremovermeldinger
• Fremovermeldinger (feed
forward) må være
konstruktiv kritikk – at
elevene får hjelp til å
forbedre og komme videre
• Fokus på forbedringer
fra tidligere (progresjon,
evne til å ta til seg
tidligere
tilbakemeldinger og
endre produkt)
• Fokus på kvaliteter i
produktet (faglig ros)
• Fokus på veien videre
(konstruktiv kritikk,
strategier)
14. Vurderingskriterier
• Kriteriene må være objektive, ikke
subjektive. Lærer oppfattes som
subjektiv dersom vurderingskriterier
mangler (eleven oppfatter seg som
problem, ikke oppgaven)
• Må tilbakemeldingene alltid være
positive, eller kan dette føre til at
man gir mest ros og lite nyttige
(konstruktive) tilbakemeldinger?
• Det er en forskjell på tilbakemelding
basert på mestringsnivå og
tilbakemelding basert på
engasjement i læringsaktiviteten
• I bruk av medelevvurdering (peer-to-
peer) er faren at tilbakemeldingene
blir for snille eller at de er uærlige.
Noen kan «straffe» medelever
gjennom negative tilbakemeldinger.
15. Mål og kriterier
• Noen ganger må man zoome
ut for å få oversikt. Det er ikke
alltid så enkelt å forstå hvorfor
man skal holde på med ulike
oppgaver om man ikke ser
hvor det fører en – og det har
betydning både for
motivasjon og relevans.
• Tenk omtrent som om du står
inne i en hekklabyrint. Da ser
du bare de nærmeste
hekkene, men du aner ikke
hvordan du skal komme fram
til målet. Det er lettere hvis du
ser hele labyrinten ovenfra –
og da kan du planlegge ruta
uten å gå feil for mange
ganger.
16. Vurderinger
• Det er ikke kvantiteten, men
kvaliteten på dine tilbakemeldinger
som har betydning
• Tenk over; hjelper din tilbakemelding
eleven med å lære?
• Hva skal de bruke tiden til og hva
fører det til?
• Det som har betydning er
informasjon om kvalitet på elevens
arbeid, prosesser/strategier og hva
som må til for å forbedre resultatet
og komme videre
• Rangering i form av karakterer og
poeng hjelper lite – og vær
oppmerksom på om du egentlig
utfører små summative vurderinger
framfor formative
• Personrettet ros, ris og råd fungerer
dårlig og er ikke læringsfremmende.
Det kan også virke mot sin hensikt.
Man må heller anerkjenne innsats og
faglig kvalitet, ikke fokusere på
person
17. Dårlige
tilbakemeldinger
• Det er mange tilbakemeldinger som ikke
hjelper;
• Blir fortalt at man kan gjøre noe bedre,
selv om man selv føler at man har gjort sitt
beste
• Blir fortalt å jobbe mer og bedre – men
ikke hvordan
• Får tilbakemeldinger på slutten eller etter
en arbeidsprosess, kan ikke bruke
informasjonen (timing – tilbakemelding
kommer for sent)
• Får personrettet ros, men ikke hjelp til å
komme videre faglig (bra jobba!)
• Får beskjed om at oppgaven er bestått,
eller at man har fått en karakter (summativ
vurdering) – men ingen øvrig informasjon
18. Gode
tilbakemeldinger
• Mark Barnes mener at dette er
kjennetegn på gode
tilbakemeldinger (summarize,
explain, redirict, resubmit):
• Fortelle spesifikt hva eleven
har gjort (oppsummering)
• Forklare hva man har forstått
og ikke (forståelse, avklar
misforståelser)
• Dirigere i riktig retning,
forklare og hvordan det har
betydning for hva som skal
gjøres. Bygg på elevens
forutsetninger.
• Be om å få se det nye
arbeidet/produktet når det er
endret (viser at man er
interessert og gir forventning
om at eleven begynner å
arbeide igjen)
19. Tilbakemeldinger
• Elevene må se at det er en sammenheng mellom
innsats og faglig fremgang
• Elevene må tro det er mulig å komme videre
• Rangering og karakterer fører ofte til at de
sammenligner seg med andre, og det fører til at
de viktige tingene (hvilken framgang har du hatt,
progresjon, og hvordan du kan komme videre)
ikke blir brukt/kommer fram
• Å få en karakter kan prege framtidig utførelse,
man har blitt satt i en bås – noe som fører til at
det er vanskelig å få løftet eleven opp på et
høyere nivå
• Elevene kan tenke tilbakemeldingen som ren
kritikk, mens læreren har tenkt den som
konstruktiv kritikk – elevene ser hva
tilbakemelding er på en bestemt oppgave, lærer
tenker i et lengre tidsspenn
• Å rette store bunker og gi summative vurderinger
hjelper lite, bruk heller tid på
underveisvurderinger
• Det er ikke vurderingen som skal være bra (den
skal hjelpe) – husk å være trener, ikke dommer
20. Ulike nivåer
• Oppgavenivå (oppgave, produkt, feil, mangler,
utseende)
• Prosessnivå (fokuserer på prosesser og
læringsstrategier for å forbedre oppgave,
produkt og læringsprosess)
• Selvregulering (bevisstgjøring av eleven – hva
gjør eleven når de skal i gang med et arbeid,
reflektere over egen kompetanse og hvordan
man handler; hvor er jeg, hvor skal jeg, hvordan
kommer jeg dit) metaforståelse på prosesser,
kjenne til målet (hva skal jeg lære),
suksesskriterier (kjennetegn på måloppnåelse) –
først da får man retningen og kan finne ut i
hvilken grad man har lyktes
• Personnivå – informasjon blir rettet mot person,
tar fokus vekk fra arbeidsprosess/oppgave,
dyrker fram unnvikelsesstrategier (vi ønsker jo
mestring, unngår oppgaven hvis vi ikke tror vi
kan mestre den). Dette nivået bør unngås.
Oftest gis tilbakemeldinger på oppgavenivå – det
gjør det vanskelig å overføre informasjon til andre
kontekster. Hvorfor er det oftest dette man gjør?
Kilde: Hattie og Timperley
21. Aktivt engasjerte
elever
• Hvordan vet man at man kan det
man skal?
• La elevene være med på å
utforme kriterier. Her er to
metoder;
• Dekonstruksjon – dette er et
eksempel på en god
besvarelse/produkt – hvorfor
er besvarelsen/produktet
bra? Bruk kriteriene man
finner til å lage ny besvarelse
eller nytt produkt
• Placemat – elever i grupper
skriver hver for seg hva de
mener kan være gode
kriterier. Deretter diskuterer
man i gruppa hvilke av
kriteriene man kan være
enige om
22. Involverte elever
• De må vite hvor de er – hva
de kan, hva de har lært
• De må vite hvor de skal –
hva de skal kunne, hva de
skal lære
• De må kunne sammenligne
det de kan nå og målet for å
finne gapet
• De må kunne tette gapet – i
samarbeid med lærer
23. Endret
undervisning
• Læreren må evaluere sin
undervisning basert på elevenes
resultater, og eventuelt endre
kurs
• Det er derfor viktig å overvåke
progresjon og forståelse
• Forstår elevene hva de skal
gjøre (oppgave, relevans)
• Forstår elevene hvordan de
skal jobbe (strategi,
suksesskriterier)
• Klarer de å løse oppgavene
eller forstå konseptene
(underveisvurdering)
• En metode for å planlegge med
innlagte sjekkpunkt er baklengs
planlegging (backward design) –
slik at man får endret
undervisningen i tide
24. Timing
• Når skal man vurdere? Vurdere før det er for
sent! Man må gi underveisvurdering når det
er nyttig – i prosessen – ikke når man er
ferdig.
• Rett etter framføring gjør at man ikke får
endret noe – bedre å være tilstede på
generalprøve
• Enkelttimer, perioder, hele fagløpet –
tidsperioden man tenker har betydning for
når og hva man skal vurdere
• Raske tilbakemeldinger er mest effektivt
• På hvilke måter kan du sørge for at elevene
får raske tilbakemeldinger mens de er i
arbeidsprosessen?
25. Forstår
elevene hva
det betyr og
hvorfor de
skal lære
det?
Tydelige
læringsmål og
vurderingskriteri
er,
Endre og/eller
forklare bedre
Elevene kan svare
på;
Hva gjør du nå?
Hvorfor gjør du
dette?
Hvordan henger
dette sammen med
det du skal kunne
når du er ferdig
med utdanningen?
Undervisning
pågår, elevene
jobber med
oppgaver og
aktiviteter
Vurdering for
læring
Star
t
Underveis
-
vurdering,
framover-
meldinger
NEI
JA
Kan elevene
ta del I
arbeidet
med å
utforme
Fokus på
prosess og
strategier
Fokus på
oppgave/arb
eid
Det
spesifikke
i oppgaven
(feiltolking
)
Kvalitet på
arbeidet
For å løse
og
forbedre
oppgave og
behandling
av
informasjo
n
Strategi-
bruk/
lærings-
prosesser
Fokus på
egenregulerin
g
Hvor er jeg
og hvordan
kommer jeg
videre
Timing