Nero was emperor of Rome from 54-68 AD. He started his reign fairly and provided assistance to cities after disasters, but over time became notorious for his cruelty and madness. He had his mother and wives murdered and enjoyed wandering Rome at night, killing innocent people. By 68 AD, the Roman people had turned against Nero and declared him a public enemy, leading to his suicide as a civil war began and Rome had no leader.
Charlemagne united much of Western Europe for the first time since the fall of the Roman Empire in the 800s. He conquered new lands and spread Christianity. In 800, Charlemagne was crowned emperor by the Pope, symbolizing the joining of Germanic power and the Roman Catholic Church. Charlemagne led a revival by limiting noble authority, encouraging education, and regularly visiting his kingdom. After his death, the Carolingian Empire was divided, which contributed to the rise of feudalism in Europe.
Tiberius ruled Rome from 14-37 CE with a bitter and suspicious personality, instituting a reign of terror. His adopted grandson Caligula became insane after a few months in power, sacrificing slaves and claiming to be a god before being assassinated. Claudius expanded the Roman Empire but was poisoned by his wife Agrippina to make way for Nero, who became a tyrant, murdering family members and being blamed for the Great Fire of Rome before committing suicide.
This document provides biographical information on multiple individuals related to the Medici family of Florence, Italy. It mentions that Lorenzo de Medici was a generous patron of Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo. It also discusses Catherine de Medici, her husband Henry II of France's affair, Piero de Medici being attacked by Charles VIII, and the last Medici, Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, who died at age 37.
The document summarizes the decline and fall of the Western Roman Empire. It describes how invasions by groups like the Huns and Goths in the 5th century led to the sack of Rome in 410. The empire struggled with internal problems as well, such as a vast size that was difficult to govern, political corruption, and wealthy citizens forming private armies. These factors weakened the central government and made it unable to defend against invading tribes, leading to the eventual fall of the Western Roman Empire.
The Byzantine Empire preserved classical knowledge from Greece and Rome that was lost in Western Europe. Constantine moved the Roman capital to Byzantium, renaming it Constantinople for its strategic advantages. Justinian expanded the Byzantine Empire through military campaigns, doubling its size. He also had Roman law codified and oversaw construction projects like Hagia Sophia that combined Christian and imperial influences. The Byzantine Empire played a key role in preserving Greco-Roman culture and influencing architecture, art, and law in Europe.
The Roman Army was organized into legions of 5,000-6,000 men commanded by a legate. Each legion was divided into ten cohorts made up of six centuries of around 100 men each, commanded by a centurion. Centurions were important leaders responsible for training and discipline. Standard bearers carried symbols of each century into battle. To become a legionary, one had to be a male Roman citizen between 18-20 years old and at least 5'3" tall, expected to serve for 25 years with regular marches while carrying heavy equipment for training. Auxiliary soldiers from conquered lands also served alongside legions.
The Byzantine Empire lasted from approximately 500 AD to 1453 AD, overlapping with and continuing the Eastern Roman Empire after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Some key events included Constantine moving the capital to Constantinople in 330 AD, Justinian recapturing land in the 530s AD but the Empire weakening after his death due to plague and invasions. Religious disputes also weakened the Empire, and over time the aggressive Arab Muslims absorbed more territory until the Ottoman Empire conquered Constantinople in 1453, marking the fall of the Byzantine Empire.
Sparta had a rigid dual-monarchy government and military-focused society. Boys were taken from their families at age 7 to undergo harsh military training. Spartan women were also expected to be physically fit to produce strong sons for the military. Sparta isolated itself from other Greek city-states and focused solely on its military strength.
The Renaissance began in Italy after the Middle Ages as a revival of classical antiquity and spread across Europe. It lasted from the 13th to 16th centuries. Humanism emerged as the study of classical antiquity to better understand humanity. Italian humanism originated in cities like Florence and Siena due to their wealth, independence, and Greco-Roman culture. The Renaissance emphasized academic freedom, abundant living, and liberal education through studying Greek and Roman classics. Notable artists included Leonardo da Vinci, Botticelli, and Michelangelo. Northern humanism focused more on religious and social issues through figures like Erasmus and Rabelais. The Protestant Reformation began with Martin Luther challenging Catholic practices, while the
Nero was emperor of Rome from 54-68 AD. He started his reign fairly and provided assistance to cities after disasters, but over time became notorious for his cruelty and madness. He had his mother and wives murdered and enjoyed wandering Rome at night, killing innocent people. By 68 AD, the Roman people had turned against Nero and declared him a public enemy, leading to his suicide as a civil war began and Rome had no leader.
Charlemagne united much of Western Europe for the first time since the fall of the Roman Empire in the 800s. He conquered new lands and spread Christianity. In 800, Charlemagne was crowned emperor by the Pope, symbolizing the joining of Germanic power and the Roman Catholic Church. Charlemagne led a revival by limiting noble authority, encouraging education, and regularly visiting his kingdom. After his death, the Carolingian Empire was divided, which contributed to the rise of feudalism in Europe.
Tiberius ruled Rome from 14-37 CE with a bitter and suspicious personality, instituting a reign of terror. His adopted grandson Caligula became insane after a few months in power, sacrificing slaves and claiming to be a god before being assassinated. Claudius expanded the Roman Empire but was poisoned by his wife Agrippina to make way for Nero, who became a tyrant, murdering family members and being blamed for the Great Fire of Rome before committing suicide.
This document provides biographical information on multiple individuals related to the Medici family of Florence, Italy. It mentions that Lorenzo de Medici was a generous patron of Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo. It also discusses Catherine de Medici, her husband Henry II of France's affair, Piero de Medici being attacked by Charles VIII, and the last Medici, Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, who died at age 37.
The document summarizes the decline and fall of the Western Roman Empire. It describes how invasions by groups like the Huns and Goths in the 5th century led to the sack of Rome in 410. The empire struggled with internal problems as well, such as a vast size that was difficult to govern, political corruption, and wealthy citizens forming private armies. These factors weakened the central government and made it unable to defend against invading tribes, leading to the eventual fall of the Western Roman Empire.
The Byzantine Empire preserved classical knowledge from Greece and Rome that was lost in Western Europe. Constantine moved the Roman capital to Byzantium, renaming it Constantinople for its strategic advantages. Justinian expanded the Byzantine Empire through military campaigns, doubling its size. He also had Roman law codified and oversaw construction projects like Hagia Sophia that combined Christian and imperial influences. The Byzantine Empire played a key role in preserving Greco-Roman culture and influencing architecture, art, and law in Europe.
The Roman Army was organized into legions of 5,000-6,000 men commanded by a legate. Each legion was divided into ten cohorts made up of six centuries of around 100 men each, commanded by a centurion. Centurions were important leaders responsible for training and discipline. Standard bearers carried symbols of each century into battle. To become a legionary, one had to be a male Roman citizen between 18-20 years old and at least 5'3" tall, expected to serve for 25 years with regular marches while carrying heavy equipment for training. Auxiliary soldiers from conquered lands also served alongside legions.
The Byzantine Empire lasted from approximately 500 AD to 1453 AD, overlapping with and continuing the Eastern Roman Empire after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Some key events included Constantine moving the capital to Constantinople in 330 AD, Justinian recapturing land in the 530s AD but the Empire weakening after his death due to plague and invasions. Religious disputes also weakened the Empire, and over time the aggressive Arab Muslims absorbed more territory until the Ottoman Empire conquered Constantinople in 1453, marking the fall of the Byzantine Empire.
Sparta had a rigid dual-monarchy government and military-focused society. Boys were taken from their families at age 7 to undergo harsh military training. Spartan women were also expected to be physically fit to produce strong sons for the military. Sparta isolated itself from other Greek city-states and focused solely on its military strength.
The Renaissance began in Italy after the Middle Ages as a revival of classical antiquity and spread across Europe. It lasted from the 13th to 16th centuries. Humanism emerged as the study of classical antiquity to better understand humanity. Italian humanism originated in cities like Florence and Siena due to their wealth, independence, and Greco-Roman culture. The Renaissance emphasized academic freedom, abundant living, and liberal education through studying Greek and Roman classics. Notable artists included Leonardo da Vinci, Botticelli, and Michelangelo. Northern humanism focused more on religious and social issues through figures like Erasmus and Rabelais. The Protestant Reformation began with Martin Luther challenging Catholic practices, while the
8. Kristendomen
P奪ven stod 旦ver alla Europas kungar
K辰ttare br辰nns p奪 b奪l
Kyrkor byggs
旦ver hela Europa
Platt jord M辰nniskan blir allt mer nyfiken
p奪 hur v辰rlden fungerar
T-karta
10. Bysans (stromerska riket)
Karta som visar Bysans expansion och s旦nderfall
Under medeltiden blev
Konstantinopel Europas st旦rsta
och viktigaste stad.
留旅了竜 留旅了竜僚 留旅了竜僚 留旅了竜旅僚
Kung 旦ver alla kungar, som styr alla kungar
Konstantin XI den allra
siste romerske kejsaren
Bysantisk dubbel旦rn